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How can we use digital media to understand reading, editing, and writing as literary processes? How can we design the digital medium in a way that goes beyond the printed codex? This book is an attempt to answer those fundamental questions by bringing together a new theory of literary studies with a highly dynamic digital environment. Using the digital archive of the modernist masterpiece Book of Disquiet, by the Portuguese writer Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935), as case study and site for simulation and practical experiment, Literary Simulation and the Digital Humanities demonstrates how computational approaches to texts can fully engage with the complexities of contemporary literary theory. Manuel Portela marshals a unique combination of theoretical speculation, literary analysis, and human imagination in what amounts to a significant critical intervention and a key advance in the use of digital methods to rethink the processes of reading and writing literature. The foregrounding of the foundational practices of reading, editing, and writing will be relevant for several fields, including literary studies, scholarly editing, software studies, and digital humanities.

Libro, scrittura e testualità per quasi quindici secoli sono stati visti come qualcosa di indissolubile, alla base della produzione, disseminazione e conservazione della conoscenza. A ciò ha contribuito negli ultimi cinquecento anni la rivoluzione gutenberghiana, caratterizzata da una natura sia tecnologica sia culturale. A partire dalla seconda metà del Novecento, un'altra rivoluzione ha mostrato come ciò che sembrava un sistema monolitico fosse in realtà organico e scomponibile. La diffusione dello strumento computazionale e delle reti telematiche ha messo in evidenza il carattere composito dell'oggetto libro, accelerando e inglobando al tempo stesso il processo di moltiplicazione dei supporti mediatici e informativi. All'interno di un panorama stratificato e complesso, questo volume individua e analizza le forme più significative assunte dalla testualità nel passaggio dal libro al computer. Un'attenzione particolare è rivolta alle pratiche e agli scenari centrali nelle digital humanities, in quanto applicazione dei modelli e delle tecnologie computazionali al patrimonio culturale.

Ulysses has been read obsessively for a century. What if instead of focusing on the words to understand the structure, design, and history of Joyce's masterpiece, we pay attention to the numbers?Taking a computational approach, Ulysses by Numbers lets us see the novel's basic building blocks in a significantly new light—words, paragraphs, pages, and characters, as well as the original print run and the dates marking the beginning and end of its composition. Numbers provide access into Joyce's creative process, enhanced by graphs, diagrams, timelines, and maps, and they also give us a startling new perspective on the proportions that continue to structure, organize, and pace the reading experience. Numbers are there to help us navigate the history of Ulysses from its earliest material beginnings, and they offer a concrete basis upon which we can explore the big questions about its length, style, origins, readership, and design.An innovative computational reading on both a micro and macro level, Ulysses by Numbers is a timely intervention into debates about the use and abuse of quantitative methods in literary analysis. Eric Bulson demonstrates how reading by numbers can bring us closer to the words of Ulysses, helping us rediscover a novel we thought we already knew.

Working across literature, history, theory and practice, this volume offers insight into the specific digital tools and interfaces, as well as the modalities, theories and forms, central to some of the most exciting new research and critical, scholarly and artistic production in medieval and pre-modern studies. Addressing more general themes and topics, such as digitzation, media studies, digital humanities and'big data,'the new essays in this companion also focus on more than twenty-five keywords, such as'access,''code,''virtual,''interactivity'and'network.'A useful website hosts examples, links and materials relevant to the book.

À l'ère du numérique, l'avenir des formes traditionnelles de la culture, de la connaissance et de l'érudition se trouve mis en question. Le statut de l'écriture et de l'édition critique, héritées d'une longue tradition, évolue : l'autorité des objets culturels séculaires est remplacée par la création de nouveaux espaces et médias pour la connaissance. Voici une exploration de la manière dont la transition du manuscrit et de l'imprimé vers les diverses formes de remédiations, numériques et de présentations change les procédés utilisés par les éditeurs, chercheurs, pour gérer les problèmes pratiques de l'édition critique tout en générant diverses conceptions de la nature des textes et de leur transmission.

This volume presents the state of the art in digital scholarly editing. Drawing together the work of established and emerging researchers, it gives pause at a crucial moment in the history of technology in order to offer a sustained reflection on the practices involved in producing, editing and reading digital scholarly editions—and the theories that underpin them. The unrelenting progress of computer technology has changed the nature of textual scholarship at the most fundamental level: the way editors and scholars work, the tools they use to do such work and the research questions they attempt to answer have all been affected. Each of the essays in Digital Scholarly Editing approaches these changes with a different methodological consideration in mind. Together, they make a compelling case for re-evaluating the foundation of the discipline—one that tests its assertions against manuscripts and printed works from across literary history, and the globe. The sheer breadth of Digital Scholarly Editing, along with its successful integration of theory and practice, help redefine a rapidly-changing field, as its firm grounding and future-looking ambit ensure the work will be an indispensable starting point for further scholarship. This collection is essential reading for editors, scholars, students and readers who are invested in the future of textual scholarship and the digital humanities.

This book describes and explains the fundamental changes that are now taking place in the most traditional areas of humanities theory and method, scholarship and education. The changes flow from the re-examination of the very foundations of the humanities - its theories of textuality and communication - that are being forced by developments in information technology. A threshold was crossed during the last decade of the twentieth century with the emergence of the World Wide Web, which has (1) globalized access to computerized resources and information, and (2) made interface and computer graphics paramount concerns for work in digital culture. While these changes are well known, their consequences are not well understood, despite so much discussion by digital enthusiasts and digital doomsters alike. In reconsidering these matters, Radiant Textuality introduces some remarkable new proposals for integrating computerized tools into the central interpretative and critical activities of traditional humanities disciplines, and of literary studies in particular.

From Parchment to Cyberspace argues the case for studying high-resolution digital images of original manuscripts to analyze medieval literature. By presenting a rigorous philosophical argument for the authenticity of such images (a point disputed by digital skeptics) the book illustrates how digitization offers scholars innovative methods for comparing manuscripts of vernacular literature – such as The Romance of the Rose or texts by Christine de Pizan – that reveal aspects of medieval culture crucial to understanding the period.

This book provides an up-to-date, coherent and comprehensive treatment of digital scholarly editing, organized according to the typical timeline and workflow of the preparation of an edition: from the choice of the object to edit, the editorial work, post-production and publication, the use of the published edition, to long-term issues and the ultimate significance of the published work. The author also examines from a theoretical and methodological point of view the issues and problems that emerge during these stages with the application of computational techniques and methods. Building on previous publications on the topic, the book discusses the most significant developments in digital textual scholarship, claiming that the alterations in traditional editorial practices necessitated by the use of computers impose radical changes in the way we think and manage texts, documents, editions and the public. It is of interest not only to scholarly editors, but to all involved in publishing and readership in a digital environment in the humanities.

Provocative yet sober, Digital Critical Editions examines how transitioning from print to a digital milieu deeply affects how scholars deal with the work of editing critical texts. On one hand, forces like changing technology and evolving reader expectations lead to the development of specific editorial products, while on the other hand, they threaten traditional forms of knowledge and methods of textual scholarship. Using the experiences of philologists, text critics, text encoders, scientific editors, and media analysts, Digital Critical Editions ranges from philology in ancient Alexandria to the vision of user-supported online critical editing, from peer-directed texts distributed to a few to community-edited products shaped by the many. The authors discuss the production and accessibility of documents, the emergence of tools used in scholarly work, new editing regimes, and how the readers'expectations evolve as they navigate digital texts. The goal: exploring questions such as, What kind of text is produced? Why is it produced in this particular way? Digital Critical Editions provides digital editors, researchers, readers, and technological actors with insights for addressing disruptions that arise from the clash of traditional and digital cultures, while also offering a practical roadmap for processing traditional texts and collections with today's state-of-the-art editing and research techniques thus addressing readers'new emerging reading habits.

In fourteen thoughtful essays this book reports and reflects on the many changes that a digital workflow brings to the world of original texts and textual scholarship, and the effect on scholarly communication practices. The spread of digital technology across philology, linguistics and literary studies suggests that text scholarship is taking on a more laboratory-like image. The ability to sort, quantify, reproduce and report text through computation would seem to facilitate the exploration of text as another type of quantitative scientific data. However, developing this potential also highlights text analysis and text interpretation as two increasingly separated sub-tasks in the study of texts. The implied dual nature of interpretation as the traditional, valued mode of scholarly text comparison, combined with an increasingly widespread reliance on digital text analysis as scientific mode of inquiry raises the question as to whether the reflexive concepts that are central to interpretation – individualism, subjectivity – are affected by the anonymised, normative assumptions implied by formal categorisations of text as digital data.

Die Neueinschätzung der Überlieferungssituation bei Shakespeares »King Lear« hat in jüngerer Zeit zahlreiche Einzeleditionen der »Lear«-Fassungen hervorgebracht. Ausgehend von der Überlieferungsproblematik, der Editionsgeschichte und der gegenwärtigen Editionspraxis unternimmt die Studie eine umfassende Neukonzeption der methodologischen Grundlagen zur Fassungsedition bei Shakespeares »King Lear«. Dabei werden in Auseinandersetzung mit den Optionen der anglo-amerikanischen und der neugermanistischen Editionswissenschaft editorische Begrifflichkeiten wie Fassung, Variante und Textfehler erstmals grundlegend für die Edition von Shakespeare-Fassungen systematisiert. Zugleich wird ein diskursiv ausgerichtetes, dialogisches Textsystem entwickelt, das den Nutzer interaktiv in den Editionsprozeß einbindet und Form und Funktion des kritisch edierten Lesetexts neu definiert. Die editionstheoretischen Überlegungen führen zum Entwurf einer Hypermedia-Edition, die sich bei der Konzeption von Lesetext, Navigationsstruktur und Referenzsystem von traditionellen Normen löst. Bestandteil der Studie ist ein über das Internet zugänglicher elektronischer Teil (www.niemeyer.de/links/link_material.html), der die theoretischen Überlegungen editionspraktisch umsetzt. Der lauffähige Prototyp implementiert zum einen die Schlüsselfunktionen des Hypermedia-Modells. Zum anderen enthält er einen neu edierten, mit Kommentar- und Bildmaterialien versehenen Textabschnitt, der die editorischen Prinzipien veranschaulicht und als Beispieledition genutzt werden kann.

The essays in Hypermedia and Literary Studies discuss the theoretical and practical opportunities and challenges posed by the convergence of hypermedia systems and traditional written texts.Consider a work from Shakespeare. Imagine, as you read it, being able to call up instantly the Elizabethan usage of a particular word, variant texts for any part of the work, critical commentary, historically relevant facts, or oral interpretations by different sets of actors. This is the sort of richly interconnected, immediately accessible literary universe that can be created by hypertext (electronically linked texts) and hypermedia (the extension of linkages to visual and aural material). The essays in Hypermedia and Literary Studies discuss the theoretical and practical opportunities and challenges posed by the convergence of hypermedia systems and traditional written texts. They range from the theory and design of literary hypermedia to reports of actual hypermedia projects from secondary school to university and from educational and scholarly to creative applications in poetry and fiction.ContentsHypertext, Hypermedia, and Literary Studies • Theory • Reading and Writing the Electronic Book • From Electronic Books to Electronic Libraries: Revisiting'Reading and Writing the Electronic Book.'• The Rhetoric of Hypermedia: Some Rules for Authors • Topographic Writing: Hypertext and the Electronic Writing Space • Reading from the Map: Metonymy and Metaphor in the Fiction of'Forking Paths.'• Poem Descending a Staircase: Hypertext and the Simultaneity of Experience • Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium • Threnody: Psychoanalytic Digressions on the Subject of Hypertexts • Applications • Biblical Studies and Hypertext • Ancient Materials, Modern Media: Shaping the Study of Classics with Hypertext • Linking Together Books: Adapting Published Material into Intermedia Documents • The Shakespeare Project • The Emblematic Hyperbook • HyperCard Stacks for Fielding's Joseph Andrews: Issues of Design and Content • Hypertext for the PC: The Rubén Dario Project • Hypermedia in Schools