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The present study focuses on the impact of early imposed lockdowns and following unlocking phases on the status of air quality in six Tier-I and nine Tier-II cities of India as compared to the pre-lockdown measures. Furthermore, the study highlights the possible correlation of air quality index (AQI) with the initial trend of COVID-19 issues including the vaccination cases. Based on the statistical data analysis, we observed that the long-term averages for representing the short-term pre-lockdown conditions can impose a healing effect to the observed anomalies in air pollution data. However, the reduction in air pollution during the imposed lockdown series was only a phenomenal consequence, and the trends started reversing during the later phases of partial unlocking, where the correlation showed reversing trends. Being a yearly averaged parameter, the marginal reductions in the exceedance factor (EF) alone could not dictate air quality compared to the AQI. As there is incoherent variability in the pollutant distributions among the cities during various phases of the study, the trend analysis served as a preferable criterion to choose the preferred sources of variations. Based on the results, the correlation analysis revealed that air quality expressed in terms of AQI can act as an important precursor to estimate the critical phase of COVID-19 spread and the effectiveness of various control measures taken during each phase. Based on our proposed ranking, Kolkata and Patna are ranked first in the Tier-I and Tier-II cities respectively according to their responsiveness to the various institutionalized restrictions in terms of air quality parameters.

Development studies on the middle-income trap have highlighted the challenges for developing economies to transform their productive systems from simple towards high value-added activities. Here, we use trade data of 116 countries to quantify the stages of productive sophistication and reveal the critical phase that countries encounter at intermediate levels of economic sophistication. Our results reveal that only five countries (i.e. Ireland, Israel, Hungary, Singapore, and South Korea) overcame the gravitation towards simple products and fully transformed their economies towards complex products between 1970 and 2010. They successfully made use of windows of opportunities in the digital and electronics sectors through smart industrial policies that promoted endogenous skills and access to international knowledge sources. In contrast, countries like Brazil or South Africa still struggle with the gravitation towards simple economic activities, social fragmentation, and a lack of coherent industrial policies.

Aim. The goal of this work was to study the effect of drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis on the growth and productivity of breed winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). Methods. Wheat plants of cultivars Darunok Podillya and Podolyanka were grown under optimal nutrition and well-water conditions until the earing-flowering phase, after that the experimental plants were transferred to drought regime for 8 days, after that the optimal water supply was restored to the end of vegetation. During the experiment, the leaf surface area, the mass of internodes and ear were determined. Ripened plants were analyzed according to the structure of the yield. Results. It was established that the effect of drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis the earing-flowering caused to the decreasing in leaf surface area, mass of internodes, ear, mass and number of grains in the ear and plant, weight of 1000 grains. Conclusions. Water deficit in the soil in the critical phase of earing-flowering led to a decrease in the productive of breed winter wheat plants due to the inhibition of growth of ear, decreasing grain number and the mass of ear and grains. Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., internode, ear, productivity, drought.

Today world is going through a critical phase. The whole world is infected from the coronavirus [COVID 19]. In India also the number of new cases keeps on increasing. In this paper, the machine learning model has been developed using time series analysis (ARIMA model) for predicting the new cases in India in the next coming days. In this work, results are also compared with the predictive values generated from the ARIMA and AR model and concluded that the ARIMA model is the best fit model as compared to AR model for predicting the new cases in India. Python programming language has been used for implementation. The dataset from January 1, 2020 to July 31, 2020 has been taken for analysis. This paper is useful for researchers for further analysis of COVID-19 pandemic in India.

Finalising the vertical alignment of a highway geometric design is a critical phase in a highway project and directly affects its construction cost. Generally, a vertical alignment performed by eve...

El objetivo del presente artículo fue analizar la perspectiva actual de las pymes ante la crisis de la COVID-19, así como analizar la asociación e incidencia de la resiliencia organizacional en su desempeño durante este periodo crítico. Para probar las hipótesis, se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 112 responsables de pymes en dos países de América Latina (México y Chile). Los métodos utilizados fueron análisis descriptivo de datos, correlación bivariada y redes neuronales artificiales. Los resultados descriptivos demuestran el impacto de la crisis de la COVID-19; además, los resultados prueban la relación e incidencia positiva de la resiliencia en el desempeño de las pymes.

During the peak of the sectarian war in Iraq after the US invasion in 2003, there seemed to be an absolute absence of the mind and a great deal of hatred and tension among the people of Baghdad that turned into maddening acts of terrorism, like car bombings and suicide bombers, killing thousands of innocent people. Frankenstein in Baghdad came to be the mouthpiece of that very critical phase in the modern history of Iraq. The abundant acts of killing and bloodshed during 2005 turned into an ugly form of a monster called " Whatsitsname" formed from the fragmented parts of those killed by terrorist acts. The creature bears a clear resemblance to Marry Shelley's monster in her novel Frankenstein. The monster is a loose perpetrator that kills whoever it meets. This study attempts to analyze the writer's poetics of adaptation in the novel and his debt to other literary works.

The implementation of a PLM is a great process of change, representing a critical phase due to the inertia that characterizes some organizations. This evidence especially occurs in industry new to PLM, such as the fashion one, where a lack of clear guidelines for implementation significantly increases the risk of failure of that process. In addition, an adequate project management approach that actively includes final users during the whole process will avoid the mismatch between outcomes and requirements. To support an efficient and effective introduction of PLM, it is then important to define a structured implementation method that involves all interested users from the early stages. A literature review has been conducted as preliminary step to investigate if bottom-up approaches to PLM implementation in fashion industry have already been studied. Based on the evidences from literature review, a framework was therefore defined, detailing the step-by-step procedure to follow for effectively implement a PLM considering the peculiarities of the fashion industry. To give evidence of the applicability of the proposed framework, it has been successfully used during the implementation process of a PLM software in a real context. The Italian company involved in the case study, Graziella, belongs to the gold-working district of Arezzo, in Tuscany, and has been working for more than 60 years in the gold jewellery sector.

The aim of the current study is to design multiaxial forging (MAF) schedules in order to achieve submicron-grained (KQ, Kee and J-integral values of ultrafine grained (UFG) samples and correlating them with the microstructure, besides evaluating the other mechanical properties. Fatigue strength in the high cycle fatigue (HCF) regime were also investigated and fracture mechanisms analyzed and comparison established between differently processed samples. The microstructural analysis was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and results corroborated with the mechanical properties. Superior combinations of yield strength (YS), ductility (% El.), fracture toughness (Kee) and high cycle fatigue strength (σf) were obtained under certain conditions, i.e., i) MA steel: intercritical (α+γ) phase regime (~Ar1) controlled and 15-cycle multiaxially forged (MAFed) (YS=1027MPa, %El.=8.3%, σf=355MPa and Kee=90MPa√m), and ii) IF steel: ferritic region (r1) controlled 18-cycle MAFed (YS=881MPa, %El.=11.2%, σf=255MPa and Kee=97MPa√m). In the case of MA steel, an enhancement of the fatigue and fracture toughness properties can be ascertained following the formation of uniformly distributed nanosized fragmented cementite (Fe3C) particles (~35nm size) present in the submicron sized (average ~280nm size) ferritic microstructure. In contrast, in the case of IF steel, this is ascribed to the development of submicron sized ferrite grains (average ~320nm) along with a high density of dislocation substructures. These fine dislocation cells/substructures along with the nanosized Fe3C particles could effectively block the initiation and propagation of cracks and thereby enhance the fatigue endurance and fracture toughness of the steel. Superior fracture toughness along with high mechanical properties in submicron-grained condition render the two steels highly useful for high-strength structural applications.

Dengue is one of the endemic diseases in Indonesia. Dengue is being suffered by many people, regardless of their gender and age. Therefore, research about dengue based on dengue patients’ data was conducted. There was a lot of information written in that data regarding the corresponding patients and the dengue they had suffered, such as gender, age, how long the patients were hospitalized, the symptoms they experienced, and laboratory characteristics results. Diagnosis of each of the corresponding patients based on their symptoms and laboratory characteristics results were also written in that data. The diagnoses were classified into three different clinical degrees according to the severity level, which is DF as the mild level, DHF grade 1 as the intermediate level, and DHF grade 2 as the severe level. In this research, data of the patients on the third day of being hospitalized was analyzed, because, on the third day, dengue is entering a critical phase. The objectives of this research were: to evaluate the performance of the models that were used to predict the correct class within the given dataset developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier and Random Forest (RF) classifier separately, and to find a classifier that yielded the best performance. The results obtained from this research will be used in the development of a Machine Learning model that can predict the clinical degree of dengue in the critical phase, if the laboratory characteristics results are known, using a classifier that yielded the best performance.

Abstract The magnetocaloric effect in nanosystems based on exchange-coupled ferromagnets with different Curie temperatures is calculated within the mean-field theory. Good agreement between the results of the mean-field theory and the Landau theory, valid near the critical phase transition temperature, is demonstrated for a flat-layered Fe/Gd/Fe structure. We show that a high magnetic cooling efficiency in this system is attainable in principle and prove the validity of the Maxwell relation, enabling an experimental verification of the predictions made. The theory developed for flat-layered structures is generalized to a granular medium.

In August 2014, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM) signed a memorandum of understanding with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to create the Single Accreditation System (SAS) for graduate medical education (GME) in the United States. The AOA made the decision that it would close its GME accreditation system in response to dramatic growth in colleges of osteopathic medicine, a shortfall in osteopathic GME positions with increasing dependence on the ACGME system, ACGME policy decisions that adversely impacted osteopathic students, and declining osteopathic student interest in primary care. Osteopathic teaching institutions bore responsibility for meeting ACGME accreditation standards between 2015 and 2020, including determining institutional sponsorship, which program applications to submit, program size, educational leadership, and whether to pursue Osteopathic Recognition. Approximately 692 of 954 (72.5%) eligible osteopathic GME programs in 2014-2015 obtained ACGME accreditation by June 1, 2020. There were sharp reductions in surgical and subspecialty programs and a significant drop of DOs in educational leadership positions. A low percentage of ACGME-accredited programs applied for Osteopathic Recognition. In closing its GME accreditation system and joining the ACGME, the AOA gave up control of its direct relationship with osteopathic residents, fellows, and teaching institutions to gain critical GME opportunities. In this article, the author considers whether this gain will offset the risks taken by the AOA, including decreased DO leadership opportunities and role models, lower than expected interest in Osteopathic Recognition, and possible decreased DO interest in osteopathic organizations and osteopathic specialty board certification. Time and the choices of current and future DO trainees in ACGME programs will determine the future of the osteopathic profession-and whether these risks were worth taking.

Background: Postnatal period is considered as the most critical phase which can lead to various complications and even maternal deaths. Midwives and nurses have an important role to play in the postnatal care of a mother hence they must have exceptional knowledge and skill to address the complications that arise in mothers during postnatal period. The competence level of midwives and nurses must be earned by set criteria of ICM Global standards of Midwifery. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and skills among nursing students in selected college of Delhi on Postnatal Care as per ICM Global Standards by using Checklist and Questionnaire and to find out an association of Knowledge and skill on postnatal care with selected demographic variables regarding ICM’ s Global standards. Materials and Methods: A quantitative research approach with descriptive exploratory design was used to achieve the objectives of the study. Total enumerating sampling technique was employed to select 56 students of DGNM interns posted in postnatal wards of hospital. A structured questionnaire and checklist were formulated to assess the knowledge and skills of Nursing Students. Result and Findings: The study showed that Maximum students i.e. 45 (80.35%) had inadequate knowledge related to postnatal care of mother whereas 11 (19.64%) nursing students had adequate knowledge. Maximum students i.e. 34 (61%) had inadequate knowledge related to postnatal care of newborn whereas 22 (39%) had adequate knowledge regarding the same. The calculated ‘r’ value was 0.32; value at degree of freedom (54) is 0.27 which is lower than 0.0 e ‘r’ 5 level of significance. Conclusion: The study shows that the students need more emphasis on skill improvement. There is a need to up skill the existing skills of nursing students in order to provide comprehensive and prompt Nursing Care. How to cite this article:Nazir N, Chhugani M, Thokchom S, Khan M. Postnatal Care Based on ICM’s Global Standards among Nursing Students Studying in a Selected College in Delhi. Int J Nurs Midwif Res 2020; 7(2): 32-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2455.9318.202016

Pediatric access to exoskeletons lags far behind that of adults. In this article, we promote inclusiveness in exoskeleton robotics by identifying and addressing challenges and barriers to pediatric access to this potentially life-changing technology. We first present available exoskeleton solutions for upper and lower limbs and note the variability in the absence of these. Next, we query the possible reasons for this variability in access, explicitly focusing on children, who constitute a categorically vulnerable population, and also stand to benefit significantly from the use of this technology at this critical point in their physical and emotional growth. We propose the use of a life-based design approach as a way to address some of the design challenges and offer insights toward a resolution regarding market viability and implementation challenges. We conclude that the development of pediatric exoskeletons that allow for and ensure access to health-enhancing technology is a crucial aspect of the responsible provision of health care to all members of society. For children, the stakes are particularly high, given that this technology, when used at a critical phase of a child’s development, not only holds out the possibility of improving the quality of life but also can improve the long-term health prospects.

Imaging in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) plays a crucial role in patient care, chest radiography is the most requested exam for COVID – 19 patients in ICU context. The high risk of exposure to the virus may influence the quality of the exams. The objective of this study is to compare the fulfillment of the criteria for good performance in chest radiography in the ICU, before and during the critical phase of the pandemic COVID – 19. Thirty-two images were evaluated, sixteen before the pandemic and sixteen to COVID –19 patients, according to a scale of 8 items, scored 8 to 25 points, inversely proportional to the degree of compliance. There were no significant differences in the mean values between the groups, except in the presence of artifacts, showing that the images performed on COVID - 19 patients met these criteria better/more effectively. The results suggest that, in spite of the increased stress resulting from exposure to the new virus, the quality standard in the ICU exams is maintained. A imagem nas Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) desempenha um papel crucial na assistência ao paciente, sendo a radiografia ao tórax o exame mais requisitado aos pacientes COVID-19 em contexto de UCI. O elevado risco de exposição ao vírus poderá influenciar a qualidade de execução dos exames. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o cumprimento dos critérios de boa realização em radiografia do tórax em UCI, antes e durante a fase crítica da pandemia COVID-19. Avaliaram-se 32 imagens, 16 realizadas antes da pandemia e 16 a doentes COVID-19, de acordo com uma escala de 8 itens, com pontuação entre 8 e 25 pontos, inversamente proporcional ao grau de cumprimento. Não se observaram diferenças significativas ao nível dos valores médios entre os grupos, exceto na presença de artefactos, constatando-se que os exames realizados a doentes COVID-19 cumpriram melhor/mais eficazmente este critério. Os resultados sugerem que, apesar do acréscimo de stress derivado à exposição ao novo vírus, se mantém o padrão de qualidade na realização de exames em UCI. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

La llegada de los hijos al núcleo familiar constituido por la pareja supone una etapa crucial en el ciclo evolutivo familiar, hasta tal punto que algunos autores sitúan aquí el propio inicio de una nueva familia. Además de la importancia que tiene este momento, es evidente que las dinámicas e interacciones familiares previas a la paternidad cambian y, con ello, se generan nuevas necesidades que requieren de apoyo socioeducativo.Concretamente, este trabajo busca analizar las dinámicas de pareja con hijos, para lo que han participado 261 personas (53.6% mujeres y 46.4% hombres) mediante un cuestionario de 11 ítems centrados, por un lado, en la toma de decisiones respecto a los hijos y, por otro, en la implicación y dedicación en las tareas de crianza y educación de los hijos. Aunque los resultados generales son positivos, se debe prestar atención a cierta dificultad para llegar a acuerdos con la pareja sobre los hijos y, sobre todo, a la tendencia a que un miembro de la pareja suela ser el que dedique más tiempo a la crianza y cuidado de los hijos, a ayudarles con los deberes y a mantener relación con el centro escolar. El reparto desigual de tales tareas puede estar relacionado con el sentirse desbordado, especialmente en el caso de las mujeres.

The purpose of this integrative review is to describe parents’ views and needs whenit comes to palliative care in children with cancer at this critical phase. Ten publishedstudies of a literature search in PubMed, Science Direct and CINAHL were included inthis review. The analysis resulted in six themes: 1) good information and understandingof palliative care; 2) support by specialists in pediatric oncology; 3) respect as aknowledgeable expert; 4) emotional and psychological support; 5) effective communicationand 6) roles of actions. Professional nurses and health care professional teams shouldbe concerned about parents’ views and the need for palliative care for their children withcancer. They should also understand the child and their parents as the center ofindividual care. Further studies need to be performed in this area. Keywords : pediatric palliative care, children with cancer, parents’ views, parents’ needs Address Correspondence to author: Pattama Boonchuaylua, RN Faculty of Nursing, Thammasat University, 99 Klong 1, Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12121 , Thailand. email: pattamaboonchuaylua@gmail.com Received: August 29, 2017 Revision received: September 2, 2017 Accepted after revision: November 16, 2017 BKK Med J 2018;14(2): 101-107. DOI: 10.31524/bkkmedj.2018.09.017

The relationship between the European Union (EU) and Australia is at a critical phase, when long-held assumptions about global norms of governance and trade are being questioned. Both the EU and Au...

Numerous researchers have carried out studies on the mud volcano system in East Java. However, there have been no experiments on the mud volcano system's mechanism, including overpressure confirmed by direct subsurface data. Therefore, this study aims to directly evaluate the mud volcano system's mechanism using the Hele-Shaw (H-S) experiment with the subsurface data confirmation. The H-S experiment utilized four primary materials: quartz sand diameter below 250 µm and 320 µm to analogize the porous layer. Gypsum flour clay is the ductile layer, while mud from the Kuwu and Kesongo Mud Volcanoes is the original material from nature. Wax represents impermeable material. The sealing layer is made of wax, and oxygen represents the natural fluids of the rock formation. The overpressured zone is created by pumping oxygen into a layer of quartz sand covered by a wax as an impermeable layer. Pressure is measured digitally, and the process is continuously recorded to produce traceable data. Each material was experimented on individually to determine the critical phase characteristics, valve fault structure geometry, and validation with seismic interpretation. The results indicate that the critical phase of the mud volcano system is characterized by the dome structure at the surface, with high intensify of gas and oil seepage. Piercement structure geometry is shown by plumbing of fluidization zone, which becomes shallower than before. Furthermore, each material's piercement structure geometry shows a consistent pattern, with differences in the density of the fault and pressure structures. Thus, the H-S experiment's validation with seismic interpretation shows a similar geometry in pressure structures and valve faults as the mud volcano system's migration paths.

Plasma leakage is a precursor to life-threatening complications of dengue, but this group is poorly defined and not often reported in literature. Patients with Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) as defined in the 1997 World Health Organization classification are often reported, and they all have plasma leakage, but some patients with plasma leakage do not meet the definition of DHF. The study aims to estimate the frequency of plasma leakage and DHF (as a surrogate of plasma leakage) in dengue and its variations based on virus serotype, geography, patient gender and pre-existing immunity to dengue. PUBMED, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched for prospective observational studies reporting on plasma leakage or DHF. Quality of data was assessed using the NIH quality assessment tool for cohort studies. Forty-three studies that recruited 15,794 confirmed dengue patients were eligible. Cumulative frequency of plasma leakage was 36.8% (15 studies, 1642/4462, 95% CI 35.4–38.2%), but surprisingly the estimated cumulative frequency of DHF was higher (45.7%, 32 studies, 4758/10417, 95% CI 44.7–46.6%), indicating that current medical literature over-reports DHF or under-reports plasma leakage. Therefore, a reliable estimate for the proportion of dengue patients developing plasma leakage cannot be derived from existing medical literature even after applying rigorous inclusion criteria to select homogenous studies. Plasma leakage is an important marker of “at-risk” dengue patients and standardizing its definition, diagnosis and reporting should be a priority in research and global policy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06793-2.

The behavior of offspring results from the combined expression of maternal and paternal genes. Genomic imprinting silences some genes in a parent-of-origin specific manner, a process that, among all animals, occurs only in mammals. How genomic imprinting affects the behavior of mammalian offspring, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we studied how the loss of the paternally inherited gene Magel2 in mouse pups affects the emission of separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USV). Using quantitative analysis of more than 1000 USVs, we characterized the rate of vocalizations as well as their spectral features from postnatal days 6-12 (P6-P12), a critical phase of mouse development that covers the peak of vocal behavior in pups. Our analyses show that Magel2 deficient offspring emit separation-induced vocalizations at lower rates and with altered spectral features mainly at P8. We also show that dams display altered behavior towards their own Magel2 deficient offspring at this age. In a test to compare the retrieval of two pups, dams retrieve wildtype control pups first and faster than Magel2 deficient offspring. These results suggest that the loss of Magel2 impairs the expression of separation-induced vocalization in pups as well as maternal behavior at a specific age of postnatal development, both of which support the pups' growth and development.

The acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the COVID-19 disease, a global pandemic. A strong association has been documented between COVID-19 and cardiovascular events, although the exact pathophysiological mechanism is still unclear. Carotid atherothrombosis and ischemic stroke represents one of the possible severe manifestations of COVID-19, as a leading cause of long-term disability and death. Different complex intertwined mechanisms seem to underlie the endothelitis which is the cause of multiple cardiovascular manifestations. To date, few case series describing COVID-19 and acute ischemic stroke caused by cervical carotid thrombosis have been published. All the patients shared common similar radiographic features, comorbidities, and biomarker profiles. The aim of this brief review was to analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the management of a Vascular Surgery Department, changing the daily vascular practice, as well as to provide practical suggestions for symptomatic carotid stenosis, while reviewing published literature.

International audience; The majority of cancer-related deaths are the result of metastases (i.e., dissemination and establishment of tumor cells at distant sites from the origin), which develop through a multi-step process classically termed the metastatic cascade. The respective contributions of each step to the metastatic process are well described but are also currently not completely understood. Is there, for example, a critical phase that disproportionately affects the probability of the development of metastases in individual patients? Here, we address this question using a modified Drake equation, initially formulated by the astrophysicist Frank Drake to estimate the probability of the emergence of intelligent civilizations in the Milky Way. Using simulations based on realistic parameter values obtained from the literature for breast cancer, we examine, under the linear progression hypothesis, the contribution of each component of the metastatic cascade. Simulations demonstrate that the most critical parameter governing the formation of clinical metastases is the survival duration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs).

The process of smolting is a critical phase in the life-cycle of anadromous salmonids and it has been associated with substantial rates of mortality. Survival during freshwater and marine migration is known to have population level effects, thus an understanding of the patterns of mortality has the potential to yield important insights into population bottlenecks. Despite important advancements in tracking techniques, the specifics of mortality events in anadromous salmonids during their initial migration to sea remains somewhat elusive. Here, we develop a framework combining spatial and temporal detections of smolt riverine migration from two tracking techniques, which enable inferences to be made about mortality locations, causes, and rates. We embed this framework into a fine-scale behaviour study of migration and social structure. In this study, we demonstrate that during their initial riverine transitional phase, smolts were particularly vulnerable to predators. Specifically, avian predation appeared to be the main cause of mortality (42%), although piscine predation events were not trivial (14%). Our results suggested some direct and indirect tagging-induced mortality (e.g., through increased predation vulnerability), which highlights the importance of determining tagging mortality in a telemetry study to ensure adequate interpretation of migration success. There is evidence that predation induced selection on smolt morphology. Unsuccessful river salmon migrants with a phenotype comprising a shorter head and jaw and smaller eye had a higher probability of mortality in the later parts of riverine migration where avian and aquatic predation mortality dominated. In contrast, mortality earlier in river migration was independent of phenotype, most likely a result of tagging effects. Successfully river migrants were found to be interacting with each other, often in a pair or as a trio, indicating that a few individuals of Atlantic salmon and sea trout formed notable intra- and interspecific social associations. However, the heterogeneity of the social associations of successful migrants did not support the assumption that social network features attributed any clear specific benefits of reduced predation risk. Overall, by estimating migration loss and its variability, our study framework should help to guide management actions to mitigate the widespread population declines these species are currently facing.

Our understanding of real-world connected systems has benefited from studying their evolution, from random wirings and rewirings to growth-dependent topologies. Long overlooked in this search has been the role of the innate: networks that connect based on identity-dependent compatibility rules. Inspired by the genetic principles that guide brain connectivity, we derive a network encoding process that can utilize wiring rules to reproducibly generate specific topologies. To illustrate the representational power of this approach, we propose stochastic and deterministic processes for generating a wide range of network topologies. Specifically, we detail network heuristics that generate structured graphs, such as feed-forward and hierarchical networks. In addition, we characterize a Random Genetic (RG) family of networks, which, like Erdős-Rényi graphs, display critical phase transitions, however their modular underpinnings lead to markedly different behaviors under targeted attacks. The proposed framework provides a relevant null-model for social and biological systems, where diverse metrics of identity underpin a node’s preferred connectivity.

BACKGROUND The brown rot fungus, Gnomoniopsis castanea, is the main organism responsible for the outbreak of chestnut postharvest decay that is threatening the sustainability of the chestnut market in Europe. Currently, no specific strategy is available to mitigate the impact and remediate the high losses of fruits in postharvest storage. In the present study, the different phases of chestnut handling in a standard facility plant were analyzed by evaluating the amount of fruit rot and infection by G. castanea at each phase. RESULTS The warm bath (48 °C) was identified as the critical phase, requiring strict parametrization to effectively inactivate G. castanea in fruits. Laboratory tests indicated that maintaining fruits at 50 °C for a maximum of 45 min provided optimal conditions to completely inactivate G. castanea inoculum during postharvest handling. However, the warm bath at 50 °C and over was not effective in inactivating the complex of fungal taxa responsible for contamination and development of molds. Higher temperatures and extended treatment times caused significant losses in fruit quality, as indicated by taste panel evaluation. Upscaling of postharvest facilities is discussed and critically evaluated. CONCLUSION The warm bath (50 °C for 45 min) is effective in completely inactivating G. castanea in fruits but did not reduce the impacts of the complex of molds responsible for external contamination and mycotoxin production. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

In this study, the austenite transformation behaviour in a medium-Mn (MMn) steel is investigated during heat treatments that replicate those occurring in low-temperature hot stamping (LTHS), with the aim of better understanding this behaviour to optimise heat-treatment design. The austenitisation behaviour and critical phase transformation temperatures during the LTHS heating process and their dependence on heating conditions are investigated using dilatometry with a Gleeble 3800 thermal-mechanical simulator, covering heating rates of 1–25 °C s−1 and soaking temperatures of 630–900 °C. Both a higher heating rate and higher soaking temperature are found to be beneficial to shorten the time required for obtaining a given austenite fraction. The martensite start temperature (Ms) shows a rapid increase with increasing soaking temperatures when austenitisation is partial, and a slower increase after full austenitisation. Excellent ultimate tensile strength values of around 1750 MPa and total elongation values of around 9.3 % are obtained for the material after the LTHS heating process. A physically based model describing the austenitic transformation under these conditions has been adopted and calibrated. The model shows good agreement with austenitic transformation diagrams constructed from experimental data, and thus can function as a guide for selecting optimum heat-treatment parameters for LTHS.

The germination period is a critical phase of abiotic stress, including salinity stress. Invigoration can be done to reduce the effect of salinity stress and speed up the germination process. This research was aimed to find out the effect of invigoration to mitigate salinity stress of soybean seed germination. This research was conducted in the Greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Siliwangi University. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with factorial patterns and three replications. First factor was the level of salinity of seawater, consisted of 3 levels ( 0% = EC= 0,6 mS cm-1; 10% =EC = 7,69 mS cm-1 ;and 20% = EC =11,4 mS cm-1). The second factor was invigoration, which consisted of 4 levels (water as control, mangosteen peel extract, turmeric extract, and mixture of mangosteen peel extract + turmeric extract with a ratio of 1:1). Results showed that there was no interaction effect between the invigoration and salinity stress on all parameters observed, but there was an independent effect of invigoration on soybean vigor and salinity stress. The salinity stress had a significant negative effect on seed germination. The invigoration of mangosteen peel extract or turmeric extract was able to maintain soybean seed vigor under salinity stress conditions. Therefore the invigoration could mitigate the effect of salinity stress of soybean seed germination., Fase perkecambahan merupakan fase yang peka terhadap cekaman abiotik, termasuk cekaman salintas. Invigorasi dapat mengurangi efek negatif cekaman salinitas dan mempercepat proses perkecambahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari perlakuan invigorasi dalam memitigasi cekaman salinitas pada fase perkecambahan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di rumah plastik Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Siliwangi. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan pola faktorial yang diulang 3 kali. Faktor 1 = cekaman salinitas air laut, terdiri dari 3 level (0% = DHL = 0,6 mS cm-1; 10% = 7,69 mS cm-1; dan 20% = 11,4 mS cm-1), Faktor 2 = invigorasi, terdiri dari 4 level (air sebagai kontrol, ekstrak kulit manggis, ekstrak kunyit, dan campuran ekstrak kulit manggis dan ekstrak kunyit). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tidak terjadi efek interaksi secara nyata antara cekaman salinitas dengan invigorasi terhadap semua parameter pengamatan, tetapi masing masing perlakuan secara mandiri memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan. Cekaman salinitas menimbulkan efek negatif pada fase perkecambahan. Invigorasi dengan menggunakan ekstrak kulit manggis atau ekstrak kunyit dapat mempertahankan vigor kedelai pada kondisi cekaman salinitas, sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memitigasi cekaman salinitas pada fase perkecambahan.

This study looks at the effect of losing a parent before the age of 16 on adult income, educational attainment, and health. Using detailed data from the Swedish registers and several methodological strategies, we follow to adulthood individuals born between 1968 and 1981 and observe their later-life outcomes.The results suggest that, in line with previous research, losing a parent during childhood is associated with substantively lower income, lower educational attainment and more hospitalizations. We find evidence of a critical phase from ages 6-15 for educational attainment and ages 2-10 for hospitalizations, and our estimates suggest that grief and parental investments are relevant mechanisms for the observed effects

Since 2016, Stromboli volcano has shown an increase of both frequency and energy of the volcanic activity, two strong paroxysms occurred on 3 July and 28 August 2019. The paroxysms were followed by a series of major explosions, which culminated on January 2021 with magma overflows and lava flows along the Sciara del Fuoco. This activity was monitored by the soil CO2 flux network of Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), which highlighted significant changes before the paroxysmal activity. The CO2 flux started to increase in 2006, following a long-lasting positive trend, interrupted by short-lived high amplitude transients in 2016–2018 and 2018–2019. This increasing trend was recorded both in the summit and peripheral degassing areas of Stromboli, indicating that the magmatic gas release affected the whole volcanic edifice. These results suggest that Stromboli volcano is in a new critical phase, characterized by a great amount of volatiles exsolved by the shallow plumbing system, which could generate other energetic paroxysms in the future.

Dengue fever is a painful, debilitating mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses. These viruses are related to the viruses that cause West Nile infection and yellow fever. An estimated 400 million dengue infections occur worldwide each year, with about 96 million resulting in illness. Most cases occur in tropical areas of the world, with the greatest risk occurring in our own country. Clinically Liver is often enlarged and tender. There are many articles which has reported the involvement of liver in this disease. The changes can be noted both clinically and also biochemically in which the enzymes are quoted elevated. These features occur in both severe and non-severe dengue cases. Therefore, monitoring for warning signs and other clinical parameters is crucial for recognising progression to critical phase. This study puts in an effort to find the hepatic profile of the patients both clinically and biochemically so as to be useful to the practising physicians.