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Hundreds of mRNA binding proteins (mRBPs) have been described in mammalian cells. Here, the authors identify RBPs differentially regulated in melanoma, and show the RBP CELF1 controlling a distinct set of protumorigenic factors.

The aim of the study is to emphasize the importance of antonymy in proverbs through the analysis of opposite relationships of words within English proverbs and comparing them with their equivalents in Spanish and Romanian. Based on a semantic perspective, a classification of opposites has been established and the English proverbs selected from the corpus categorized accordingly. Subsequently, the English proverbs containing opposites have been contrasted with their Spanish and Romanian equivalent proverbs. The objective is to analyse the equality, near-equality, or equivalence of oppositeness found in the proverbs extracted from the corpus in all three languages. The study examines if the Spanish and Romanian equivalents of the English head proverbs also contain pairs of opposite words and if they can be classified in the same group of opposites. Thus, the similarity or equality of oppositeness in the proverbs across the three languages is analysed and contrasted. The quantitative results of the study are presented in this paper, along with reflections that have emerged from the research.

The presence of English as a global language in the lexicon of the languages of Europe is undeniable, Spanish being no exception to this general trend. The increasing impact of English on the European Spanish word-stock is evidenced by semantic and lexical borrowings. The aim of the present article is to study such semantic and lexical borrowings from English into European Spanish. In order to carry out the research, examples were retrieved from the sub-corpora of tourism and fashion, both part of the ANGLICOR corpus and its associated database. Following identification, the examples were analyzed qualitatively following Gómez Capuz’s classification (2004). The results of this analysis reveal, on the one hand, the fact that semantic borrowings may belong to the category of adjectives as well as the category of nouns. In the case of lexical borrowings, on the other hand, only nouns or noun groups, following various patterns, were recorded.

Abstract Archaeological research in the Dolmen of El Pendón (Reinoso, Burgos, Spain) has brought to light the complex biography of a megalithic monument used throughout the 4th millennium cal. BC. The ossuary of this burial holds the bones of nearly a hundred individuals who suffered from diverse pathologies and injuries. This study presents the discovery of a skull with two bilateral perforations on both mastoid bones. These evidences point to a mastoidectomy, a surgical procedure possibly performed to relieve the pain this prehistoric individual may have suffered as a result of otitis media and mastoiditis. The hypothesis of surgical intervention is also supported by the presence of cut marks at the anterior edge of the trepanation made in the left ear. Furthermore, the results of this paper demonstrate the survival of the individual to both interventions. Given the chronology of this dolmen, this find would be the earliest surgical ear intervention in the history of mankind.

The increasing impact of English upon Spanish pervades not only its lexicon, but also its morphology. The goal of the article is to see if the revival of several affixes in Spanish is likely due to English influence. These affixes, available in the classic languages, have mainly come down to us through Latin, even though some of them are Greek in origin. This article focuses on the revival of several of these classic affixes that are highly productive in Present-Day Spanish. The data have been retrieved from a corpus containing twenty-first-century written texts in European Spanish and have been compared to information from other corpora and several lexicographic works both in English and Spanish. The resources that are mentioned enable the chronological order of the recording of the items to be traced. This timeline will help to establish the influence of the English lexical units in the coinage of their Spanish counterparts.

The use of English as a Medium of Instruction to teach subjects other than English is widely spread across European higher education institutions. The University of Alcalá has been working on the implementation of English-Medium Instruction (EMI) for decades now. The internationalisation process accounts for the increasing number of studies both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels taught in English. The response of international students has been positive considering the University of Alcalá one of their favourite Spanish destinations. The interaction of local and foreign students evidences the need to raise awareness towards the intercultural competence as part of the Master’s Degree in Teacher Training, so that learners will feel comfortable in a different language and culture and contribute significantly not only to the labour market but also to dialogue and living together. In this article, the authors report on how this is done in one of the compulsory courses of this specific Master’s Degree: Complementary Training in English Studies.

Sheep remains constitute the main archaeozoological evidence for the presence of Early Neolithic human groups in the highlands of the Southern Pyrenees but understanding the role of herding activities in the Neolithisation process of this mountain ecosystem calls for the analysis of large and well-dated faunal assemblages. Cova de Els Trocs (Bisaurri, Huesca, Spain), a cave located at 1564 m a.s.l on the southern slopes of the Central Pyrenees, is an excellent case study since it was seasonally occupied throughout the Neolithic (ca. 5312-2913 cal. BC) and more than 4000 caprine remains were recovered inside. The multi-proxy analytical approach here presented has allowed us to offer new data elaborating on vertical mobility practices and herd management dynamics as has not been attempted up until now within Neolithic high-mountain sites in the Iberian Peninsula. For the first time, δ18O and δ13C stable isotope analyses offer direct evidence on both the regular practice of altitudinal movements of sheep flocks and the extended breeding season of sheep. Autumn births are recorded from the second half of the fifth millennium cal. BC onwards. Age-at-death distributions illustrate the progressive decline in caprine perinatal mortality together with the rising survival rate of individuals older than six months of age and the larger frequency of adults. This trend alongside the 'off-season' lambing signal at the implementation of husbandry techniques over time, probably aiming to increase the size of the flocks and their productivity. Palaeoparasitological analyses of sediment samples document also the growing reliance on herding activities of the human groups visiting the Els Trocs cave throughout the Neolithic sequence. In sum, our work provides substantial arguments to conclude that the advanced herding management skills of the Early Neolithic communities arriving in Iberia facilitated the anthropisation process of the subalpine areas of the Central Pyrenees.

El dolmen de El Teriñuelo, ubicado en el municipio de Aldeavieja de Tormes, forma parte de uno de los focos megalíticos más nutridos y mejor documentados de la provincia de Salamanca. Este sepulcro de corredor ha sido objeto de numerosas intervenciones arqueológicas que, desde fechas anteriores a 1930, han ido desgranando partes de su historia. Los resultados de la última campaña de excavación, que fue llevada a cabo por los firmantes de este artículo en 2005, han permitido completar su secuencia de utilización, gracias al hallazgo de nuevas evidencias de su uso y, en particular, de su clausura. A lo largo de este trabajo, se presentarán las distintas manifestaciones arqueológicas de este singular evento ritual, dentro del contexto de las distintas fases de ocupación del dolmen y partiendo de un enfoque biográfico que permita mostrar la compleja sucesión de prácticas que se han ido enmascarando y superponiendo a lo largo de toda la ‘vida’ de este importante centro funerario y ceremonial.

This paper presents the preliminary results of the excavation of the Valmayor XI rock shelter, in the context of the research project ‘The pathways of the Neolithic’. Through the analysis of the radiocarbon dates and a detailed stratigraphic interpretation three occupations have been established with chronologies within different periods of the vith millennium cal bc. A general description of the archaeological events documented in each phase, and of most of the recovered material –pottery, lithic artefacts, bone industry and ornaments, faunal and carpological remains– is offered. Moreover, in the light of the new dates presented, a review of the Neolithisation process in the Lower Aragón region, and also in the Ebro valley, is proposed. Also the identification of archaeological sites as Neolithic ones only on the basis of the presence of some elements considered as ‘Neolithic markers’, without any consideration of the subsistence strategies or territorial exploitation, is questioned.

The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr, δ15N, δ13C) it provides a wealth of information on the minimum number of individuals, age, sex, body height, pathologies, mitochondrial DNA profiles, kinship relations, mobility, and diet. The grave was in use for approximately one hundred years around 3700 cal BC, thus dating from the Late Neolithic of the Iberian chronology. At the bottom of the collective tomb, six complete and six partial skeletons lay in anatomically correct positions. Above them, further bodies represented a subsequent and different use of the tomb, with almost all of the skeletons exhibiting signs of manipulation such as missing skeletal parts, especially skulls. The megalithic monument comprised at least 47 individuals, including males, females, and subadults, although children aged 0-6 years were underrepresented. The skeletal remains exhibited a moderate number of pathologies, such as degenerative joint diseases, healed fractures, cranial trauma, and a low intensity of caries. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a pattern pointing to a closely related local community with matrilineal kinship patterns. In some cases adjacent individuals in the bottom layer showed familial relationships. According to their strontium isotope ratios, only a few individuals were likely to have spent their early childhood in a different geological environment, whilst the majority of individuals grew up locally. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, which was undertaken to reconstruct the dietary habits, indicated that this was a homogeneous group with egalitarian access to food. Cereals and small ruminants were the principal sources of nutrition. These data fit in well with a lifestyle typical of sedentary farming populations in the Spanish Meseta during this period of the Neolithic.

Los intentos de clasificación de interjecciones, onomatopeyas y formas inarticuladas no han resultado satisfactorios, pues no existe una taxonomía aceptada de forma generalizada. Basándonos en estudios anteriores, el presente trabajo pretende revisar estos fenómenos en tebeos tan netamente españoles como Mortadelo y Filemón, Zipi y Zape, Super López, Bruguelandia y TBO. Para ello se compila un corpus de unidades léxicas que reflejan tanto sonidos inarticulados, como interjecciones y onomatopeyas con el objetivo de estudiar si dichas unidades utilizadas en los tebeos corresponden a la representación de ese sonido articulado, esa interjección o esa onomatopeya en su forma inglesa o en su forma española. Así, se podrán obtener conclusiones sobre la posible influencia de la lengua inglesa en los tebeos españoles a través de la clasificación de las unidades recopiladas en el corpus, aún no tratándose de traducciones sino de producciones nacionales, y posiblemente se podrá determinar hasta qué punto dichas formas podrían entenderse por parte de un hablante hispano sin la ayuda gráfica que supone la viñeta.The attempts at classifying interjections, onomatopoeias and inarticulated forms have not turned out satisfactory, as there is no taxonomy that is widely accepted. Taking as basis previous studies, the present piece of work intends to revise these phenomena in so genuine Spanish comics as Mortadelo y Filemón, Zipi y Zape, Super López, Bruguelandia and TBO. To do so, a corpus of lexical units including inarticulated sounds, interjections and onomatopoeias is compiled in order to examine whether the units used in the comics correspond to the representation of that articulated sound, that interjection or that onomatopoeia in their English form or in their Spanish form. This will allow us to draw conclusions on the possible influence of the English language in the Spanish comics through the classification of the units compiled in the corpus, even if they are not translations but national productions, and possibly, we will be able to determine up to what extent these forms could be understood on the part of a Spanish speaker without the graphic aid of the comic-strip.

Resulta evidente que, además de a los procedimientos propios de una lengua para la formación de palabras, el lenguaje tecno-científico recurre a menudo a neo- logismos ingleses, al ser ésta la lengua de transmisión de cultura y conocimiento en gran parte del ámbito científico. Debido a ello, se suele considerar que la frecuen- cia de préstamos ingleses es alta en las lenguas de especialidad. Probablemente se trata de una afirmación que precisa de matizaciones. Con el fin de cuantificar la frecuencia real de términos ingleses en esta variedad de lengua, proponemos un estu- dio que aporta datos fiables sobre la incidencia y la tipología de los mismos. Es posible que un escrito muestre una ocurrencia de anglicismos elevada, pero que, en muchas ocasiones, se trate del mismo vocablo que aparece repetido varias veces. Por tanto, el presente artículo pretende indagar acerca de la presencia de anglicismos en las lenguas de especialidad para determinar si puede considerarse significativa den- tro del vocabulario español general y si se trata de una amplia gama de unidades léxicas o si, por el contrario, los tipos de palabras se reducen considerablemente si, como es nuestra hipótesis, se repiten una serie de elementos básicos, especialmente en determinados ámbitos.

It is traditionally assumed that the influence of English upon Spanish is par- ticularly pervasive in the area of languages for specific purposes. In the case of the language of tourism it is more complicated than in other areas, as it covers several subfields, for example economics, history of art, marketing, sports, law, etc. We have carried out previous research on the presence of loanwords in tourism and computer language showing the increasing influence of English. The present study analyses the frequency and usage of anglicisms in the language of tourism in five different publications aimed at the general public, as well as web pages. Most of the articles and pages are related to adventure sports and rural tourism. In our analysis we examine their adaptation to the system in terms of gender assignment and plural formation to determine whether English loanwords in Spanish are governed by usual criteria regarding gender assignment. We shall see whether the English pattern prevails over the Spanish one or if there is a mix- ture of both methods. Finally, we will focus on the type of coinage that is derived once the item has been introduced in Spanish; some of the terms remain as sporadic code-switches, but others can be regarded as real borrowings that develop into derivatives or undergo other processes of word formation. This in mind, we have attempted to discover which seems to be the most common pro- cedure to fully integrate the borrowing into the Spanish system providing not only a qualitative analysis but also quantitative evidence from corpus-based driven data.