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The problems generated by the inappropriate use of agrotoxins and imported and costly chemical products to guarantee the health of the plants have been a great challenge for Brazilian farmers. The growing development and supply of new products of biological origin on the market is strengthening the portfolio of available bio-inputs for the production system. Among the benefits of the use of bioinputs is the greater sustainability of the productive system, with less frequent outbreaks of pests, reduction in application costs, greater efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation and promotion of plant growth. These benefits will promote greater profitability and contribute to a more sustainable agriculture. In this way, this review intends to discover some of the techniques that can be used in agriculture within two preceitos of sustainable agriculture.

This work aims to evaluate the effect of industrial treatment with different chemicals and also seed sizes on the physiological behavior of sweet corn in addition to evaluating the content of active ingredients of insecticides before and three months after storage. Four lots of a single sweet corn cross hybrid (L1, L2, L3 and L4) and different sieves (S1, S2 and S3) were carried out in two experiments. Experiment 1: industrial seed treatment, T1 = untreated seeds (control), T2 = Maxim Advanced®, T3 = Cruiser® 350 FS and T4 = Poncho®. Experiment 2: quantification of the content of active ingredients, commercial products Cruiser® 350 FS and Poncho and the distribution efficiency was measured by HPLC-UV. The results showed that industrial seed treatment with Maxim Advanced®, Cruiser® 350 FS and Poncho® can be carried out three months before sowing without damaging sweet corn seeds. HPLC is efficient to quantify the content of active ingredients in sweet corn seeds treated with Cruiser® 350 FS and Poncho®. The industrial seed treatment was calibrated for each batch, which is justified by the different amounts of active ingredient between batches and seed sizes.

The seed is the vehicle for high productivity crops, as it carries the genetic potential and technology necessary for the success of a crop. And seed treatment has been a very important technology for the initial development of rice seeds. For this reason, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of seed treatment with Cruiser Opti insecticide associated with the biostimulant EpívioTM at different dosages and during 0, 60, 90, 135 and 180 days after seed treatment. Rice seeds of the cultivar IRGA 424 RI were used. The treatments were: Control: Permit + Standk + Gaucho, T2- Cruiser Opti (0.5 L/100 Kg of seeds), T3 - EpivioTM (0.1 L/100 Kg of seeds), T4 - Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM (0.5 + 0.05 L/100 kg of seeds), T5 - Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM (0.5 + 0.1 L/100 kg of seeds) and T6 – (0.5 + 0.2 L/100 kg of seeds). Seed quality was monitored through the germination test, cold test and emergence in trays. Under the conditions in which the work was carried out, we can conclude that the treatment composed of Cruiser Opti + EpivioTM, at a dose of 0.5 and 0.1 L/100Kg of seeds, respectively, provided better performance in the germination test in the evaluated periods when compared to the other treatments.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the evolution of the physical and physiological quality of rice seeds throughout the processing process, analyzing the efficiencyof the equipment used in three Seed Processing Units (UBS) to produce certified seeds, located in the region of the inner coastal plain of Lagoa dos Patos. We know that the seed has to be made in the field, starting with the choice of the area, providing a good management and controlling invaders, pests and diseases, but we believe that UBS has a very important role in seed quality, and this is the purpose of this study. Each unit with its equipment on its production line was analyzed. The cultivar IRGA 424 RI was used in the three units, samples were taken at the exit of each equipment, tests for seedling emergence, germination, physical purity and determination of other contaminatingspecies were carried out. A gradual increase in purity and germination was observed along the processing line in the three UBS’s, except for the determination of weedy rice, where equipment was not efficient.

Jabuticaba is a typically Brazilian fruit, which can be found from the extreme south to the extreme north of the country, it can be used for various purposes, its commercialization ranges from in natura, industrial, pharmaceutical and cosmetics. In view of the above, this work aims to evaluate the influence of the size of jabuticaba seeds of the rajada variety, its germination potential, total seedling size, root and shoot length and seedling emergence, using different treatments. The extraction of the seeds was carried out by manually kneading the fruits against a flat and firm surface of a bench, so that they broke and exposed their seeds, soon after the mucilage was removed manually as well. After pulping, disinfestation was carried out using 1% sodium hypochlorite for three minutes, then triple washing with distilled water and arranged on paper towels, where they remained for 48 hours in the shade to remove excess moisture, separated according to diameters. To seeds to carry out the germination tests and the emergence speed index, when submitted to different treatments. In which it can be concluded that the size of the seed increases the germination potential of jabuticaba seeds, where larger seeds originate more vigorous seedlings, and should preferably be used for seedling production. The best treatment is the refrigerated one with a temperature of 5°C, as it presented a greater amount of seedlings throughout the days. La jabuticaba es una fruta típicamente brasileña, que se puede encontrar desde el extremo sur hasta el extremo norte del país, puede ser utilizada para diversos fines, su comercialización va desde in natura, industrial, farmacéutica y cosmética. En vista de lo anterior, este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar la influencia del tamaño de semillas de jabuticaba de la variedad rajada, su potencial de germinación, tamaño total de plántulas, longitud de raíces y brotes y emergencia de plántulas, utilizando diferentes tratamientos. La extracción de las semillas se realizó amasando manualmente los frutos contra una superficie plana y firme de una banca, de manera que rompieran y expusieran sus semillas, al poco tiempo también se eliminó manualmente el mucílago. Luego del despulpado, se realizó una desinfestación con hipoclorito de sodio al 1% durante tres minutos, luego triple lavado con agua destilada y dispuestos sobre toallas de papel, donde permanecieron por 48 horas a la sombra para eliminar el exceso de humedad, separados según diámetros a semillas a realizar las pruebas de germinación y el índice de velocidad de emergencia, cuando se someten a diferentes tratamientos. En el cual se puede concluir que el tamaño de la semilla aumenta el potencial de germinación de las semillas de jabuticaba, donde las semillas más grandes originan plántulas más vigorosas, debiéndose utilizar preferentemente para la producción de plántulas. El mejor tratamiento es el refrigerado con una temperatura de 5°C, ya que presentó mayor cantidad de plántulas a lo largo de los días. A jabuticaba é uma frutífera tipicamente brasileira, podendo ser encontrada desde o extremo Sul até o extremo Norte do País, pode ser utilizada para diversos fins, a sua comercialização vai desde a forma in natura, industrial, farmacêutica e de cosméticos. Diante do exposto, este trabalho tem como objetivo, avaliar a influência do tamanho das sementes de jabuticaba da variedade rajada, o seu potencial germinativo, tamanho total de plântulas, comprimento de raiz e parte aérea e a emergência de plântulas, utilizando diferentes tratamentos. A extração das sementes foi realizado o amassamento manual dos frutos contra uma superfície plana e firme de uma bancada, de modo que os mesmos se rompessem e expusessem suas sementes, logo após foi realizada a retirada da mucilagem manualmente também. Após a despolpa foi feita a desinfestação, utilizando hipoclorito de sódio a 1% por três minutos, posteriormente realizado a tríplice lavagem com água destilada e dispostas em papel toalha, onde permaneceram durante 48h à sombra para retirada do excesso de umidade, separas conforme os diâmetros a sementes para realizar os testes de germinação e o índice de velocidade de emergência, quando submetidos a diferentes tratamentos. Na qual pode-se concluir que o tamanho da semente, aumenta o potencial germinativo das sementes de jabuticaba, onde sementes maiores originam plântulas mais vigorosas, devendo ser preferencialmente utilizadas para produção de mudas. O melhor tratamento e o refrigerado com uma temperatura de 5°C, pois apresentou maior quantidade de plântulas ao longo dos dias.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of seed coating with Si in response to infection in a cultivar susceptible and resistant to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, on the physiological and health potential of seeds and seedlings, during the initial development of bean culture. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomizeddesign, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications, where the factors were: cultivar (BRS Esplendor and IPR Tuiuiú), silicate application (with and without Agrosilício® coating) and inoculation (seeds inoculated or not with C. lindemuthianum). In the evaluation of the initial development of the culture, the following variables were measured: germination, first count of the germination test, emergence, emergence speed index (IVE), total seedling length, shoot and root length, total dry mass, aerial part dry matter, root dry matter and aerial part dry matter at 15 days after sowing (DAS). The incidence of C. lindemuthianumin beans was determined by the paper roll method. Covering the seeds with Si reduces the incidence and severity of C. lindemuthianumand provides greater growth of bean seedlings. The effect of responses potentiated by Si is more expressive in the cultivar of greater susceptibility.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of bean seed coating with different doses of silicon (Si) on their physical, physiological and sanitary attributes, as well as to determine the amount of nutrients absorbed in the seedlings. BRS Expedito beans, 2014/15 harvest, were used, with an initial germination of 82%. Being used as a source of Si, calcium and magnesium silicate powder (Agrosilício®) (Si: 10.53%; Ca: 25.00%; Mg: 7.00%; Fe: 10.20%; Cr: 4 , 48%; Mn: 1.72%; Ti: 0.69%; S: 0.52%; K: 0.35%), previously sieved, with a density of 1.30g / cm³. The treatment consisted of covering bean seeds, in the equivalent doses of 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180g Si 100kg-1 of seeds, which corresponded to 0; 427.3; 854.7; 1,282; 1.709g of the product for 100kg-1 of seeds. The increase in doses of up to 116g of Si 100kg-1 of seeds positively influences the expression of vigor, providing a superior development of seedlings, as well as an increase in the concentration of Si in the leaves and root Ca. Doses other than Si do not control pathogens associated with seeds.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a utilizacao de substratos e metodologias alternativas para a execucao do teste de germinacao em sementes milho tratadas com agroquimicos. Utilizaram-se sementes de milho, safra 2015/2016, com germinacao igual ou superior a 90%e teor de agua medio de 12,5%. As sementes foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos quimicos (Cruiser® 350 FS; Avicta Completo, Standak Top e Crop Star). Apos foram montados os testes para avaliacao do potencial germinativo das sementes x tratamentos x substratos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o substrato mais indicado para instalacao do teste de germinacao em milho depende do tipo de produto e ingrediente ativo do tratamento de sementes. A utilizacao da vermiculita para o teste de germinacao em sementes de milho tratadas mostrou-se como uma alternativa viavel, devido a interferencia positiva nos tratamentos conduzidos com a mesma. A temperatura de 30°C possibilita o desenvolvimento mais uniforme e rapido de plântulas normais no teste de germinacao em sementes de milho tratadas e sem tratamento. O aumento de plântulas normais em sementes tratadas esta relacionado ao ingrediente bioativo que colaboram para um melhor e rapido desenvolvimento inicial.

A alface e considerada a hortalica folhosa mais importante no mundo sendo consumida, principalmente, in natura na forma de saladas de acordo com o potencial de cultivo apresentado pela especie e os beneficios do estudo da morfologia e morfobiometria das plantas, este artigo descreve as caracteristicas morfobiometricas de sementes e mudas da cultivar alface mimosa ( Lactuca sativa L . ) Para avaliar a morfobiometria das sementes, foram realizados o peso de 1000 sementes, o teor de umidade, a caracterizacao morfologica das sementes e o teste de tetrazolio. A caracterizacao morfologica da germinacao e emergencia de plântulas foi realizada por observacoes periodicas durante o desenvolvimento, permitindo a descricao por meio de figuras e desenhos. Sementes de alface cv. Mimosa apresentam comprimento medio de 3,40mm, espessura media de 0,51mm e largura media de 1,19mm. Peso de 1000 sementes de 0,931g e teor de umidade de 7,13%. A germinacao ocorre com protrusao radicular as 6 horas apos a semeadura e plântulas formadas completas as 48 horas apos a semeadura. A semente da alface possui tegumento pouco expeco permitindo que radiacao solar chegue de forma mais intensa ate o embriao. A emergencia ocorre 4 dias apos a semeadura.

Aim Emotional reactivity (ER) and neuropsychological (Np) status were investigated in a case series of patients that underwent a surgical ablation of temporal lobe tumors (TLT). Methods Ten patients (6 females, 4 males) who had undergone surgical ablation of TLT and 10 controls matched for age and gender were recruited. ER was tested using International Affective Picture System (IAPS); Clinical Global Impression evaluated behavioral disturbances, affective symptoms and emotional involvement/reaction to the pathological condition. Np assessment was carried out using well established measures; anatomopathological, neuroradiological and clinical data were also collected. Results Patients showed more positive valence and higher arousal upon viewing neutral images compared to controls. To a lesser extent, the same pattern was observed with socially pleasant images. No affective symptoms were observed at CGI-BP evaluation. Arousal to negative images, with or without social involvement, revealed a moderately strong relationship with the patient’s subjective emotional appraisal of the consequences of the illness. Conclusion We observed an optimistic emotional environment perception and a detachment from the pathological condition related to lowered emotional involvement and reactivity to negative emotional cues. This pattern of emotional reactivity leads to the hypothesis of an effective coping strategy development to a severe pathological condition.

The relationship between subjective appraisal of cognitive deficits and symptom severity in schizophrenia is unclear. Insight reportedly affects both factors. Our aim is to further asses the relationship between subjective perception of cognitive deficits, symptom severity and lack of insight as a mediator variable. 109 subjects with schizophrenia were evaluated. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was modelled as independent variable, Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia (SSTICS) as dependent and "Lack of Insight" (LoI) PANSS Item as mediator one. Mediation was assessed using bootstrap estimation approach. LoI acts as a suppressor variable (i.e., it enhances the relation between the independent and dependent variable) between Negative Symptoms and SSTICS, while showing a mediation effect between Depressive symptoms and SSTICS. LoI has a central role in mediating the relationship between negative and depressed symptoms on the one hand and self-appraisals of cognitive deficits (SACD) assessed with SSTICS on the other. Its suppressor role between negative symptoms and STICSS favour a direct effect of negative symptoms on SACD. On the other hand, its mediator role between depression and SSTICS is consistent with several reports of the 'insight paradox' of an enhanced severity of depression in patients with higher awareness of their disability.

The next generation sequencing has significantly contributed to clarify the genome structure of many species of zootechnical interest. However, to date, some portions of the genome, especially those linked to a heterogametic nature such as the Y chromosome, are difficult to assemble and many gaps are still present. It is well known that the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is an excellent tool for identifying genes unequivocably mapped on chromosomes. Therefore, FISH can contribute to the localization of unplaced genome sequences, as well as to correct assembly errors generated by comparative bioinformatics. To this end, it is necessary to have starting points; therefore, in this study, we reviewed the physically mapped genes on the Y chromosome of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, horses and alpacas. A total of 208 loci were currently mapped by FISH. 89 were located in the malespecific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) and 119 were identified in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR). The loci reported in MSY and PAR were respectively: 18 and 25 in Bos taurus, 5 and 7 in Bubalus bubalis, 5 and 24 in Ovis aries, 5 and 19 in Capra hircus, 10 and 16 in Sus scrofa, 46 and 18 in Equus caballus. While in Vicugna pacos only 10 loci are reported in the PAR region. The correct knowledge and assembly of all genome sequences, including those of genes mapped on the Y chromosome, will help to elucidate their biological processes, as well as to discover and exploit potentially epistasis effects useful for selection breeding programs.

A aquisição de sementes de alta qualidade é primordial para o sucesso da implantação de áreas com forrageiras. Contudo para serem comercializadas, estas devem atender aos padrões mínimos de qualidade previsto em Lei. Sendo a fiscalização necessária para garantir a qualidade e identidade das sementes comercializadas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade das sementes de espécies forrageiras tropicais coletadas no ano de 2018, no estado de Mato Grosso. O levantamento foi baseado em dados oriundos de amostras oficiais, coletadas em estabelecimentos comerciais e consumidores finais, pela fiscalização do Instituto de Defesa Agropecuária do estado de Mato Grosso – INDEA-MT e posteriormente analisadas pelo Laboratório de Análise de Sementes Guilherme de Abreu Lima (LASGAL). Foram realizadas análises de pureza, determinação de outras sementes por número (DOSN), teste de germinação e teste de tetrazólio. O estudo demonstrou que 75% das amostras analisadas atingiram o mínimo estabelecido para comercialização quanto a pureza física; 95% das amostras estavam dentro do padrão para qualidade fisiológica exigidos pela lei; e 91,9% não ultrapassaram os limites máximos do número de sementes indesejáveis presentes em uma amostra. No geral 36,1% do total de amostras analisadas possuía alguma inconformidade no padrão de qualidade, sendo reprovadas para comercialização.

Soybean production chain is facing serious challenges for high quality seed and grain production. This paper proposes a simple method to select genotypes with tolerance to excess moisture. The study was divided into three stages. Stage I consisted in plant production and standardization of maturity for 25 seeding genotypes in Passo Fundo-RS during 2013-2014 growing season 500 plants were harvested from each genotype at R7-R8 stage. Stage II was composed by rainfall and temperature simulation assays which were carried out in greenhouse facility of Cambé-PR. Stage III consisted of physiological seed quality determination. Samples were evaluated for 1000-seeds weight, germination, first count of germination, accelerated aging and shoot and root dry matter. Simulation of rain for three days during preharvest period resulted in reduced seed viability and vigor in genotypes DMARIO59i, A4725RG, NS4823 and FPS URANO RR indicating consideration of the harvesting time close to R8 stage for high quality seed production in these genotypes. La cadena productiva de la soja enfrenta serios desafíos para la producción de semillas y granos de alta calidad. Este artículo propone un método sencillo para seleccionar genotipos con tolerancia al exceso de humedad. El estudio se dividió en tres etapas. La Fase I consistió en la estandarización de producción y madurez de plantas para 25 genotipos de siembra en Passo Fundo durante la zafra 2013-2014. Se recolectaron 500 plantas de cada genotipo en la etapa R7-R8. La Etapa II consistió en pruebas de simulación de lluvia y temperatura realizadas en el invernadero de Cambé-PR. La etapa III consistió en la determinación fisiológica de la calidad de la semilla. Las muestras fueron evaluadas para peso de 1000 semillas, germinación, conteo de primeras germinaciones, envejecimiento acelerado y materia seca de brotes y raíces. La simulación de lluvia durante tres días en la precosecha resultó en la reducción de la viabilidad y vigor de las semillas en los genotipos DMARIO59i, A4725RG, NS4823 y FPS URANO RR, lo que indica la consideración de la época de cosecha cercana a la Etapa R8 para la producción de semillas de alta calidad en estos genotipos. A cadeia produtiva da soja enfrenta sérios desafios para a produção de sementes e grãos de alta qualidade. Este artigo propõe um método simples para selecionar genótipos com tolerância ao excesso de umidade. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas. A fase I consistiu na produção de plantas e padronização da maturidade para 25 genótipos de semeadura em Passo Fundo durante a safra 2013-2014. 500 plantas de cada genótipo foram coletadas no estágio R7-R8. A etapa II consistiu em testes de simulação de chuva e temperatura realizados na estufa de Cambé-PR. A etapa III consistiu na determinação fisiológica da qualidade da semente. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto ao peso de 1000 sementes, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes. A simulação de chuva por três dias na pré-colheita resultou na redução da viabilidade e vigor da semente nos genótipos DMARIO59i, A4725RG, NS4823 e FPS URANO RR, o que indica a consideração do tempo de colheita próximo ao Estágio R8 para produção de sementes de alta qualidade nesses genótipos.

A cebola e a hortalica condimentar mais difundida no Mundo, seu consumo na forma fresca e minimamente processada vem aumentando consideravelmente. Por sua vez a cebolinha-verde, tambem conhecida como “cheiro-verde”, e uma das plantas mais utilizadas como condimento nos lares brasileiros e industrias alimenticias na forma in natura ou processada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar as condicoes de temperatura e substrato ideal para conducao do teste de germinacao, alem de avaliar a qualidade fisiologica da Allium cepa L. e Allium fistulosum L. Avaliaram-se quatro substratos distintos: areia, casca de arroz in natura, papel toalha tipo germiteste e vermiculita, ambos substratos submetidos a diferentes regimes de temperatura: 20 °C e 25 °C sob luz continua. Foi observado que ambas as temperaturas podem ser utilizadas para a germinacao das sementes de cebola e cebolinha e os substratos somente a casca de Arroz in natura nao apresenta boas condicoes devido ao excesso de fungos desenvolvidos e consequentemente ao baixo potencial germinativo em ambas as especies.

A semente é o insumo com maior valor agregado, pois contém a constituição genética da variedade. Onde o máximo potencial de produtividade agrícola é determinado pelo potencial genético. Por isso, cada vez mais, entender sobre a questão de sanidade de sementes vem tornando-se fundamental para que se possa incrementar ainda mais a produtividade e a competitividade agrícola no país. Dessa forma, dentre os fatores de produção inerentes ao cultivo das espécies agrícolas, a sanidade de sementes torna-se um quesito importante e crescente no momento da definição do manejo, considerando sua influência sobre o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento das culturas. Os fatores sanitários caracterizam-se por propiciar efeitos deletérios ocasionados por microrganismos e insetos quando presentes nas sementes. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever sobre a caracterização de padrões sanitários para produção de sementes e estudos sobre a legislação vigente para realização dos testes sanitários.

The objective of this study was to develop and characterize lipid nanoparticles (LNs) containing chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) to reduce the aggregation of the drug and improve its skin penetration and its antitumor effect. LNs were prepared and characterized by using stearic acid (SA) as solid lipid and oleic acid (OA) as liquid lipid in different proportions. in vitro and in vivo skin penetration was evaluated using modified Franz diffusion cells and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. in vitro biocompatibility and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) were performed using L929-fibroblasts cell line and A549 cancer cell line and melanoma BF16-F10, respectively. OA promoted the increase in the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading, reaching values of 95.8% and 4%, respectively. The formulation with 40% OA (NLC 40) showed a significantly higher (p 0.01) amount of drug retained in the skin compared to other formulations. All formulations developed were considered biocompatible. PDT evidenced the antitumor efficacy of NLC 40 with reduced cell viability for approximately 10% of cancer cells, demonstrating that the presence of OA in the NLC seems to potentialize this antitumor effect. PDT in BF16-F10 melanoma using NLC 40 resulted in a reduction in mean cell viability of approximately 99%. According to the results obtained, the systems developed may be promising for the incorporation of ClAlPc in the treatment of skin cancer by photodynamic therapy.

Le incessanti attività antropiche, i cambiamenti climatici, la ricerca e il bisogno di produzioni ad alto rendimento, le nuove zoonosi e le recenti pandemie, hanno causato erosione genetica e degrado della biodiversità di tanti organismi viventi. In particolare, nel settore agroalimentare italiano tutti questi fattori hanno segnato profondamente gli allevamenti impegnati alla tutela e valorizzazione di razze locali o tipi genetici autoctoni (Tga) che rischiano l'estinzione a favore di altre razze cosmopolite di maggior interesse economico. In Italia, in particolar modo nel settore suinicolo, infatti, si è assistito a una drastica riduzione delle specie indigene. Il numero delle razze autoctone è stato ridotto da una ventina a sole 6 attualmente riconosciute dal registro anagrafico dei Tga. Il registro anagrafico o libro genealogico, tenuto dall'Associazione nazionale allevatori suini (Anas), conserva le informazioni genealogiche dei soggetti iscritti al fine di monitorare i trend delle popolazioni tra cui lo stato di consanguineità che, se troppo elevato può essere anche causa di estinzione delle razze.

The characterization and safeguarding of typical and local animal breeds were the focus of this study. These two aspects are crucial for their management, in particular for the Italian pig population. Indeed, Italy is among the top ten nations in terms of the pig population, with the local breeds famous worldwide for their great meat production. In this study we characterized three of these local pig breeds of Italy, i.e. Nero Siciliano (Black Sicily, BS), Casertana (C) and Nero Lucano (Black Lucano, BL), using cytogenetic and genomic techniques. These three local pig breeds of Italy were characterized by Aneuploidies, CAs (Chromosome Aberration) and SCEs (Sister Chromatid Exchange) and RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA - Polymerase Chain Reaction) in order to clarify any genetic differences between the breeds to preserve biodiversity and to guarantee economic development of local pork industries. Comparing the data obtained from the analysis of Aneuploidies, CAs and SCEs, as well as the RAPD-PCR examination, it was concluded that the BS and C breeds are more similar and sufficiently different from the BL breed. The genetic diversity and the characteristic polymorphic profile make BL a breed of high value to be protected, particularly for its much appreciated meat. The research was carried out as a preliminary phase for the development program for local breeds and will provide useful information for the management, conservation and promotion of these three Italian pig breeds.

In the past two decades, several cytogenetic screening programmes identified different chromosome rearrangements in pig, most of which represented by reciprocal translocation (rcp). This chromosome abnormality does not involve the variation in the number of chromosomes, but only the rearrangement of genetic material, resulting in phenotypically normal carriers with fertility problems. During an occasional cytogenetic screening, a new reciprocal translocation was detected in the black Lucano pig native breed. We analysed 15 animals reared by a family-run piggery in Basilicata region (Southern Italy). After karyotyping, four pigs (two boars and two sows) revealed two unpaired chromosomes. Analysis of the RBA karyotype and the dual-colour FISH technique confirmed that these pigs showed the same reciprocal translocation involving the chromosomes SSC3 and SSC6. The precise location of breakpoints was identified by RBH-FISH t(3;6)(p14;q26), whereas the analysis of the pedigree showed a case of Mendelian inheritance within a family, after the de novo occurrence of the new rcp. Considering the consequences of the rcp on the fertility, this study points out the importance of the cytogenetic screening in the native breeds for the safeguard of the genetic biodiversity and the sustainability of the rural areas.

High doses of fertilizers are used in the fertilization of the first cycle of banana crops. These doses are divided in the cycle to reduce losses and applied manually, requiring a great number of people. The objective of this study was to compare a single application of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) with the split application of conventional mixed fertilizer (CF) evaluating yield, nutritional status and soil chemical characteristics during the first cycle of a banana crop. The experiment was conducted in Sete Barras, SP, Brazil, with the cv. Grand Naine using the CRF 14-07-27 and the CF 14-07-28. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications and five treatments: 900 and 600 g plant-1 of CRF, in a single application, and 1,200 g plant-1 of CF split in three, five and seven applications. Fertilization with CRF provided the same yield and kept an adequate nutritional status of banana plants compared to treatments using split application of CF. Fertilization with 600 g plant-1 of CRF made the soil less acidic than CF, regardless of split application, and kept the levels of P and K in the soil at appropriate levels for banana crops after four months of application., En la fertilización del primer ciclo del cultivo del plátano se utilizan altas dosis de abono. Estas se dividen en el ciclo, para reducir las pérdidas y aplicadas de forma manual, demandando mucha mano de obra. Se objetivó con el experimento comparar una única aplicación de fertilizante de liberación controlada con la aplicación parcelada de fertilizante mixto convencional, en la productividad, en el estado nutricional y en las características químicas del suelo, en el primer ciclo del cultivo del plátano. El experimento fue conducido en Siete Barras, SP, con la cultivar Grand Naine, utilizando el fertilizante de liberación controlada (FLC) 14-07-27 y el fertilizante mixto convencional (FC) 14-07-28. Se adoptó el delineamiento de bloques al azar, con cuatro repeticiones, y cinco tratamientos: 900 y 600 g planta-1 del FLC, en única aplicación; 1200 g planta-1 del FC parcelados en tres, cinco y siete aplicaciones. La fertilización con FLC proporcionó la misma productividad y mantuvo el estado nutricional adecuado del plátano en comparación con los tratamientos con la parcelación del FC. La fertilización con 600 g planta-1 del FLC acidificó menos el suelo que el FC, independientemente del parcelamiento, y mantuvo los niveles de P y K en el suelo, en los niveles adecuados para el cultivo del plátano, cuatro meses después de la aplicación., Na adubação do primeiro ciclo da cultura da bananeira são utilizadas altas doses de adubos. Estas são divididas no ciclo, para reduzir as perdas e aplicadas de forma manual, demandando muita mão de obra. Objetivou-se com o experimento comparar uma única aplicação de fertilizante de liberação controlada com a aplicação parcelada de fertilizante misto convencional, na produtividade, no estado nutricional e nas características químicas do solo, no primeiro ciclo da cultura da bananeira. O experimento foi conduzido em Sete Barras, SP, com a cultivar Grand Naine, utilizando o fertilizante de liberação controlada (FLC) 14-07-27 e o fertilizante misto convencional (FC) 14-07-28. Foi adotado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e cinco tratamentos: 900 e 600 g planta-1 do FLC, em única aplicação; 1200 g planta-1 do FC parcelados em três, cinco e sete aplicações. A adubação com FLC proporcionou a mesma produtividade e manteve o estado nutricional adequado da bananeira em comparação com os tratamentos com o parcelamento do FC. A adubação com 600 g planta-1 do FLC acidificou menos o solo que o FC, independente do parcelamento, e manteve os teores de P e K no solo, em teores adequados para a cultura da banana, quatro meses após a aplicação.

Water restriction (WR) may impair productive and reproductive performances in livestock. Our major aim was to assess physiological changes associated with a short-term WR in sheep reared in Southern Italy, in order to develop novel methods for evaluating/monitoring the biological implications of such environmental stress. Control animals received water ad libitum (24 h/day) throughout the experimental period. Treated animals were exposed to progressive water restriction (WR) (days 0–4: 12–6 h/day; days 4–8: 3 h/day), followed by a re-adaptation phase (days 9–10). Plasma concentrations of nitro-tyrosine (N-Tyr) and carbonyl (PC) derivatives were measured as markers of protein oxidation. Lipid hydroperoxides (LPOs) were titrated as index of lipid oxidation. Haptoglobin (Hpt) and cortisol were titrated as markers of systemic inflammation and endocrine stress, respectively. Polypeptide profiling of serum samples was performed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Plasma N-Tyr concentration was higher in WR group at day 8 and 10, and significantly increased from day 4–8. Both PC and LPOs levels were higher in WR animals at each time point, and increased until day 8. The concentration of the inflammatory marker Hpt was higher in WR at day 4 and 8, and progressively increased until day 8. MALDI-TOF-MS ascertained decreased levels of apolipoprotein A-II (ApoA-II) and increased levels of platelet factor 4 (PF4) in WR animals at day 8. Taking into consideration the limitations due to the involvement of these redox status and inflammatory biomarkers in other stressing events, these results suggest that N-Tyr concentration might contribute to assess whether a condition of severe WR is occurring, while PC and LPOs may be used for identifying WR animals, and for evaluating the extent of deprivation. The concentration of Hpt, PF4 and ApoA-II might be used in combination for identifying dehydrated animals, and for monitoring the restoring of homeostasis.

Soy is the most economically important agricultural crop in the world. Achieving higher productivity has been a challenge in today's agriculture. Making the seed, surely, the most important input for agricultural development, because, as a living organism, it is depositary, directly or indirectly, of a large part of the technological advances developed by researchers over decades. Therefore, the successful implantation of a crop is in the use of seeds of high physiological quality, with a high percentage of germination and vigor. Thirty cultivars and 29 cities were used, totaling 131 samples from the three southern Brazilian states. Being evaluated the physiological quality, as well as its components, germination, accelerated aging at 41ºC for 48 hours, tetrazolium test, and mass of a thousand seeds. For the macronutrient tests, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) and Molybdenum (Mo) were analyzed. At the end of this work, it can be concluded that the three states in the south of Brazil did not present differences regarding the physiological quality of the tested cultivars. However, the physiological potential comprises the set of skills that allows estimating the capacity of a batch of seeds to properly manifest their vital functions after sowing. La soja es el cultivo agrícola más importante económicamente del mundo. Alcanzar una mayor productividad ha sido un desafío en la agricultura actual. Haciendo de la semilla, seguramente, el insumo más importante para el desarrollo agrícola, pues, como organismo vivo, es depositario, directa o indirectamente, de gran parte de los avances tecnológicos desarrollados por los investigadores a lo largo de décadas. Por tanto, la implantación exitosa de un cultivo está en el uso de semillas de alta calidad fisiológica, con un alto porcentaje de germinación y vigor. Se utilizaron treinta cultivares y 29 ciudades, totalizando 131 muestras de los tres estados del sur de Brasil. Evaluándose la calidad fisiológica, así como sus componentes, germinación, envejecimiento acelerado a 41ºC durante 48 horas, prueba de tetrazolio, y masa de mil semillas. Para las pruebas de macronutrientes se analizaron nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P), potasio (K), calcio (Ca) y molibdeno (Mo). Al final de este trabajo, se puede concluir que los tres estados del sur de Brasil no presentaron diferencias en cuanto a la calidad fisiológica de los cultivares probados. Sin embargo, el potencial fisiológico comprende el conjunto de habilidades que permite estimar la capacidad de un lote de semillas para manifestar adecuadamente sus funciones vitales después de la siembra. A soja é a cultura agrícola de maior importância econômica do mundo. Alcançar maior produtividade tem sido um desafio na agricultura de hoje. Fazendo da semente, com certeza, o insumo mais importante para o desenvolvimento agrícola, pois, como organismo vivo, é depositária, direta ou indiretamente, de grande parte dos avanços tecnológicos desenvolvidos por pesquisadores ao longo de décadas. Portanto, o sucesso da implantação de uma cultura está na utilização de sementes de alta qualidade fisiológica, com alto percentual de germinação e vigor. Foram utilizadas 30 cultivares e 29 cidades, totalizando 131 amostras dos três estados do sul do Brasil. Sendo avaliada a qualidade fisiológica, bem como seus componentes, germinação, envelhecimento acelerado a 41ºC por 48 horas, teste de tetrazólio e massa de mil sementes. Para os testes de macronutrientes, foram analisados ​​nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e molibdênio (Mo). Ao final deste trabalho, pode-se concluir que os três estados do sul do Brasil não apresentaram diferenças quanto à qualidade fisiológica das cultivares testadas. Porém, o potencial fisiológico compreende o conjunto de habilidades que permite estimar a capacidade de um lote de sementes em manifestar adequadamente suas funções vitais após a semeadura.

The objective of this work was to identify the most suitable conditions for the evaluation of the germination test in corn seeds through the use of different substrates. Two tests were carried out for the development of the work. In test 1, the hybrid Morgan 30A37 PWV was used in a factorial scheme of 5 substrates with 8 chemical treatments. The seeds were treated industrially with the following insecticides: Inside FS, Inside FS + Maestro FS, Maestro FS, Poncho, Inside FS + BioCoat Corn, Inside FS + Maestro FS + BioCoat Corn and Maestro FS + BioCoat Corn. For test 2, the hybrid used was the FS533 PWV in a factorial scheme of 5 substrates and 5 treatments, in which the seeds received the industrial treatment with the insecticides: Inside FS, Inside FS + Maestro FS, Maestro FS and Poncho. Both tests were submitted to two temperatures (20°C and 25°C) and five substrates (germitest® paper; germitest® paper + sand; germitest® paper + soil; germitest® paper + coal and brown paper). The most suitable substrates for installing the germination test in chemically treated corn seeds were brown pepper and germitest® + charcoal. And the temperature of 20°C is the one that allows the most uniform and rapid development of normal seedlings in the germination test in treated hybrid corn seeds. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las condiciones más adecuadas para evaluar la prueba de germinación en semillas de maíz mediante el uso de diferentes sustratos. Se realizaron dos pruebas para el desarrollo de la obra. En el ensayo 1 se utilizó el híbrido Morgan 30A37 PWV en un esquema factorial de 5 sustratos con 8 tratamientos químicos. Las semillas fueron tratadas industrialmente con los siguientes insecticidas: Inside FS, Inside FS + Maestro FS, Maestro FS, Poncho, Inside FS + BioCoat Corn, Inside FS + Maestro FS + BioCoat Corn y Maestro FS + BioCoat Corn. En cuanto al ensayo 2, el híbrido utilizado fue el FS533 PWV en un esquema factorial de 5 sustratos y 5 tratamientos, en este las semillas recibieron el tratamiento industrial con insecticidas: Inside FS, Inside FS + Maestro FS, Maestro FS y Poncho. Ambas pruebas fueron sometidas a dos temperaturas (20°C y 25°C) y cinco sustratos (papel germitest®; papel germitest® + arena; papel germitest® + tierra; papel germitest® + carboncillo y papel marrón). Los sustratos más adecuados para instalar la prueba de germinación en semillas de maíz tratadas químicamente fueron el pepel marrón y germitest® + carbón. Y la temperatura de 20°C es la que permite el desarrollo más uniforme y rápido de plántulas normales en la prueba de germinación en semillas híbridas de maíz tratadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar quais as condições mais adequadas para avaliação do teste de germinação em sementes de milho através da utilização de diferentes substratos. Foram realizados dois ensaios para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. No ensaio 1 foi utilizado o híbrido Morgan 30A37 PWV num esquema fatorial de 5 substratos com 8 tratamentos químicos. As sementes foram tratadas industrialmente com os seguintes inseticidas: Inside FS, Inside FS + Maestro FS, Maestro FS, Poncho, Inside FS + BioCoat Corn, Inside FS + Maestro FS + BioCoat Corn e Maestro FS + BioCoat Corn. Já para o ensaio 2, o híbrido utilizado foi o FS533 PWV em um esquema fatorial de 5 substratos e 5 tratamentos, neste as sementes receberam o tratamento industrial com os inseticidas: Inside FS, Inside FS + Maestro FS, Maestro FS e Poncho. Ambos os ensaios foram submetidos a duas temperaturas (20°C e 25°C) e cinco substratos (papel germitest®; papel germitest® + areia; papel germitest® +solo; papel germitest® + carvão e papel pardo). Os substratos mais indicados para instalação do teste de germinação em sementes de milho tratadas quimicamente foram pepel pardo e germitest® + carvão. E a temperatura de 20°C é a que possibilita o desenvolvimento mais uniforme e rápido de plântulas normais no teste de germinação em sementes de híbrido de milho tratadas.

Resultante de uma mutação espontânea do milho convencional, o milho doce possui elevado potencial de produtividade no Brasil, sendo considerado alternativa rentável aos produtores, e o colocando em ascensão. Contudo, a escassez de informações técnicas reduz este avanço. A fim de analisar a viabilidade da semente, o teste de germinação em laboratório é utilizado para comparar a qualidade entre lotes e estimar seu desempenho para semeadura em campo. Suscetível ao ataque por fungos e insetos, devido sua composição e características morfológicas, o tratamento de sementes de milho doce com produtos químicos é uma opção viável para reduzir possíveis perdas de qualidade. Desse modo, analisou-se a incidência de fungos fitopatogênicos, bem como sua redução devido ao uso de fungicidas no TS. Porém, para o teste de germinação, pode-se encontrar antagonismo do valor obtido para sementes tratadas, relacionado ao desempenho destas sementes a campo. A fim de elucidar e corrigir estes erros realizou-se um estudo das condições que os propiciam e definiram-se soluções para o problema, adequando às metodologias utilizadas na realização dos testes de germinação.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between resilience, risky family and psychiatric symptoms in order to understand which role resilience may have. 608 post-doc course students (323 males and 285 females) were recruited and evaluated through the Resilience Scale for Adult, the Risky Family Questionnaire and the Brief Symptom Inventory. A cluster analysis was implemented to understand the possible associations among the variables, showing four clusters; then a correlation analysis for each cluster was carried out. There was a significant and meaningful correlation pattern for cluster 1. Subsequently a Sobel test in cluster 1 was implemented, with a significant mediating role for resilience. Resilience is associated with less symptoms in Clusters 1 and 2, but in different ways. It has a protective role, mediating the relation between risky family and psychiatric symptoms in Cluster 1. Meanwhile it has a compensatory effect buffering the symptoms in Cluster 2. Clusters 3 and 4 show a high level of family stress and symptoms but a low level of resilience. It is possible to hypothesize that resilience does not “work” when there has been a high past risky family and so resilience could not have protective or compensatory effect.

Phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPG), like other phenolic compounds, are a powerful antioxidants and the Verbascoside (VB) is one of the most active of them. A previous study, by using in vitro exposure of blood human lymphocytes to Verbascoside, reported a significant increasings of chromosome fragility compared to control. In the present study, four homogeneous groups of rabbits were used to test in vivo the VB and/or Lycopene (LP) by feeding the animals without VB and LP (control), in presence of VB or/and LP for 80 days. Lymphocyte cell cultures were performed in three different times: 0, 40 and 80 days of the experiment and the cytogenetic tests that we used [CA-test (Chromosome Abnormalities in terms of chromosome and chromatid breaks) and Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE-test)] have revealed no mutagenic effects on chromosomes. Indeed, mean values/cell of CA and SCE decreased during the experiment with some difference among and within groups, with significant decreasing value only for some group. The study shows clear evidence that diets rich in Verbascoside (and/or Lycopene) do not originate any mutagenic activity, resulting no cytotoxic for the animals and, suggesting a possible their use in both animal and human diets.