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Há uma carência de conhecimento do hábito alimentar e da reprodução da espécie Astyanax scabripinnis (Jenyns, 1842). Assim, o objetivo do trabalho realizado na sub-bacia do rio Queima-Pé, Tangará da Serra/MT, foi identificar o hábito alimentar e o período de reprodução de Astyanax scabripinnis. Os espécimes foram coletados no período da chuva (outubro e janeiro) e da seca (abril e julho), em seis pontos amostrais, sendo um na Nascente, na Represa, dois no Curso Médio e dois na Foz. Foram analisados 25 exemplares para cada mês de coleta (100 no total), com relação à altura, comprimento padrão (CP), comprimento absoluto (CAI) e relativo do intestino (CRI), grau de repleção (GR) e conteúdo estomacal, sexo e estádios de maturação gonadal. Os maiores comprimentos e altura foram observados nos meses de julho e outubro e os menores nos meses de janeiro e abril (P0,05), enquanto o CRI foi inverso ao resultado do comprimento, com maiores valores de CRI em janeiro e abril (P

Two experiments were performed to study the interaction between the standardized ileal digestible (SID) leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) levels on the mRNA expression of genes involved in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (experiment I) and determine the requirement of these amino acids in low-protein diets, and their effects on performance, serum parameters and muscle fiber diameters of broilers (experiment II) from day 1 to day 21 post hatch. Broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 factorial arrangement for a total of 9 and 25 treatments in experiments I and II, respectively. There was no (P > 0.05) interaction between the SID Leu and Val levels on mRNA expression of mTOR, S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), 4E-binding protein-1 (4EBP1), eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes in pectoralis major muscle. Leucine supplementation increased (P 0.05) mRNA expression of the genes investigated. Interaction was observed (P

The impact of body condition in late gestating gilts on gene expression of selected adipokines and their receptors in backfat and mammary fat tissues was studied. The presence of associations between mammary gland composition variables and the mRNA abundance of selected genes and serum concentrations of adiponectin and leptin was also investigated. A total of 45 gilts were selected at mating based on their backfat depth and were allocated to three groups: (1) low backfat (LBF; 12-15 mm; n = 14), (2) medium backfat (MBF; 17-19 mm; n = 15), and (3) high backfat (HBF; 22-26 mm; n = 16). Gilts were fed different amounts of a conventional diet to maintain differences in backfat depth throughout the gestation period. Blood samples were collected at day 109 of gestation to measure adiponectin and leptin serum concentrations. Gilts were slaughtered on day 110 of gestation, and mammary glands were collected to determine mammary composition. Mammary fat and backfat tissues were also sampled to measure the mRNA abundance of selected genes. In mammary fat tissue, there was an effect of body condition on the prolactin (PRL; P = 0.01), adiponutrin (PNPLA3; P < 0.10), and prolactin receptor long form (PRLR-LF; P < 0.10) genes. There was a greater PRL mRNA abundance in mammary fat tissue from HBF than LBF or MBF gilts (P < 0.05). The PNPLA3 mRNA abundance was lower in HBF than in MBF gilts (P < 0.05), and that of PRLR-LF was lower in LBF than in HBF gilts (P < 0.05). In backfat, body condition affected the mRNA abundance of leptin (P < 0.05) and PNPLA3 (P < 0.01), with the greatest expression levels being observed in HBF gilts for both genes. Association analyses suggest a detrimental effect of high circulating leptin concentrations on gilts mammary development, as reflected by the negative correlations between serum leptin and protein percent (r = -0.66, P < 0.01), and concentrations of DNA (r = -0.62, P < 0.01) and RNA (r = -0.60, P < 0.01) in mammary parenchyma. Current results show that body condition of gilts at the end of gestation can affect the expression of adipokines in mammary fat and backfat tissues, with a different regulation of transcript abundance being observed in these two fat depots. Results also suggest that circulating leptin is strongly associated with mammary gland composition of late pregnant gilts, whereas locally synthesized leptin from mammary fat tissue is not.

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os habitos alimentares e maturacao gonadalda especie Rhamdia quelen na microbacia do rio Queima-Pe. Foram realizadascoletas nas quatro estacoes do ano outono, inverno, primavera de 2016 e verao de2017. A analise da agua indicou uma temperatura entre 24,8 oC, maxima d e 39,4oC, minima de 10,8 oC, o pH teve media de 8,8 com variacao entre 6,3 a 11 nasquatro estacoes, mostrando padrao ideal para sobrevivencia da especie. Em relacaoaos peixes examinados, foram dissecados 60 individuos, 29 femeas 30 machos e umnao identificado. Sobre o estadio gonadal constatou-se que a desova de R. quelen edo tipo parcelada, sendo que as especimes estavam no estadio A e B, (17 e 24respectivamente), com o restante 8 no estadio C, 8 em D e nenhum em E. Sobre ograu de replecao os estomagos em sua maioria apresentaram estar meio cheio(Grau 2) em todas as estacoes. O habito alimentar de Rhamdia quelen apresentouuma grande flexibilidade na sua dieta podendo ser classificada como insetivoro comtendencia a detritivoro, consumindo principalmente, larvas de Simuliidae e restos deinsetos, sendo que a maioria dos itens de sua preferencia e de origem autoctones.

The essential role of mammary fat pads in mammary growth and morphogenesis was the first indication that biologically active molecules, secreted from adipocytes or other stromal cells, could regulate endocrine cues for growth and function of the mammary gland. The presence of leptin and adiponectin receptors in mammary tissues suggested that locally produced or circulating adipokines could affect mammary growth and function. Herein, we present the current knowledge on the role of adipokines in mammary cell proliferation and differentiation and in lactogenesis and galactopoiesis in farm animals. We also address the role of milk adipokines in the neonate. Accumulating evidence suggests that adipokines could act as metabolic sensors, regulating mammary growth and function in periods of metabolic adaptations such as late pregnancy and early lactation. Indeed, different experiments reported that adiponectin and leptin expression varies according to physiological stages and nutritional status of the animal. The current review also demonstrates that adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, are important regulators of the action of lactogenic hormones in the mammary gland. Findings also suggest important roles for adipokines in growth and intestinal maturation of the neonate.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and raw propolis (RP) on broiler performance and on selected bacterial groups in caecal microbiota using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) measured by fluorescent activated cell sorting. Two experiments were conducted with 120 male chicks from 1 to 21 days of age for each, raised in cages and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design; there were five replicates with four birds per experimental unit and six treatments for each experiment (trial 1 - EEP - 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm and trial 2 - RP - 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm). Fluorescent probes were used against the bacterial groups in caecal samples collected at 21 days of age. The data were subjected to one-way anova followed by Tukey's and regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between dietary levels of EEP or RP on performance and intestinal microbiota (p 0.05). In the trial 1, results showed that the EEP did not cause any significant (p 0.05) modification in the performance and caecal microbiota. In the trial 2, RP inclusion did not affect the performance but changed the bacterial composition (p 0.05). Clostridiaceae, Gammaproteobacteria excluding Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus spp. showed a quadratic response (p 0.05), with the lowest value predicted to occur at 240 ppm, 221 ppm and 213 ppm of RP respectively. The proportion of Bacteroidaceae and Gammaproteobacteria did not differ (p 0.05) among the experimental groups. The inclusion of ethanolic extract of propolis did not affect the performance and intestinal microbiota, whereas the supplementation of raw propolis modulates the caecal microbiota composition without any effects on chicken performance.

The goal of this project was to determine if different body conditions in late gestation that are due to varying body conditions at mating affect mammary development and mammary gene expression of gilts. Gilts that were fed ad libitum in the growing period were selected based on their backfat depths to form 3 groups at mating, namely, low backfat (LBF; 12-15 mm; = 14), medium backfat (MBF; 17-19 mm; = 15), and high backfat (HBF; 22-26 mm; = 16). During gestation, LBF, MBF, and HBF gilts were fed approximately 1.25, 1.43, and 1.63 times maintenance requirements to maintain their differences in body condition. Feed intake was increased by 1 kg in the last 10 d of gestation. Backfat depths of gilts were ultrasonically measured at mating and on d 30, 50, 70, 100, and 109 of gestation. Blood samples were obtained at mating and on d 109 of gestation to measure concentrations of IGF-1, glucose, insulin, estradiol, urea, free fatty acids, leptin, and adiponectin. Gilts were slaughtered on d 110 of gestation to collect mammary glands for compositional analyses. Mammary extraparenchymal tissue weight was lesser in LBF and MBF gilts than in HBF gilts (1,259.3, 1,402.7, and 1,951.5 ± 70.4 g, respectively; 0.10), but its composition was altered. Concentrations of DNA and RNA decreased as backfat depth increased ( 0.10) with the exception of , which had a greater expression level in LBF gilts than in MFB or HBF gilts ( < 0.05). Percent of Ki-67-positive cells, used to assess mammary cell proliferation rate, was greater in HBF gilts than in LBF gilts ( < 0.05). When differences in body conditions of gilts that were present at mating were maintained throughout gestation, it had an impact on mammary development. Extraparenchymal tissue mass was affected and, more importantly, composition of parenchymal tissue was altered, indicating a beneficial effect of gilts being in the thinner treatment groups at mating.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) leucine and valine levels on tibiotarsus bone characteristics and the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia of broilers from day 1 to 21 (Experiment I) and day 21 to 42 post-hatch (Experiment II). Each experimental phase was evaluated independently. In both experiments, a total of 1,500 one-day-old Cobb 500 male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design 5 × 5 factorial arrangement for a total of 25 treatments. The SID leucine and valine levels were ranged from 10.0 to 19.6 g/kg, and 6.0 to 12.0 g/kg from day 1 to 21 post-hatch, respectively, while day 21 to 42 post-hatch ranged from 10.0 to 18.0 g leucine/kg, and 5.2 to 11.2 g valine/kg. Serum calcium and phosphorus, bone concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and ash, diameter and Seedor index of the tibiotarsus were not affected (p > .05) by the treatments at 21 or 42 days of age. There was an interaction (p ≤.06) between the SID levels of leucine and valine on tibiotarsus breaking strength at 21 days, but not at 42 days of age (p > .05). Tibiotarsus breaking strength was maximized in broilers from day 1 to 21 with the dietary levels of leucine and valine at 14.2 and 9.0 g/kg respectively. Dietary leucine levels reduced linearly (p < .05) the hypertrophic zone of tibiotarsus cartilage at 21 days of age. Therefore, leucine and valine supplementation interact positively on bone strength of broilers from day 1 to 21 post-hatch. Leucine can be a useful amino acid for reducing the hypertrophic cartilage zone in broilers from day 1 to 21, but not from day 21 to 42 post-hatch.

1. Two experiments were performed to study the supplementation of valine, isoleucine, arginine and glycine (Val, Ile, Arg, Gly) in low-protein diets for broiler chickens in the starter (1-21 d; Exp. 1) and grower (22-42 d; Exp. 2) phases. 2. A low-crude protein (CP) diet was formulated to meet the requirements of all amino acids (AA) supplied by the control diet except for Val, Ile, Arg and Gly. The other experimental diets were obtained by the isolated or combined supplementation of the studied AA in the low-CP diet. 3. Growth, serum parameters and litter characteristics were taken in both of the experiments. Carcass measurements were taken in Experiment 2. 4. In the starter and grower phases, low-CP diets without supplementation resulted in birds with a poorer weight gain and feed conversion than those of the birds that received the control diet. 5. In the starter phase, individual supplementation with Val and Gly, but not Ile and Arg, restored the weight gain of the birds, while diets with the addition of Val + Gly, Val + Ile + Arg, Val + Ile + Gly and Val + Ile + Arg + Gly restored their feed conversion. 6. In the grower phase, weight gain was re-established at the same rate as the control diet for the diets supplemented with Val + Ile, Val + Ile + Arg, Val + Ile + Gly and Val + Ile + Arg + Gly. However, the feed conversion was restored only in birds that received the diet supplemented with all studied AA. 7. The supplementation of Val and Gly in low-CP diets was sufficient to avoid adverse effects in the performance and serum parameters of broilers in the starter phase. However, birds in the grower phase required the combined supplementation of Val, Ile, Arg and Gly, to prevent compromised performance.

SUMMARY Vitamin K is involved in blood clotting process and plays an important role in bone formation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the supplementation of different levels of vitamin K 3 on growth performance and bone parameters of broiler chickens. For this purpose, 1,500 broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The treatments consisted of a control diet containing 1.6 mg of vitamin K 3 /kg of diet and 5 levels of vitamin K 3 (11.6 mg/kg; 21.6 mg/kg; 41.6 mg/kg, 61.6 mg/kg and 81.6 mg/kg), with 5 replicates and 50 chickens per experimental unit. At 7, 21, and 40 days of age, growth performance (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio) and bone parameters (bone length and diameter, Seedor index and bone strength) were evaluated. The increase in vitamin K 3 levels improved the feed intake, body weight and body weight gain in the pre-initial phase. At 40 days old, all performance parameters were similar among the different levels of vitamin K 3 . At 21 and 40 days of age, bone parameters were impaired as dietary levels of vitamin K 3 increased. The results suggest that the recommended level of vitamin K 3 in broiler chicken diets is 1.6 mg/kg of diet.

The goal of this experiment was to evaluate the performance, quality and fatty acid profile of eggs from laying hens fed with diets containing Crude Vegetable Glycerine (CVG) originating from biodiesel production. Two hundred and forty 35-week-old Hy-Line W36 laying hens were used. The experiment lasted 112 days, split into 4 28-day cycles. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design to six treatments with CVG inclusion of 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5%, with 5 replicates and 8 birds per experimental unit. With increased CVG inclusion, the egg-laying percentage linearly increased (P

The objective of this study was to determine the requirements and interactions between the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Leu and Val levels in low-protein diets, and their effects on performance, serum characteristics, carcass yield and diameter of muscle fibers of broiler chickens from d 21 to 42 posthatch. A total of 1,500 21-day-old Cobb 500 male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement for a total of 25 treatments with 3 replicates of 20 birds each. Treatments consisted of 5 SID Leu levels (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, or 1.8%) and 5 SID Val levels (0.52, 0.67, 0.82, 0.97, or 1.12%). At 42 d of age, there was interaction (P < 0.05) between the SID levels of Leu and Val on feed intake and weight gain. There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) of Leu and Val levels on feed conversion, with minimal point estimated at the levels of 1.19 and 0.86%, respectively. Dietary Leu supplementation reduced linearly (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of triglycerides and β-hydroxybutyrate. Dietary Leu increased (P ≤ 0.05) the fiber diameters of the pectoralis major muscle and breast yield at the levels of 1.24 and 1.13%, respectively, while the thigh yield was improved with the level of 0.71% Val. Abdominal fat decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary Leu and Val. The SID Leu and Val levels needed to optimize weight gain and feed conversion in low-CP diets for broiler chickens from d 21 to 42 posthatch were estimated at 1.15 and 0.86%, and 1.19 and 0.86%, respectively. The supplementation of Leu and Val can reduce the abdominal fat deposition in birds fed low-CP diets during the grower phase. Leu and Val interactions can influence the performance but not the serum characteristics, carcass yield and diameter of muscle fibers of broilers fed low-protein diets. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the dietary Leu content to estimate the ideal level of Val in low-CP diets for optimum broiler performance.

We studied the colour preference of isolated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and whether previous residence or body size can affect environmental colour choice. In the first phase, a cylindrical tank was divided into five differently coloured compartments (yellow, blue, green, white and red), a single fish was introduced into the tank and the frequency at which this fish visited each compartment was recorded over a 2-day study period. An increasingly larger fish (approx +2 cm in length each time) was then added into the tank on each of days 3, 5 and 7 (=four fish in the tank by day 7), and the frequency at which each fish visited the different compartments of the tank was observed twice a day to obtain visit frequency data on the differently sized fishes. This experiment was replicated six times. In the first phase, the solitary fish established residence inside the yellow compartment on the first and second days. Following the introduction of a larger fish, the smaller fish was displaced from the occupied compartment. Nile tilapia possibly shows this preference for yellow as a function of its visual spectral sensitivity and/or the spectral characteristics of its natural environment. Moreover, body size is an important factor in determining hierarchical dominance and territorial defence, and dominant fish chose the preferred environmental colour compartment as their territory.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of dehydrated cassava starch residue (DCSR) on the performance, gastrointestinal tract characteristics and carcass traits of ISA Label JA57 slow-growing broilers. A total of 510 broilers at 21 were distributed in a randomized experimental design with 5 treatments (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 % DCSR inclusion) and a control group, 5 replicates, and 17 birds per experimental unit. The DCSR inclusion from 21 to 49 days of age negatively influenced (P 0.05) weight gain and feed intake and did not affect (P 0.05) feed conversion in the broilers with increasing of DCSR inclusion. From 21 to 79 days, DCSR inclusion impaired (P 0.05) weight gain, feed conversion, and poultry litter quality with increasing of DCSR inclusion. The level of blood triglycerides showed a quadratic response (P 0.05) at 79 days of age with the highest value predicted to occur at 5.45 % of DCSR inclusion. DCSR levels affected (P 0.05) the gastrointestinal organ characteristics, cecal content pH, and pigmentation of the shank, breast, and thigh meat of the birds but did not alter (P 0.05) the other parameters of carcass quality and yield, cuts, and percentage of abdominal fat. In conclusion, DCSR inclusion levels above 2 % compromised broiler performance.

This work studied the effect of supplementing commercially available amino acids in low-protein diets using different ratios of digestible (dig) glycine+serine:lysine (Gly+Ser:Lys) on performance, serum parameters, feathering, and litter characteristics of broiler chickens during the starter period. A total of one thousand fifty 1-d-old Cobb-Vantress male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design into 6 treatments with 5 replicates of 35 birds each. The treatments were as follows: T1, control diet based on corn and soybean meal formulated with 22% CP (dig Gly+Ser:Lys ratio of 147); T2, diet with a 2% CP reduction, supplemented with Val (dig Gly+Ser:Lys ratio of 137); T3, similar to T2 with the addition of Gly (dig Gly+Ser:Lys ratio of 147); T4, diet with a 3% CP reduction, supplemented with Val, Ile, and Arg (dig Gly+Ser:Lys ratio of 127); and T5 and T6, similar to T4 with the addition of Gly (dig Gly+Ser:Lys ratios of 137 and 147, respectively). At 7 and 21 d, broilers that had received diets with a 3% CP reduction (19% CP) and a Gly+Ser:Lys ratio that was equivalent to 127 had lower G:F (P0.05) and lower total protein and albumin serum concentrations (P0.05) than those broilers that received the control feed. However, these parameters were restored to the same level as the control diet with an increase in the dig Gly+Ser:Lys ratio from 127 to 137 and 147. Diets with a 3% CP reduction (19% CP) resulted in litter with reduced (P0.05) nitrogen content and lower ammonia emission than the litter of broilers receiving the control diet. The treatments did not influence (P0.05) the feather length or feathering scores at 21 or 28 d of age. The supplementation of essential amino acids while maintaining dig Gly+Ser:Lys ratios at and above 137 allowed for a reduction in the dietary CP of 3% without undermining the performance, feathering or serum parameters of early stage broilers.

The objective of this experiment was to assess the use of different vitamin D metabolites in the feed of broiler chickens and the effects of the metabolites on performance, bone parameters and meat quality. A total of 952 one-day-old male broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomised design, with four treatments, seven replicates and 34 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of four different sources of vitamin D included in the diet, D3, 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, and 1α(OH)D3, providing 2000 and 1600 IU of vitamin D in the starter (1 to 21 d) and growth phases (22 to 42 d), respectively. Mean weight, feed:gain and weight gain throughout the rearing period were less in animals fed 1α(OH)D3 when compared with the other treatments (p0.05) for various bone parameters. Meat colour differed among the treatments (p>0.05). All of the metabolites used in the diets, with the exception of 1α(OH)D3, can be used for broiler chickens without problems for performance and bone quality, however, some aspects of meat quality were affected.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de determinar o valor energético e o efeito do uso do milheto como fonte energética em rações para codornas japonesas sobre o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos, bem como realizar uma avaliação econômica para verificar a viabilidade da utilização de milheto. No Experimento 1 foram utilizados 72 codornas de postura em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos, seis repetições de seis aves cada unidade experimental. A energia do milheto foi de 4142,15kcal/EB na MS (%), 3770,12kcal EMAn na MS(%)e o teor de PB de 12,58%. No Experimento 2 foram utilizados 336 codornas de postura, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos, sete repetições e oito aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis níveis de substituição do milho pelo milheto, com variação de 0 a 100%. Houve efeito sobre o consumo de ração, o qual aumentou em relação ao controle em todos os níveis utilizados e sobre a conversão alimentar nos níveis de 80 e 100%. Para o índice de coloração de gema houve redução linear à medida que o nível de milheto aumentou nas rações. Para codornas, o milho pode ser substituído pelo milheto em nível de até 100%, sem prejuízos para a produção de ovos (%) e qualidade dos ovos, exceto para a coloração da gema. O nível de 40% de inclusão de milheto apresentou a melhor viabilidade econômica e a inclusão de pigmentantes deve ser considerada. Two experiments were carried out to determine the energy value of the pearl millet, and the effects of its use, as energetic source, in the diets of Japanese quails on the performance and eggs quality, as well as to accomplish an economic evaluation in order to verify the viability of using the pearl millet. Experiment 1 was conducted by using 72 japanese quails distributed in metabolism cages. A completely randomized experimental design was conducted, with two treatments, six replicates and nine birds per experimental unit. The crude energy of pearl millet were 4142,15kcal/kg (as dry matter) and the apparent metabolizable energy 3770,12kcal/kg (as dry matter ) and 12.58% crude protein. Experiment 2 utilized 336 japaneses quails distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with six treatments, seven replicates and eight birds per unit. The treatments consisted in diets with different levels of pearl millet (0 to 100%). There was a significant effect on feed intake witch increased with the levels and for feed conversion in the levels 80 and 100%. The yolk pigmentation index a decreased by increasing of pearl millet. Corn can be replaced by pearl millet for 100% without compromising the egg production (%) and egg quality, except the yolk pigmentation. The greater economic viability was calculated at 40% of inclusion of pearl millet. However, it must be considered the necessity of pigments inclusion.

This study evaluated the effects of crude (CVG) and semi-purified (SPVG) vegetable glycerins inclusion in the broiler chickens diet on performance, meat quality and lipid profile. 1,350 1-day-old male Cobb-Vantress chicks were distributed in a completely randomised design in a factorial 2x4 arrangement with two types of vegetable glycerin (crude and semi-purified) and four inclusion levels (3, 6, 9 and 12%) and a control group, totalling 11 treatments with five replications and 30 birds per experimental unit. At 42d of age, performance, meat quality and lipid profile of meat were assessed. There was no interaction between types and levels of glycerin for performance and meat quality. The body weight gain and feed:gain ratio showed a quadratic response, with the highest body weight gain at 9.4% of glycerin and lowest feed:gain ration at 7%, respectively. The meat quality was not affected by the inclusion of glycerin. There was an interaction between types of glycerin and levels for all fatty acids in thigh meat, exception for vaccenic, α-linolenic and eicosanoic acid. The thighs of chickens fed SPVG showed a linear increase in myristic, palmitic, stearic and SFAs concentration. The thighs of broilers fed CVG showed a linear increase in linoleic acid, α-linolenic, docosahexaenoic acid, PUFAs, ω-6, and ω-3, and a linear decrease in stearic acid concentration and ω-6/ω-3 ratio. The CVG and SPVG can be included in broilers diets up to 7% with no effects on meat quality. Considering the meat fatty acids profile, the inclusion of CVG glycerin increased ω-3 concentrations while SPVG inclusion increased the SFAs in meat.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary restriction and inclusion of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon cv Coastal) hays in the diets of ISA Label JA57 slow-growing male broilers on performance, gastrointestinal tract characteristics, and economic viability. A total of 272 broilers at 21 days old were distributed in a randomized experimental design with four treatments, four replicates, and 17 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of ad libitum concentrated feed (control intake), feed restriction (80% of the control intake), and feed restrictions with supplementation of alfalfa hay (80% of the control intake+20% alfalfa) or Bermudagrass hay (80% control intake+20% Bermuda). Dietary restriction, with and without hay inclusion, negatively affected (P

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:56:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-01-01 The effect of feed restriction and refeeding on enzymatic activity and gastrointestinal organ weight was evaluated in chickens at two ages, 7 and 35 d of age. At each age, the birds were 70% feed-restricted for 7 d (30% of ad libitum intake) followed by ad libitum refeeding for 3 d. The control groups were fed ad libitum during equivalent periods (10 d). Pancreatic activity of chymotrypsin, trypsin, amylase and lipase, and intestinal activity of sucrase and maltase were analyzed, and the weights of the proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, small and large intestine were obtained. Trypsin and amylase activity were lower in the feed-restricted group than in the control groups at d14, whereas sucrase activity was lower in the feed-restricted group than in the control group at d42, showing that the effect of feed restriction on enzyme activity was age-dependent. Feed restriction decreased the weight of all organs in the starter and finisher periods. Upon refeeding, the organ weight increased and reached that of the control group only in chickens that were feed-restricted from d35 to d42. In the starter period, proventriculus and gizzard were less affected by feed restriction. In the finisher period, the gizzard was also the least affected organ, while the small intestine was the most affected. All effects of feed restriction were reversed after 3 days of ad libitum refeeding, indicating that the alterations were fast and reversible. Moreover, response to feed restriction and refeeding is age dependent. © 2014, Japan Poultry Science Association. Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco j45, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900 Department of Physiology, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Distrito de Rubião Jr. s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970 Department of Physiology, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Distrito de Rubião Jr. s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970

Four experiments wewre carried out with to determine the effect of okara and grape pomace inclusion in laying rations on the performance, egg quality, bone and blood characteristic, partial economic evaluation and lipid oxidation of egg from commercial laying. In the experiment I was evaluated the okara and in the experiment II the red grape pomace. 320 Hy Line W36 laying with 48 and 32 weeks of age, respectively, divided in 4 cycles of 28 days each, during which were collected the data for the experiment. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four levels of okara (Exp I) or red grape pomace (Exp II) (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%) plus a control diet, with eight replications and eight birds per experimental unit. In the experiment I no differences (P> 0.05) were observed in feed conversion (kg-1 dz) with the inclusion of different levels of okara. However, the laying percentage, feed intake and feed conversion (kg kg-1) improved (P 0.05) in mean weight, Haugh units, specific gravity and shell percentage. The shell thickness increased linearly (L1 - Y = 0.365 + 0.0047x, R2=0.89) (P 0.05), however the concentration of triglycerides showed a linear reduction (P 0.05) by the okara inclusion. By partial economic analysis, the cost per dozen eggs produced and the cost per kg of eggs were lower with the okara inclusion. In experiment II, no differences (P> 0.05) in laying percentage, feed intake and feed conversion (kg kg-1) with the inclusion of grape pomace in the diet were observed. However feed conversion (kg dz-1) improved (P 0.05) between treatments, however the Haugh unit improved (P 0, 05) in the levels of grape pomace inclusion compared to control for serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides . In partial economic analysis, the cost per dozen eggs produced and the cost per kg of feed reduced with the inclusion of grape pomace. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the oxidative stability, through the quantification of conjugated dienes and malonaldehyde production of (TBARS) in eggs of commercial laying hens fed with grape pomace and okara. In experiment III, 320 hens strain Hy-Line W36 were used with 36 weeks of age and were distributed in a completely randomized design with five levels of grape pomace (0: 1, 5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6, 0%), with eight replicates of eight birds each. In experiment IV, 320 hens strain Hy-Line W36 were used, with 48 weeks of age and were distributed in a completely randomized design with five levels of okara (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0% ), with eight replicates of eight birds by experimental unit. The end of each experiment, all eggs from each replicate were collected and stored in cardboard boxes and stored at room temperature (25 °C) and refrigerated (4 ° C). The analyzes of the oxidative stability (TBARS and conjugated diene) of yolk were made in the times of 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days. In experiment I was observed a linear increased (p 0,05) na conversão alimentar (kg dz-1) com a inclusão de diferentes níveis de okara. No entanto, a percentagem de postura, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar (kg kg-1) melhoraram (P0,05) no peso médio, unidade Haugh, gravidade específica e porcentagem da casca. A espessura da casca apresentou aumento linear (L1 - Y = 0,365 + 0,0047x, R2=0,89) (P0,05), no entanto a concentração de triglicerídeos apresentou redução linear (P0,05) pela inclusão do okara. Por meio da análise econômica parcial, o custo por dúzia de ovos produzidos e o custo por kg de ovos foram menores com a inclusão de okara. No experimento II, não foram observada diferenças (P>0,05) na percentagem de postura, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar (kg kg-1) com a inclusão de bagaço de uva nas dietas. No entanto, a conversão alimentar (kg dz-1) melhorou (P0,05) entre os tratamentos, no entanto a Unidade Haugh melhorou (P0,05) dos níveis de inclusão de bagaço de uva comparados ao controle para os níveis séricos de colesterol e triglicerídeos. Na análise econômica parcial, o custo por dúzia de ovos produzidos e o custo por kg de ração reduziram com a inclusão do bagaço de uva. Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar a estabilidade oxidativa, por meio da quantificação de dienos conjugados e produção de malonaldeido TBARS em ovos de poedeiras comerciais alimentadas com bagaço de uva e okara. No experimento III, foram utilizadas 320 poedeiras da linhagem Hy-Line W36, com 36 semanas de idade distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco níveis de bagaço de uva (0:1, 5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%), oito repetições com oito aves por unidade experimental. No experimento IV, foram utilizadas 320 poedeiras da linhagem Hy-Line W36, com 48 semanas de idade distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco níveis de okara (0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%), oito repetições com oito aves por unidade experimental. Ao final de cada experimento, todos os ovos de cada repetição foram coletados e armazenados em caixas de papelões e armazenados sob temperatura ambiente (25°C) e refrigerados (4°C). As análises referentes a estabilidade oxidativa (TBARS e dieno conjugado) da gema foram realizadas com os tempos de 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 60 dias. No experimento I, foi observado aumento de forma linear (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effeet of different vitamin D metabolites on performance, bone quality characteristics, meat quaiity, immune response and intestine morphometrics of broiler chickens. There were used 952 1 -d-old chicks, male Cobb, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments, seven replications and 34 birds each. The treatments consisted in four different metabolites of vitamin D: D3, 25(OH) D3, 1.25(OH)2D3 and l a(OH)D3, providing 2000 and 1600 IU/kg feed of vitamin D in initial and growth period, respectively. The average weight, feed conversion and weight gain during the role period of production were worse in animals fed with lcL (OH) D3 when compared to other treatments (pO.05) between treatments. The meat color were different between treatments (pO,05) entre os tratamentos. A coloração da carne diferiu (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Todos os metabólitos utilizados nas dietas, com exceção do 1 cL(OH)D3 apresentaram bom desempenho e qualidade dos ossos, no entanto influenciaram alguns aspectos da qualidade de carne, O peso do intestino diferiu entre os tratamentos aos 7, 21 e 42 dias e o peso do fígado somente aos 42 dias de idade. Os demais órgãos e parâmetros imunológicos avaliados (peso dos órgãos linfóides, reação de hipersensibilidade cutânea basofílica, avaliação da atividade de macrófagos, dosagem de óxido nítrico e perfil eritrócito: leucócito) foram similares entre os animais alimentados com os diferentes metabólitos. Houve efeito (P

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation and levels of digestible lysine on performance, carcass yield and development of the gastrointestinal tract in broilers. In Experiment 1, 1,350 male Ross 780 chicks were used, 1 to 21 days of age, distributed in 45 boxes (1.85 m2) with 30 birds each. The animals were fed with three levels of crude protein (CP) (18%, 20% and 22%), three levels of nucleotides (0%, 0.1% and 0.2%) and five replications, in a completely randomized design with a 3x3 factorial arrangement. No significant (P≥ 0.05) results were found for the interaction of crude protein (%) with the concentration of nucleotides (%) for the variables: weight (g), intestine length (cm) and relative weight of the body weight (%) with the intestine, liver and bolsa cloacalis. There was a linear decrease of CP (P≤ 0.05) for the villus height in the jejunum (Ŷ=1123.89 - 16.785x; R2=0.65) and linear increase of the nucleotides in villus height in the ileum (Ŷ = 584.44+426.708x; R2 = 0.52). There was a decrease in ileal nitrogen concentration, reaching a minimum with 19.31% CP (Ŷ= 22.65?2.12x + 0.055x2; R2=0.61). In experiment 2, 868 male Cobb broilers were used, 21 to 42 days of age, distributed in negative and positive controls, with 18.80% and 16.86% crude protein respectively, both without nucleotides, and meeting the requirement of 1.062% digestible lysine. Using the low-protein diet, five treatments were devised with the addition of 0.5 kg of nucleotides/ton of feed, with different levels of digestible lysine (1.262%, 1.162%, 1.062%, 0962% and 0.862%), with four replications each, in a completely randomized design. Feed intake (g) decreased linearly (P≤ 0.05) in the period from 20 to 27, 20 to 35, and 20 to 42 days of age; feed intake decreased by increasing levels of lysine in the diet. Feed-to-gain ratio showed a quadratic effect (P ≤ 0.05) for birds of the period from 20 to 27, 20 to 35 and 20 to 42 days of age, decreasing as levels of digestible lysine increased, with minimum levels reaching 1.119%, 1.187% and 1.132% digestible lysine, respectively. The diet with 1.062% of lysine did not differ (P> 0.05) from the negative control for villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum. The results were caused by the improvement in the gut integrity of the birds. Nucleotide supplementation helped the low-protein diet Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética de nucleotídeos e de níveis de lisina digestível sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e o desenvolvimento do trato gastrintestinal em frangos de corte. No experimento 1, foram utilizados 1.350 frangos de corte machos, de 01 a 21 dias de idade, da linhagem Ross 780. Usou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x3, sendo três níveis de proteína bruta (PB) (18%, 20% e 22%), três níveis de nucleotídeos (0%, 0,1% e 0,2%) e cinco repetições, distribuídos em 45 boxes (1,85 m2), de 30 aves cada. Não foi verificada interação (P?0,05) da proteína bruta, com os níveis de nucleotídeos para as variáveis: peso vivo (g), comprimento do intestino (cm) e os pesos relativos ao peso vivo com o intestino, a bolsa cloacal e o fígado. Observaram-se efeito linear decrescente da PB para altura das vilosidades no jejuno e efeito linear do nucleotídeo para altura das vilosidades no íleo. Houve redução na concentração de nitrogênio ileal, atingindo o mínimo com 19,31% de PB. No experimento 2, com aves de 21 a 42 dias de idade, foram utilizados 868 pintos de cortes machos da linhagem Cobb. Em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, as dietas foram controle com alta proteína e baixa proteína, com 18,86% e 16,80% de proteína bruta, respectivamente, ambas sem nucleotídeos, respeitando a exigência de 1,062% de lisina digestível, e cinco tratamentos com adição de 0,5 kg de nucleotídeos/ton de ração, com diferentes níveis de lisina digestível: 1,262%, 1,162%, 1,062%, 0962% e 0,862%, todos formulados com base na dieta de baixa proteína (16,80%), com quatro repetições cada. O consumo alimentar (g) diminuiu linearmente (P≤0,05) no período de 20 a 27, de 20 a 35 e de 20 a 42 dias de idade, que aumentando os níveis de lisina digestível na dieta, observou-se diminuição no consumo de ração (P?0,05). A conversão alimentar teve efeito quadrático (P≤0,05) para as aves do período de 20 a 27, de 20 a 35 e de 20 a 42 dias de idade, diminuindo à medida que os níveis de lisina digestível aumentaram, atingindo o mínimo com 1,119; 1,187 e 1,132% de lisina digestível, para os períodos de 20 a 27; 20 a 35 e 20 a 42 dias de idade, respectivamente. A dieta com 1,062% de lisina digestível não diferiu do controle negativo, para altura das vilosidades e profundidade de cripta, no duodeno. Os resultados encontrados foram 2 ocasionados pela melhora na integridade intestinal das aves. A suplementação de nucleotídeos auxiliou a baixa proteína na dieta. xi, 64 f

Three experiments were carried out to determine the energy value of crude glycerine from biodiesel production and to evaluate performance carcass yield carcass composition and feathers of broiler chickens feeding with increasing levels of crude glycerine. Experiment 1 was conducted using 72 broilers with 18 days of age distributed in metabolism cages. It was used a completely randomized experimental design with two treatments and six replicates of nine birds each. To determine the energy value, the method of total excreta collection, using ferric oxide as a marker was used. Crude glycerine replaced 10% of reference diet. The value of apparent metabolizable energy of crude glycerine was 2,632.59 kcal/kg. In the Experiment 2 were used 960 broilers at 21days of age distributed in a completely randomized design with six levels of crude glycerine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%) and five replicates with 32 birds each. There was a linear effect (P0.05) on broiler chicken carcass yield. Considering the Dunnett´s procedure the feed intake in the 10% level shows to be different (P 0.05) for all variables. The litter moisture at 21 and 42 days increased linearly (P 0.05) differences of levels of 0; 2; 4; 6; 8; and 10% to control. Considering litter moisture at 21 days the levels of 4, 6, 8 and 10% and at 42 days and the levels of 8 and 10% for inclusion were different (P 0,05) sobre as variáveis de rendimento de carcaça. Pelo teste de Dunnett, o consumo de ração para o nível de 10% e o peso médio corporal para os níveis de 8 e 10% diferiram (P0,05) pelos tratamentos experimentais. Pelo teste de Dunnett, no período de 1 a 21 dias, houve diferença (P0,05) dos níveis 0; 2; 4; 6; 8 e 10% em relação à ração-controle. Para a umidade de cama aos 21 dias, os níveis superiores a 2% e aos 42 dias os níveis superiores a 6% de inclusão foram (P