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Due to the accelerated growth of worldwide interest in renewable energies, there is currently an impressive documentary base in this field, accumulated as a result of prolific research activity by engineering teams from countries around the world. However, the naval field has been very little touched by these researches and implicitly the recorded results are rare, which justifies us to say that the application of renewable energies in this field is at its early stage and requires more attention from researchers. Current technology allows stable powering of marine beaconing systems from photovoltaic panels, since mainly the aim is to emit a light of a certain color and this does not require high energy consumption. But, in areas with restricted access or during the period of prohibition of certain activities, the beacons can also serve other purposes, such as: video surveillance or radar monitoring of the aquatic space, data transmission via radio waves etc. The achievement of these objectives requires installation of equipment that will considerably increase energy consumption. To ensure the necessary energy from photovoltaic panels, a number of environmental factors that can influence the electrical performance of the panels must be taken into account, such as: temperature, wind speed, water, wave movements, etc. The present paper studies the influence of water on the performance of photovoltaic panels, from the perspective of the degree of water coverage of the panel surface, namely: 0% coverage (the panel is completely out of water), 25%, 50% and 75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Search and rescue operations in maritime environments are critical for saving lives and ensuring the safety of individuals in distress. The advancement of autonomous technologies has led to the development of Search and Rescue Autonomous Vessels (SRAVs), which have the potential to revolutionize the efficiency and effectiveness of such operations. This paper presents an example of the design, capabilities, and challenges associated with SRAVs. The integration of various sensors, communication systems, and artificial intelligence algorithms allows these vessels to navigate autonomously, detect and identify distress signals, locate survivors, and provide immediate assistance. Also, there are presented results from testing the SRAV and future development perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last period (last 3 years) the maritime domain, especially the sea transportation and fossil resources exploitation became the most important aspects of the international politics and our lives. Because of the COVID19 situation and now the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the maritime domain was pushed to its limits. What a few years ago was a safety area of navigation, now this one can be transformed very quickly in a dangerous one. It is important to develop fast, systems for monitoring sea areas and platforms of intervention in case of distress situations. To have a real-time system of monitoring and intervention on sea it is mandatory to have redundant maritime communications. The article presents the most relevant publications related to maritime offshore applications and communications that support them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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At the level of European leadership in Brussels, it has been developed, based on preserving and affirming the European culture and civilisation, the idea of creating the conceptual and actional premises for "Europe ad integrum" to represent a "maritime force". In this context, the Integrated Maritime Policy is a comprehensive approach to all European Union maritime and related policies. Basically, the Integrated Maritime Policy is the European Union's response to develop the sustainable implementation of maritime governance, a concept in which maritime security plays a key role. This paper deals with the principles of maritime policies formulated at European Union level, which, in conjunction with the provisions of the European Union Maritime Security Strategy and Action Plan, form the European concept of maritime governance and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1504, Stephen the Great’s death ended the apex of the Principality of Moldavia. Despite some ominous signs (a harsh winter followed by a rainy summer and floods), Stephen’s successor, Bogdan III, began his reign without encountering opposition. Sources from the Polish Kingdom contradict this peaceful scenario, insisting on the idea of an unstable Principality of Moldavia. According to some letters issued by King Alexander I, there were many contenders to the Moldavian throne, one of them supported by the Ottomans. This strengthening of the Ottomans’ position in Moldavia risked endangering Christendom. A Venetian document, a letter sent by Leonardo di Masser to Giovanni Badoer in Buda, seems to support the Polish version. However, a closer analysis of the document seems to suggest that Leonardo di Masser combined in his letter two divergent views on the situation in Moldavia at the end of Stephen the Great’s reign: One reflected the Polish point of view on the event, which suggested that Moldavia was prone to civil war and to Ottoman intervention, while the other version assumed the Moldavian point of view, which insisted on the legitimacy of Bogdan III, elected by the elite of the land and according to Stephen the Great’s will. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a comparative analysis between the anti-Ottoman war waged by Venice and Moldavia during the second half of the 15th century. Although there are significant differences between the two political actors in terms of institutions, military practice and experience of the Holy War an analysis of their diplomatic discourses and symbolic gestures underlines some similitudes. Both Venice and Moldavia elaborated their discourses about the anti-Ottoman war around some major topics. They emphasized their role as ramparts of Christendom, the mortal danger represented by the sultan’s military power or the duty of all Christian leaders to take arms against a common foe. Such topics among many others used to convince neutral powers to join the fight against the Ottomans were used with minimum differences all along the War against the Ottomans. The paper deals also with the efficiency of the aforementioned discourses and with the strong link between the diplomatic discourses and the political objectives of Venice and Moldavia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The victory against an Ottoman army on January 10, 1475 opened a new period in the reign of Stephen the Great. Soon after the triumph, the Moldavian prince started an active policy in search for allies against the Ottoman Empire. His letter sent in the aftermath of his military success aimed to gain military and financial support against a new Ottoman expedition. Although the document was published and discussed many times, it still raises many questions due to the fact that it was preserved only in Italian and German translations. The present article focuses on the list of names of the Ottoman commanders in an attempt to identify these leaders and to evaluate the military forces confronted by the Moldavian prince in the battle of Vaslui. Although the Ottoman names were preserved in a much distorted form, a comparison with other contemporary sources shows that among the most important Ottoman leaders were the most active Akinji commanders from the European half of the Ottoman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moldavia as a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire is a well-known topic in Romanian historiography. Among the sources used to establish the amount of gold paid by the principality to the sultan figures the "Journals" (Diarii) of Marino Sanudo. The present paper insists on Sanudo's sources, on the Venetian-Ottoman relation at the beginning of the 16th century and on the context in which the information is included in the „Journals”. Regarding the tribute paid by Moldavia, Sanudo depended on the relazione delivered on December 2, 1503 by Andrea Gritti in front of the Senate on his return from his mission as ambassador in Constantinople. What is striking is that there are significant discrepancies between Gritti's speech as was written down by Sanudo and the same discourse included by Eugenio Alberi in his published edition of the Ottoman reports. One of these differences is the absence of any allusion to the amount paid by the tributary states (Moldavia included) to the Ottomans in the version published by Alberi. As the text published by Alberi represents a polished version of the discourse delivered in December 1503 one may assume that the lack of any reference to the tribute paid by Moldavia has to do with the delicate situation of Venice after the peace concluded in 1503 with the Porte. The loss of important territories as well as the tribute the Republic had to pay for Zante was perceived by the Venetian government as an important loss of prestige. Thus, it is probable that the final version of Gritti's relazione, i.e. the one kept in the Venetian archives and published by Alberi in the 19th century, excluded any reference on the Ottoman relations with other Christian powers in an attempt to cover the Republic's loss of reputation at the end of the war of 1499-1503. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scrisoarea adresată de Ștefan cel Mare principilor creștini după bătălia de la Vaslui este un document bine-cunoscut istoricilor. Cu toate acestea, implicațiile diplomatice ale acestui text, al cărui scop îl constituia o cerere de ajutor adresată capetelor încoronate ale creștinătății, sunt multiple. Analiza documentului arată că domnul Moldovei a fost conștient că vestea victoriei asupra oștilor otomane va avea de înfruntat spinoasa problemă a credibilității, Ștefan fiind la momentul respectiv cvasi-necunoscut curților occidentale. Din acest motiv domnul Moldovei a făcut apel la mesageri "credibili" în ochii occidentalilor (venețianul Paolo Ognibene, respectiv maghiarul Nicolae Ujlaki) și a inclus în scrisoare o serie de detalii menite să dovedească veridicitatea informațiilor transmise. În paralel cu eforturile depuse pentru domolirea furiei sultanului, respectiv pentru strângerea raporturilor cu regele Ungariei, Mathias Corvin, scrisoarea adresată creștinătății conturează portretul unui principe abil capabil să exploateze în plan diplomatic succesul militar obținut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A document preserved in the State Archives of Milan is the starting point for a new analysis of the Ottoman expedition in Southern Poland led by the famous Malcocioglu Bali beg. The episode is well known due to Polish, Ottoman and Moldavian chronicles. However, the new source is the report of an eyewitness who saw the remnants of the Ottoman army returning from Poland. The author of the document was a merchant and a spy, a subject of the Duke of Milan, and the text mirrors the interest of the Italian powers on the political and military events from the Ottoman Empire. The report strengthens the already known data provided by the chronicles and underlines with many details the misfortunes encountered by Malcocioglu beg's troops during the expedition and on their way back to the Ottoman Empire. The document emphasizes the complicate political game played by the ruler of Moldavia and provides new insights into the history of the struggle for power in East-Central Europe at the end of the 15th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting point of the paper is an episode related by Liborius Nacker, a member of the Teutonic Order, who participated with his master along Polish troops in the expedition against Moldavia in 1497. According to Nacker, Stephen the Great sent a letter in reply to a Polish embassy using a rather ironical tone. He is to have said that he had just thrown a bone between two dogs, and that he would accept the winner as master. The episode has striking similarities to a fragment from Jan Długosz' chronicle concerning the relations between King Sigismund of Luxemburg; Vitold, Grand Duke of Lithuania; and Vladislas Jagiełło, King of Poland. Despite the resemblances, there is no evidence that Liborius Nacker used Długosz' chronicle. Thus, it can be assumed that the episode concerning Stephen the Great is a genuine one, and that the Lord of Moldavia’s reply was influenced by a well-known expression circulating in the Kingdom of Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on credibility—a rather neglected aspect of the diplomatic contacts between Moldavia and the Western powers in 1475-1476. In the aftermath of the Battle of Vaslui (January 10, 1475), Stephen the Great sent a letter to all the Christian princes to announce his success and to request help for the war against the pagans. Right around that time, the Prince established the first diplomatic contacts with the Venetian Republic and the papacy using as messengers two foreigners: the Venetian Paul Ognibene and the Hungarian Nicholas Ujlaki. The choice was more the consequence of the Western lack of knowledge about Moldavia at that moment than a lack of diplomatic personnel at the Moldavian court. It seems Stephen the Great was aware that a Moldavian boyar might have raised suspicions in Venice or Rome, so he employed a Venetian subject to send the message about the victory and to affirm his determination to pursue the fight against the Ottomans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renewable energy systems are widely use, starting with powering the NASA's satellites and ending with standalone water pumping systems. There are grid connected and off grid renewable energy systems, from the level of GW power to the level of a few KW installed power. This article presents an idea which tries to implement the renewable energy systems where is more applicable, where there is a desperate need for electric energy and this one is definitely missing. An application of this kind is the implementation of PV modules on board of life rafts. A simulation in PVsyst of a self-powered life raft is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our days the RADAR systems are essential to navigation for maritime, aeronautical and terrestrial applications. Basic RADAR systems were developed using analog components and some of this RADARs are still functioning due there good performances and redundancy; a very good example is found onboard of military vessels. Because in our days the RADAR systems are digital and because these RADARs need to work in the same network with the analog RADARs, this fact conducts to a much debated research theme: to realize a RADAR extractor which will make the analog RADARs compatible with digital ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relations between Wallachia and Moldavia were re-evaluated in the last decades. The old paradigm which underlined the similar interests and the common fight against the Ottoman threat was replaced by a more complex picture which emphasizes the divergent political goals and actions of the two realms. The present paper focuses on several episodes from the reign of Stephen the Great of Moldavia, and his first successors (Bogdan III and Stephen the Younger). It seems that for all of the aforementioned princes the commercial centre of Brăila played an important role in the relations with Wallachia as the town suffered serious blows from the Moldavian army during the reigns of Stephen the Great and Bogdan III. In some other occasions Brăila was involved in the struggle for the Wallachian throne and at least two Wallachian pretenders looked for Brăila countrymen's support in their fight for the crown. Along with a political role, which deserves further research, the town was one of the most important economic centres of the Lower Danube, a function which became even more important after the conquest of Kilia and Moncastro by the Ottomans in 1484. However, the economic growth of the city and its hinterland was severely affected by a continuous political and military tension between Wallachia and Moldavia and eventually compelled the Porte to take the city under direct control putting an end to the Moldo-Wallachian competition for the control of the Lower Danube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the wars undertaken by Wallachian prince Michael the Brave between 1599-1600, which were centered upon the Moldavian road, a trade route between the Ottoman Empire's European territories and Southern Poland. The author argues against dominant historiography that asserts Michael largely engaged in such military actions for commercial reasons. Instead, it is proposed that the attacks against caravans were ordered to keep troop morale and loyalty high when the finances of Michael's realm were in a poor state and soldiers could not always be paid. Other topics addressed include the importance of the route in trade between Poland and the Ottoman Empire and Cossack attacks on the route.