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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-usj-10.1177_00420980231182074 for The impact of human capital and housing supply on urban growth by Simon C Büchler, Dongxiao Niu, Anne K Thompson and Siqi Zheng in Urban Studies

This thesis examines young women’s experiences of forced marriage in Australia with a specific focus on understanding the context in which it is attempted or occurs and the ways in which young women navigate forced marriage in their lives. As a criminological examination this thesis suggests that to better understand forced marriage, diverse experiences of and responses to gendered violence are key for realising women’s safety. The findings suggest there is a need to re-consider the legal and policy response in Australia to prioritise what young women say they need – which includes shifting away from criminalising parents and separating families.

Since 2013, forced marriage has been understood and responded to in Australia as a form of human trafficking and a slavery-like practice. This framing occurred as the result of it being introduced as a criminal offence under Section 270.7A and 270.7B of the Criminal Code Act (1995) (Cth). During the Victorian Royal Commission into Family Violence (RCFV), submissions from family violence practitioners, front-line service providers and forced marriage specialist services recommended the inclusion of forced marriage as a statutory example of family violence under the Family Violence Protection Act (2018) (Vic). This was one of the 227 recommendations made in the RCFV final report (specifically recommendation 156). In late 2018, the Victorian Parliament passed the Justice Legislation Amendment (Family Violence Protection and Other Matters) Act (Vic), which formally recognised forced marriage as a form of family violence. Victoria is the only state in Australia to have recognised forced marriage as a form of family violence in law, although it has been identified as one issue for consideration as part of the National Plan to End Violence Against Women and their Children (2022-2032). Despite these commitments and developments, little is known about the impact of this new legal recognition of forced marriage in Victoria, in particular the implications for family violence and other service responses by practitioners and frontline service providers, and the interaction between the state-based criminal justice and service response, and the federal criminal justice and service response. There is also little published data of how well Victorian services meet the needs of persons coming forward to seek assistance and intervention for potential, threatened or formalised forced marriage/s. In exploring both the shift that has followed the inclusion of forced marriage as a statutory example of family violence and the opportunities it presents, this project seeks to contribute to: (1) ongoing national commitments to ending violence against women, and (2) the ongoing commitment to building a robust evidence base on modern slavery and human trafficking practices, under the National Action Plan to Combat Modern Slavery (2020-2025). This report is based on research that has sought to lay a foundation that illuminates the current state of service response to forced marriage in Victoria, and to identify next steps in relation to how this may be improved. This report details the consistent support for the inclusion of forced marriage as family violence and the recognition that this is a welcome opportunity to expand service supports for persons affected by forced marriage. However, our findings also call to attention the urgent need to review: (1) the suitability of current family violence support services in meeting the varied needs of the different groups of persons affected by forced marriage and, (2) the strong association of forced marriage with CALD communities reflected in current risk assessment processes. The findings in this report detail the importance of undertaking careful and considered research and review to ensure that the intention of recognising forced marriage as a statutory example of family violence is fully realised. In particular, that it results in women (and men) impacted by forced marriage accessing appropriate, tailored services that can support their safety. We write this report with great respect and admiration for practitioners and service providers who are navigating a challenging situation as they address forced marriage with a dedicated commitment to helping potential victims, while also having to adhere to government discourse and long-standing models. We hope that our analysis, discussion and recommendations offer a starting point for rethinking some of the assumptions built into forced marriage interventions and responses.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tva-10.1177_15248380231184207 for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Sleep Disturbances Among Asian Indians: A Systematic Review by Ateka A. Contractor, Isamar M. Almeida, Andrea Fentem, Elizabeth L. Griffith, Gurleen Kaur and Danica C. Slavish in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

This report presents findings from a project conducted in partnership between the Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre and No to Violence. This report presents findings from a study examining how domestic and family violence (DFV) perpetrator intervention programs respond to intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV). The need for focused attention on sexual violence as part of reforms to address DFV is highlighted for example, in both the National Plan to End Violence Against Women and Children 2022-2023 (Department of Social Services [DSS] 2022) and the Victorian Royal Commission into Family Violence (RCFV 2016). The need for increased attention on sexual violence reflects that it is an under-reported form of DFV and is a sign of escalating abuse and heightened risk including risk of lethality (RCFV 2016; Bagwell et al. 2015). Further, IPSV has unique impacts that are different to the harms of both non-sexual intimate partner violence, and sexual violence perpetrated by other assailant types.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605231188131 for The Role of Sexting on the Perception of Image-Based Sexual Abuse by Chiara Rollero, Manuel Teresi and Stefano Pagliaro in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-vaw-10.1177_10778012231188090 for Co-Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Mothers and Maltreatment of Their Children With Behavioral Problems in Eastern Europe by Antonia Brühl, Catherine L. Ward, Jamie M. Lachman, Heather M. Foran, Marija Raleva, Adriana Baban and Nina Heinrichs in Violence Against Women

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-cjb-10.1177_00938548231186160 for The Geography of Race and Ethnicity Effects in Federal Sentencing: A Descriptive and Spatial Analysis by Kelsey L. Kramer, Yan Zhang and Travis W. Franklin in Criminal Justice and Behavior

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-sgo-10.1177_21582440231184970 for The Politics of Social Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Configurational Approach to Fee-Free Policies at the High School Level by Gabriel Asante in SAGE Open

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sgo-10.1177_21582440231184970 for The Politics of Social Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Configurational Approach to Fee-Free Policies at the High School Level by Gabriel Asante in SAGE Open

Supplemental Material for Differences Between High and Low Performing Police Agencies in Clearing Robberies, Aggravated Assaults, and Burglaries: Findings From an Eight-Agency Case Study by Cynthia Lum, Charles Wellford, Thomas Scott, Heather Vovak, Jacqueline A. Scherer, and Michael Goodier in Police Quarterly

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-euc-10.1177_14773708231183570 for Monitoring prisoners preparing for release: Who ‘fails’ in open prison conditions? by Gary Goodley and Dominic Pearson in European Journal of Criminology

As Australia’s rates of imprisonment, and recidivism rates of returned citizens, continue to rise, it is becoming increasingly important to better understand how to support returning citizens to adequately prepare them for a life post-release and enhance their (re)integration. While recent research focuses on what we need to do to successfully support the community transition of incarcerated persons following release to reduce recidivism, current research focuses on program characteristics and what constitutes a successful program. Consequently, there appears to be a lack of research examining the impacts of removing throughcare support programs designed to successfully transition returning citizens. This exploratory study examines the consequences of removing a successful reintegration program in Tasmania – the Reintegration for Ex-Offenders’ Program (REO) – run by The Salvation Army between July 2011 and July 2015, when it was defunded under the Liberal government. Using a purposive, snowball sampling approach, the study employed a qualitative methodological approach to conduct semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders involved with the REO program. The thematic analysis of the interview data demonstrates that removing a transitional and accommodation support program results in significant consequences, including suicide of returned citizens. In addition to finding a pattern of ‘program churn’ of funding and defunding a range of support programs for returning citizens, participants highlighted key consequences as: gap in services; lack of support and housing; loss of relationships and trust between service providers and returned citizens, as well as between organisations; loss of human resources; persons remaining in the system for longer than required; persons being released with no transitional support or accommodation, resulting in reoffending; and health implications for returning citizens and service providers. The findings of this study, therefore, have significant implications for understanding the very serious consequences of simple government decisions to defund a program in this sector.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tva-10.1177_15248380231185305 for Childhood Maltreatment and Gratitude: A Multilevel, Meta-Analytic Review by Ningzhe Zhu, Ying Ye, Chengcheng Li, Rixin Wang and Feng Kong in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

This Report presents the findings of a review conducted by members of the Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre in 2022-23 of the Men Exploring New Directions (MEND) online pilot program funded by No to Violence and developed by the Men and Family Centre. MEND is a 20-week online MBCP for men in rural, regional and remote areas. The program’s online format aims to ensure that MBCPs are accessible to people in rural, regional and remote areas who may not have access to in-person programs, which are typically located in metropolitan areas. While the program provider (MFC) is based in NSW, as an online program, participants can attend from across Australia. The review examined the delivery of the MEND online program. A mixed methods design was adopted.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sgo-10.1177_21582440231183435 for The Influence of Perceived Risks and Behavioral Intention: The Case of Chinese International Students by Dimin Wang, Ying Chen, Jovanie Tuguinay and Jessica J. Yuan in SAGE Open

Within the field of decision-making research, the process by which police form their initial hypotheses during equivocal death investigations is yet to be investigated. The present literature review examined the outcomes of previous research relevant to the area of police decision making, to recognise the limitations and contradictions within this body of research. It was concluded that future researchers should investigate the way in which police investigators respond to equivocal deaths with particular emphasis on identifying the decision making approach used by police in this context and what may influence the initial conclusions they form. It was recommended that exploratory mixed methods approaches be initially employed to investigate this area, to inform later research intended to develop directional research hypotheses.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-vaw-10.1177_10778012231188090 for Co-Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Mothers and Maltreatment of Their Children With Behavioral Problems in Eastern Europe by Antonia Brühl, Catherine L. Ward, Jamie M. Lachman, Heather M. Foran, Marija Raleva, Adriana Baban and Nina Heinrichs in Violence Against Women

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-ijo-10.1177_0306624X231188238 for Qualitative Analysis of Severe Incidents in Forensic Psychiatric Hospitals: Toward a Model of Forensic Vigilance by Maartje Clercx, Nienke Peters-Scheffer, Marije Keulen-de Vos, Petra Schaftenaar, Denise Dekkers, Noortje van Gerwen, Anke de Klerk, Nicole Strijbos and Robert Didden in International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sgo-10.1177_21582440231182352 for Adolescent Girls’ Early Marriage Intention and its Determinants in Eastern Ethiopia: A Social Norms Perspective by Dureti Abdurahman, Nega Assefa and Yemane Berhane in SAGE Open

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sgo-10.1177_21582440231183435 for The Influence of Perceived Risks and Behavioral Intention: The Case of Chinese International Students by Dimin Wang, Ying Chen, Jovanie Tuguinay and Jessica J. Yuan in SAGE Open

Supplemental material, sj-doc-1-sgo-10.1177_21582440231184979 for Linking Competitive Intelligence, Learning Orientation and Export Performance of SMEs by Ejikeme Emmanuel Isichei, Ike Nnia, Agbaeze Kalu Emmauel, Anthony Igwe, Chukwu Benjamin Ibe and Godwin Iyuwuna Dodd Peterside in SAGE Open

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-euc-10.1177_14773708231183570 for Monitoring prisoners preparing for release: Who ‘fails’ in open prison conditions? by Gary Goodley and Dominic Pearson in European Journal of Criminology

This data snapshot presents the findings from a large-scale national survey of employees who have experienced sexual harassment in an Australian workplace. The survey was conducted in late 2022. 1,465 individuals responded to the survey providing insights into their experiences of workplace sexual harassment, including the nature and impact of the harassment experienced, the response received, as well as opportunities for improved prevention and early intervention strategies.

PDF of a briefing sharing findings from interviews with law enforcement based on research project looking at ASWs and modern slavery/human trafficking.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-sgo-10.1177_21582440231187583 for Green Gardening Practices Among Urban Botanists: Using the Value-Belief-Norm Model by Abdullah Al Mamun, Naeem Hayat, Muhammad Mohiuddin, Anas A. Salameh and Syed Shah Alam in SAGE Open

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-cad-10.1177_00111287231186093 for Improving Recidivism Forecasting With a Relaxed Naïve Bayes Classifier by YongJei Lee, SooHyun O and John E. Eck in Crime & Delinquency

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-ijo-10.1177_0306624X231188238 for Qualitative Analysis of Severe Incidents in Forensic Psychiatric Hospitals: Toward a Model of Forensic Vigilance by Maartje Clercx, Nienke Peters-Scheffer, Marije Keulen-de Vos, Petra Schaftenaar, Denise Dekkers, Noortje van Gerwen, Anke de Klerk, Nicole Strijbos and Robert Didden in International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-sgo-10.1177_21582440231187583 for Green Gardening Practices Among Urban Botanists: Using the Value-Belief-Norm Model by Abdullah Al Mamun, Naeem Hayat, Muhammad Mohiuddin, Anas A. Salameh and Syed Shah Alam in SAGE Open

Research poster co-produced with peers at Unseen highlighting/summaring our research project looking at the role of Adult Service Websites in addressing modern slavery.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-sgo-10.1177_21582440231184970 for The Politics of Social Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Configurational Approach to Fee-Free Policies at the High School Level by Gabriel Asante in SAGE Open

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605231186123 for “You’re just constantly on alert”: Women and Gender-Diverse People’s Experiences of Sexual Violence on Public Transport by Jessica Ison, Kirsty Forsdike, Nicola Henry, Leesa Hooker and Angela Taft in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605231178359 for Variations in Women’s Attribution of Blame for Sexual Assault by Sierra Strickler, Laura N. Martin, Kathleen Khong and Lauren Cattaneo in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605231178359 for Variations in Women’s Attribution of Blame for Sexual Assault by Sierra Strickler, Laura N. Martin, Kathleen Khong and Lauren Cattaneo in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sgo-10.1177_21582440231184970 for The Politics of Social Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Configurational Approach to Fee-Free Policies at the High School Level by Gabriel Asante in SAGE Open

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605231186123 for “You’re just constantly on alert”: Women and Gender-Diverse People’s Experiences of Sexual Violence on Public Transport by Jessica Ison, Kirsty Forsdike, Nicola Henry, Leesa Hooker and Angela Taft in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

A PDF briefing of the findings from our ASW/MSHT research project specifically sharing data from interviews with practitioners/first responders.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605231188131 for The Role of Sexting on the Perception of Image-Based Sexual Abuse by Chiara Rollero, Manuel Teresi and Stefano Pagliaro in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

In 2006 rising numbers of older offenders represent a significant strategic issue for prisons in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. A statistical analysis of the number of older prisoners in Australia reveals similar trends. For the purpose of this research 'ageing prisoner' means a man or women aged 45 or above. This thesis seeks to contribute to an understanding of what it means to age in prison, and explores ageing in the context of population demographics, Aboriginality, ethnicity, social class, gender, deviance, and the 'positive ageing' concepts that inform twenty-first century discourse. A discussion on the concept of 'ageing in place' in the prison environment draws on national and international literature to identify the experiences of older prisoners, and highlight the emerging challenges for prison administrators. This thesis involved an extensive analysis of prison statistics from Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and New Zealand. It provides an extended discussion of the dynamics and challenges of ageing in prison and concludes with a synopsis of the issues confronting service provision and prison processes in the light of the offence profiles and special needs of older inmates.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-dsp-10.1177_20503245231168392 for Impact of the introduction of medical cannabis in the UK on risk perception and recreational use of cannabis: A longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis by Jon Waldron, Meryem Grabski, Tom P Freeman, Margriet van Laar and H Valerie Curran in Drug Science, Policy and Law

Case Management Systems (CMS) are a software tool which guides practitioners case work. The tools have evolved as the dominant method to ensure consistent, efficient, and accountable practice. Typically, CMS have been designed around a risk management agenda and to enforce standardisation in a bid to ensure quality practice. More recently the rate of adolescents entering the care system have grown rapidly and social work with the cohort is emerging as a specialist area of practice. The present thesis recognising that development of CMS has occurred within a socio-economic and political context of neoliberalism and the risk society, explores the previously unconsidered effects of CMS on social work practice and the potential influence this has on practitioners constructions of adolescents in care. Important findings indicate CMS can contribute indirectly and directly to how and when young people in care are observed by practitioners, creating cyclical events whereby negative behaviours and characteristics are amplified or constructed. Risk reduction oriented case management is shown to be in obvious tension with the unpredictability and relationship-oriented stage of adolescent development creating unfavourable conditions for how young people in care come to be perceived by their social workers. Four negative characteristics are identified as becoming commonly associated with young people through the mechanism of CMS and in the context of the present political and economic context of social work. The labels of risky, resistant and responsible are observed to emerge from the practice context facilitated by CMS and also label this cohort as harder to work with or representing increased workload. In summary the research addresses a gap in knowledge regarding the appropriateness of CMS as a tool guiding social workers work with adolescents and considers ways to inform future design and implementation of CMS in emerging specialism of social work with adolescents.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tva-10.1177_15248380231185305 for Childhood Maltreatment and Gratitude: A Multilevel, Meta-Analytic Review by Ningzhe Zhu, Ying Ye, Chengcheng Li, Rixin Wang and Feng Kong in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

PDF of findings from ASW Operators interviewed as part of large project looking at the role of ASWs in facilitating and preventing Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking online.

This report draws on the research findings of a joint project between the Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre and the LGBTIQ Legal Service, Southside Justice. The report examines the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and gender diverse, queer and questioning (LGBTQ+) family violence victim-survivors with Victoria’s family violence intervention order (FVIO) system; it considers the experiences of LGBTQ+ victim-survivors who have engaged with the system as ‘affected family members’ (victims) and/or ‘respondents’ (perpetrators). The report offers unique insight into how LGBTQ+ victim-survivors are engaging with the law for protection from family violence, in addition to how the law is being used against them by abusers. The report makes a series of policy and practice recommendations aimed at improving legal and non-legal responses to family violence experienced by LGBTQ+ victim-survivors.

This project, Identifying economic abuse for women with disability in Victoria: A toolkit for service providers and people experiencing family violence draws on data collected for the Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety funded project Women, disability and violence: Barriers to accessing justice (Maher et al., 2018). In that project researchers heard from 36 women in Victoria and New South Wales about their experiences seeking justice and safety in the context of family violence. Many of these women spoke specifically about economically coercive behaviours and the impact of this on their ability to secure safety. Researchers found a lack of awareness of the types of family violence perpetrated against women with disability and critically, a lack of accessible resources to assist in the identification of and support of women with disability to move away from such violence. In their final report researchers wrote that the ‘limited availability of resources for disability advocacy’ is a significant issue as these are ‘often a critical avenue for the disclosure of violence by people with disability’ (Maher et al., 2018, 31). The development of the toolkit for this project draws directly on the data gathered from these women. The research team would like to thank the women who participated in the focus groups and final consultation as well as those who shared their stories with us for the original ANROWS-funded research upon which this project is based. We would also like to extend our thanks to the numerous stakeholders and experts who contributed so generously during the focus groups and afterwards. We thank the Victorian Women’s Benevolent Trust for funding this project as part of their small grants program in 2018-2019. We would also like to acknowledge the ANROWS funding for Women Disability and Violence: Creating Access to Justice that began this work and we would like to thank members of the research team with whom we worked on this project, Dr Claire Spivakovsky and Professor Jude McCulloch from Monash University, Kara Beavis from Oueensland University of Technology, and Dr Jessica Cadwallader, Meredith Lea and Therese Sands from People with Disability Australia.

This report, the first to emerge from a larger project examining adolescent family violence (AFV) in Australia, centres the voices of young people who have used AFV, providing insight that has until now been lacking into how these young people make sense of their use, and in some cases their experiences, of violence in the home. The research engaged directly with more than 5,000 young people aged 16 to 20 via a survey yielding both quantitative and qualitative data. The report contains findings about the AFV experiences of particular groups of young people, for example gender-diverse young people and young people with disability, as well as young people’s rationales for using AFV and the impacts of this kind of violence.

New information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as cell phones, email, and social media, have been transforming how social movements recruit, organize, participate in collective action, and experience repression. Yet, limited scholarship has addressed the uses of these technologies by social movements organizing within American prisons. Using a dialectical interpretive approach, I examine how a coalition of prisoners’ rights organizations uses ICTs to plan and participate in collective resistance across prison walls. The coalition, referred to here as the New Prisoners’ Rights Coalition (NPRC), organizes against low and no-wage prison labor, unhealthy and unsafe prison conditions, and inhumane prisoner treatment. The NPRC has a multi-platform public digital presence and mobilizes prisoner activists and free activists. Through narrative description, I summarize the ways NPRC activists use ICTs from December 2013 through September 2016, noting changes in ICT use over time and in response to movement repression. I find that new ICTs offer innovative ways for NPRC activists to record and document their environments, communicate privately, and communicate publicly. ICTs, however, do not remove all barriers to activism or ensure that activists’ concerns are resolved or even taken seriously. NPRC activists struggle to overcome stigma and mischaracterization online. They face physical repression, interpersonal hostilities, institutional sanctions, economic repression, legal sanctions, interpretive repression, surveillance, and monitoring. In different circumstances, the NPRC responds to repression by increasing ICT use, decreasing ICT use, going dark, migrating from one online platform to another, and shifting digital responsibilities from prisoner activists to free activists. I explain how, most of the time, the digital unreachability of the prison environment makes it difficult for NPRC activists to substantiate their claims of mistreatment, abuse, and injustice. Moreover, I consider how current prison technology policies may be inadvertently pushing NPRC activists into difficult-to-monitor online spaces and exacerbating safety concerns of corrections workers.

This project, Identifying economic abuse for women with disability in Victoria: A toolkit for service providers and people experiencing family violence draws on data collected for the Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety funded project Women, disability and violence: Barriers to accessing justice (Maher et al., 2018). In that project researchers heard from 36 women in Victoria and New South Wales about their experiences seeking justice and safety in the context of family violence. Many of these women spoke specifically about economically coercive behaviours and the impact of this on their ability to secure safety. Researchers found a lack of awareness of the types of family violence perpetrated against women with disability and critically, a lack of accessible resources to assist in the identification of and support of women with disability to move away from such violence. In their final report researchers wrote that the ‘limited availability of resources for disability advocacy’ is a significant issue as these are ‘often a critical avenue for the disclosure of violence by people with disability’ (Maher et al., 2018, 31). The development of the toolkit for this project draws directly on the data gathered from these women.The research team would like to thank the women who participated in the focus groups and final consultation as well as those who shared their stories with us for the original ANROWS-funded research upon which this project is based. We would also like to extend our thanks to the numerous stakeholders and experts who contributed so generously during the focus groups and afterwards.We thank the Victorian Women’s Benevolent Trust for funding this project as part of their small grants program in 2018-2019. We would also like to acknowledge the ANROWS funding for Women Disability and Violence: Creating Access to Justice that began this work and we would like to thank members of the research team with whom we worked on this project, Dr Claire Spivakovsky and Professor Jude McCulloch from Monash University, Kara Beavis from Oueensland University of Technology, and Dr Jessica Cadwallader, Meredith Lea and Therese Sands from People with Disability Australia.

The primary brief for work on this report was to explore the factors that have led New Zealand to have a high incarceration rate and the associated impacts on the capital cost of prisons. Data for the reports were sourced from the Ministry of Justice and the Integrated Data Initiative. The first drafts were prepared by the Science Advisor to the Justice Sector, Associate Professor Ian Lambie, who has been working in the justice sector for 30 years, assisted by the Chief Science Advisor, Sir Peter Gluckman. Subsequent drafts have incorporated comments and inputs from other departmental science advisors.This is the first of three reports: it discusses the general issues and factors related to exploding prison population and costs. The second report, "Its never too early, never too late: A discussion paper on preventing youth offending in New Zealand" which will be released in June, explores factors that are particularly relevant to youth offenders. The third report, "Every 4 minutes: A discussion paper on preventing family violence in New Zealand" will appear in November.

3rd Australian Counter Terrorism Conference, Novotel Langley Hotel, Perth, Western Australia, 3rd-5th December, 2012, The increase of international cyberterrorism in recent years has resulted in computer-based criminal activities that generate worldwide fear, destruction and disruption. National laws and policies that address cyberterrorism are mainly limited to developed nations and are not cohesive in managing 21st century cyberterrorism. Given the absence of an international legal framework to address cyberterrorism, authorities and governments around the world face extreme challenges in finding and prosecuting those responsible for cyberterrorism. This article argues for the need for a cohesive international legal framework; highlights key elements to establish an effective international legal framework; and identifies existing international treaties and cross-border agreements that could be expanded to provide legislative guidelines for prosecution.