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Artificial intelligence is already all around us, and its usage will only increase. Knowing its capabilities is critical. A facial recognition system (FRS) is a tool for law enforcement during suspect searches and when presenting photos to eyewitnesses for identification. However, there are no comparisons between eyewitness and FRS accuracy using video, so it is unknown whether FRS face matches are more accurate than eyewitness memory when identifying a perpetrator. Ours is the first application of artificial intelligence to an eyewitness experience, using a comparative psychology approach. As a first step to test system accuracy relative to eyewitness accuracy, participants and an open-source FRS (FaceNet) attempted perpetrator identification/match from lineup photos (target-present, target-absent) after exposure to real crime videos with varied clarity and perpetrator race. FRS used video probe images of each perpetrator to achieve similarity ratings for each corresponding lineup member. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis to measure discriminability, FRS performance was superior to eyewitness performance, regardless of video clarity or perpetrator race. Video clarity impacted participant performance, with the unclear videos yielding lower performance than the clear videos. Using confidence-accuracy characteristic analysis to measure reliability (i.e., the likelihood the identified suspect is the actual perpetrator), when the FRS identified faces with the highest similarity values, they were accurate. The results suggest FaceNet, or similarly performing systems, may supplement eyewitness memory for suspect searches and subsequent lineup construction and knowing the system's strengths and weaknesses is critical.

Nearly half the adult population in developing nations lacks a formal bank account and other financial services. Ghana is no exception, having a massive community of unbanked adults and among those countries positioned at the bottom of the spectrum of financial inclusion. The advent of mobile financial services (MFS) claims an alternative mode to financial inclusion. MFS, fundamentally implemented using SMS and USSD code, essentially encompasses mobile wallets, cash out, and over-the-counter transactions overgrowing globally, has a vast potential to minimize impediments to financial inclusion. However, mobile financial services' sustainability is threatened by cybercriminals or fraudsters while reaching a global penetration rate of 91% in 2020, and this figure keeps growing by 3% yearly. This qualitative exploratory study aimed to explore security methods cybersecurity managers needs to implement to minimize cyber fraud of mobile financial services in Ghana. The research purports to identify viable methods leaders of MFS operators need to implement to reduce fraudsters' threats. The exploratory design was used as the lens to explore this phenomenon in-depth. A sample size of seven and 12 semi-structured interview questions were used as a data collection instrument. Lack of proper security methods and internal control processes were identified as the major causes of cyber fraud in MFS. Seven databases (Web of Science, ProQuest, ABI, EBSCO, IEEE, Sage, Google Scholar, Pub/Med, and Scopus) were searched using standard and adapted search syntax. The study also provided recommendations on the ecosystem and the processes needed to utilize mobile technology's full potential.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) among college students is a significant problem that negatively affects their physical and emotional health. This study aimed at examining risk factors, especially childhood adversities at the individual, relationship, and community levels, of IPV perpetration among college students. Methods: The sample from seven universities in the U.S. and Canada (N = 3,725) completed an online survey. Major variables included IPV perpetration, five types of childhood adversities, alcohol and drug use, depression, and demographic information. Logistic regression was performed. Results: Peer violence victimization, witnessing parental IPV, experiencing child maltreatment, drug use, and depression were associated with a higher odd of perpetrating IPV. Conclusions: Research and practice must account for exposure to multiple risk factors when intervening with college students. An integrative approach that combines trauma-informed interventions with substance use and mental health treatment may be most successful at IPV perpetration prevention and intervention among college students.

Each year, thousands of prospective students are denied admission to universities because they possess a criminal record. Prior research finds that university officials and faculty are generally accepting of those with records attending universities. To date, few studies have examined the perspectives of college students on this matter. The current study adds to this literature by examining college students' (n = 846) attitudes toward denying individuals admission to universities based on possessing a criminal record. The results reveal general opposition toward denying prospective students solely on the basis of possessing a record. However, divisions exist among students and fall on factors related to criminal justice system contact and racial, punitive, and political viewpoints.

This study examined the prevalence and types of criminal justice content being offered in Council on Social Work Education programs. Data were collected through questions sent via e-mail to program administrators and content analysis of school websites for three hundred and eight MSW programs. Criminal justice content was measured in three main areas: (a) dual- or joint-degree options, (b) concentrations or specializations, and (c) courses. The results show that most MSW programs do not cover criminal justice content. Less than one-fourth of programs had a dual-degree or joint-degree program (n=54, 17.5%), a specialization or concentration (n=17, 5.5%), or a course specific to criminal justice (n=74, 24%). Social work education must do more to include criminal justice content in its MSW programs.

Ex-offenders in North America and Western Europe face major challenges when re-entering the job market and often remain unemployed for significant periods. Simultaneously, the relatively sparse existent literature regarding career counselling for ex-offenders often fails to incorporate recent research from other relevant fields. This article aims to address that gap by considering issues of identity transition encountered by ex-offenders seeking post-prison employment. The identity transition process is divided into three components, which involve imaginal, cognitive and behavioural tasks. A three-stage career counselling intervention, which can be in individual or group format, is proposed, drawing on career construction theory, social cognitive career theory and social learning theory.

The current study proposes a taxonomy to organize existing knowledge on cybercrimes against critical infrastructure such as power plants, water treatment facilities, dams, and nuclear facilities. Routine Activity Theory is used to inform a three-dimensional taxonomy with the following dimensions: hacker motivation (likely offender), cyber, physical, and cyber-physical components of any cyber-physical system (suitable target), and security (capable guardian). The focus of the study is to develop and evaluate the classification tool using Design Science Research (DSR) methodology. Publicly available data was used to evaluate the utility and usability of the proposed artifact by exploring three possible scenarios -- Stuxnet, the Ukrainian power grid shut down, and ransomware attacks. While similar taxonomies exist, none of them have been verified due to the sensitive nature of the data and this would be one of the first empirically validated frameworks to explore cyberattacks against critical infrastructure. By better understanding these attacks, we can be better prepared to prevent and respond to incidents.

People who are impacted by the criminal justice system ("system-impacted") face barriers when seeking financial aid to pay for college. Between the late 1960s and the early 2000s, Congress created laws that prohibited incarcerated students and students with certain criminal convictions from receiving federal grants and loans. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the history of those laws, which provides context for current debates on restoring Pell Grants to students in prison. Legislative documents, scholarly sources, and news reports were studied to build this historical review. Key lessons from history are discussed as to how Congress might treat system-impacted students in the near future.

There has been a growing recognition of the value of education in facilitating desistance from offending. Yet, despite a determined push to "widen access" universities continue to be an unwelcoming place for those with a criminal record. To better understand the role of higher education in raising aspiration towards desistance, this paper draws on findings from a study in Swansea, Wales. Adopting a Pictorial Narrative approach the findings suggest that, whilst the participants identified potential benefits of attaining a higher education, those aspirations were outweighed by a distrust of the "institution" and a fear that the stigmatisation experienced through the "criminal identity" would be hard to avoid and may morph into the "criminal/student identity", thus leaving students vulnerable to judgement and exclusion. This paper makes recommendations about how higher education might be remodeled to support those who wish to desist and in doing so, truly "widen participation" to all.

In this response article, the author agrees with Jacobson that the labeling of individuals as "hard to serve" is unfortunate and misdirected in that it suggests that these students are somehow deficient and are the problem rather than identifying complex systemic issues that make some adult education programs necessary in the first place. Systemically and institutionally, there is disproportional access to quality education, health care, and housing for people of color, the poor, and the immigrant. This disproportionality is often driven by race, class, and immigration policies. Overall, the author agrees with Jacobson's predominant premise -- words matter. And the use of the term hard to serve is at best misinformed and at worst harmful. Unfortunately, Jacobson does make one error when referring to people formerly involved with the criminal justice system as "ex-offenders." Ex-offender like "'ex-inmate," "ex-felon," or "ex-con" is inappropriate and pejorative, defining individuals by perhaps the worst moments in their lives. It is not the totality of who they are. Therefore, using identifiers such as "a person who experienced the criminal justice system," "person formerly in prison," or "formerly incarcerated citizen" is better. (Tranet al., 2018). The author concludes that the overarching thrust of Jacobson's article is well articulated and rings true. There is a need to "stress the specific nature of oppressions some learners face ... change the terminology we use, ... call attention to the ways in which some adult learners are disempowered and help prioritize systemic change." [For Jacobson's article, "There Are No Hard-to-Serve Learners, Only Ill-Served Ones," see EJ1290190.]

Since it was signed into law, the Workforce Investment and Opportunity Act (WIOA) has been the subject of continuing scrutiny. One commonly shared concern is that the evaluation metrics of the Act (e.g., employment, salary, etc.) may incentivize programs to work with learners who will more readily meet expected outcomes (Pickard, 2016). Others suggest this concern is misplaced, pointing to the fact that the Act explicitly notes that the models created for State and program evaluation will be adjusted to recognize the priority given to serving students who face significant barriers (Wilson, 2015). These barriers include low levels of English and/or literacy, disabilities, limited work experience, lack of stable shelter, economic vulnerability and being an ex-offender. Learners who face these barriers are often identified as being part of "hard-to-serve" populations, both in policy documents and in commentary in the field. However, it is unclear what the term actually means. Because the term is not explained or elaborated on, "hard to serve" is open for interpretation. In this article, the author offers potential meanings for the term "hard to serve," and argues that recognizing there are no hard-to-serve students, only ill-served ones, will help clarify the political project required to remove the barriers that stand in these students' way.

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The proposed systematic review question is: What is the effectiveness of arts interventions for at-risk and offending children and young people (8-25 years)? There are three objectives: (1) To evaluate evidence on the effectiveness and impact of arts interventions on keeping children safe from involvement in violence and crime; (2) To synthesise evidence on factors impacting the implementation of arts interventions, and barriers and facilitators to participation and achievement of intended outcomes; (3) To develop a theory-of-change approach to ensure the development of an evidence-led framework of the processes by which arts interventions might work in preventing offending behaviours.

There are major assumptions that housing opportunities in higher education are equally accessible and available to all students. However, these accessible housing opportunities are not available to current and prospective students who possess a criminal record. Many college students with criminal records are deemed ineligible for adequate housing opportunities even before their applications are submitted. This study uses a qualitative layered analysis approach to explore how denials from on-campus housing affect college students with criminal records. Using the perspectives of this marginalized and invisible student population, we draw the reader's attention to how students with criminal records are affected as a result of being denied on-campus housing, and we provide tangible recommendations for future research, housing practices, and housing policies in higher education.

When selecting fillers to include in a police lineup, one must consider the level of similarity between the suspect and potential fillers. In order to reduce misidentifications, an innocent suspect should not stand out. Therefore, it is important that the fillers share some degree of similarity. Importantly, increasing suspect-filler similarity too much will render the task too difficult reducing correct identifications of a guilty suspect. Determining how much similarity yields optimal identification performance is the focus of the proposed study. Extant research on lineup construction has provided somewhat mixed results. In part, this is likely due to the subjective nature of similarity, which forces researchers to define similarity in relative terms. In the current study, we manipulate suspect-filler similarity via a multidimensional scaling model constructed using objective facial measurements. In doing so, we test the "propitious heterogeneity" and the diagnostic-feature-detection hypotheses which predict an advantage of lineups with low-similarity fillers in terms of discriminability. We found that filler similarity did not affect discriminability. We discuss limitations and future directions.

This practice paper demonstrates an art therapy session that revealed the internalized monstrous and demonic identities amongst those who have sexually offended. Several of the participants represented their shadow-self as: (1) nebulous demonic self-representations, (2) internalized monstrous selves as hurtful or uncontrolled, or (3) a dichotomy of power and helplessness. Making these negative self-images visible during such an art therapy process can inform the initial step toward reconciliation, especially within the transitional space of reintegrating into society post-incarceration. Implications demonstrate the use of metaphorical expression and how such images can address the stigmatized and internalized negative self-perceptions of those who have sexually offended.

Background: The ARMIDILO-S is advocated as a promising tool for assessing dynamic risk factors in sex offenders with intellectual disabilities (SOIDs). However, research remains scarce. The present study aimed to further validate this instrument in SOIDs. Method: The study prospectively followed 38 SOIDs for up to one year to test the accuracy of the ARMIDILO-S in predicting violent and sexual incidents. Results: Overall predictive accuracy was moderate to high. The ARMIDILO-S further showed excellent prospective qualities in identifying both high-risk and low-risk offenders for violence. Regarding sexual offending, it was only good at prospectively detecting low-risk individuals. Conclusions: This study provided further evidence of the good predictive validity of the ARMIDILO-s in predicting future sexual and violent incidents in SOIDs. More research in preferably larger samples as well as field validity studies are recommended.

Background: Issues of risk and safety can be challenging to discuss with forensic patients with an intellectual disability. Talking Mats is a visual communication tool that facilitates therapeutic conversations. Method: A pilot study, adopting an ethnographic approach, was used to evaluate Talking Mats. Interviews and video observations were conducted with nurses and forensic patients with an intellectual disability from two forensic wards in Scotland. Results: Exploratory evidence suggests that Talking Mats offers a non-biased platform to discuss potentially emotive issues around risk, safety, and wellbeing. Pre-existing notions of Talking Mats, staff availability, and the context of COVID-19 acted as barriers to adopting the visual communications tool. Conclusion: There is value in further research regarding communication tools to facilitate input on care planning and risk management for patients with an intellectual disability.

This study provides the first empirical evidence on the extent of self-employment within the U.S. justice-involved population. Using linked tax return and Criminal Justice Administrative Records System data, we find that 28 percent of individuals with criminal records are self-employed. Justice-involved individuals are 22 percent more likely to rely solely on self-employment. The Paycheck Protection Program, passed to support small business during the COVID-19 pandemic, initially disqualified those with a broad range of criminal histories. We find that close to 3 percent of recent sole proprietors had observable PPP disqualifying events based on initial eligibility criteria, with a disparate impact on Black and Hispanic business owners.

The overwhelming majority of scholarship about collegiate sexual violence centers experiences of white, cisgender, heterosexual women (Harris et al., 2020; Linder et al., 2020), although LGBTQ students experience even higher rates of sexual violence than their cisgender and heterosexual peers (Cantor et al., 2019). The exclusion of asexual students' experiences is not surprising given the erasure and invisibility of asexuality within hypersexualized collegiate cultures (Mollet & Lackman, 2019), but the expansion of scholarship has begun acknowledging violence experienced by asexual people, including unwanted sexual experiences (Mollet & Black, 2021; Lund, 2021). Without asexual examinations and consideration of students' multiple identities, knowledge remains limited in ways that suggest monolithic experiences that obfuscate realities of perpetration tactics and limit innovative prevention strategies. In response, the research question guiding this analysis is: What is the relationship between asexual students' multiple identities and predicting odds of experiencing specific coercive rape tactics used by perpetrators? Data for this study came from the publicly available data of the 2019 Asexual Community Survey (ACS), an annual online survey conducted by members of the asexual community, which includes a variety of demographic and optional question blocks. The analytic sample for this study included 1,267 asexual participants from around the world who indicated being current graduate or undergraduate college students and responded to the sexual violence question block

This theoretical paper focuses on the creation of the overly criminalistic Latin@ stereotype in the United States as a response to growing numbers of immigrants threatening white hegemony. As a mechanism of social control, Latin@s have faced inequitable treatment within the judicial and school systems of the United States. This paper examines criminality literature and its focus on the white/black binary before a legal system evolution that controls Latin@s. Social, legal, and racial control of Latin@s has occurred via negative public sentiment, inequitable juror practices, biased judicial sentencing and leniency, over-policing, and the "War on Drugs."

The identification procedure can greatly affect eyewitness performance, but this may be contingent upon a relatively weak memory for the perpetrator. In a large preregistered experiment (N = 13,728), we manipulated memory strength and tested participants with a target-present or -absent showup or lineup (size 3 or 6). All fillers were description-matched but were of low or high similarity with the target. We replicated the advantage of fair simultaneous lineups over showups and the advantage of low- over high-similarity fillers when memory for the perpetrator's face was weaker (short exposure duration), but both effects were significantly reduced when memory was stronger. There was no effect of lineup size regardless of memory strength or filler similarity. We conclude that some recommendations to police may be more robust than others across changes in estimator variables such as memory strength and that more research is needed on interactions between estimator and system variables.

When selecting fillers to include in a police lineup, one must consider the level of similarity between the suspect and potential fillers. In order to reduce misidentifications, an innocent suspect should not stand out. Therefore, it is important that the fillers share some degree of similarity. Importantly, increasing suspect-filler similarity too much will render the task too difficult reducing correct identifications of a guilty suspect. Determining how much similarity yields optimal identification performance is the focus of the proposed study. Extant research on lineup construction has provided somewhat mixed results. In part, this is likely due to the subjective nature of similarity, which forces researchers to define similarity in relative terms. In the current study, we manipulate suspect-filler similarity via a multidimensional scaling model constructed using objective facial measurements. In doing so, we test the "propitious heterogeneity" and the diagnostic-feature-detection hypotheses which predict an advantage of lineups with low-similarity fillers in terms of discriminability. We found that filler similarity did not affect discriminability. We discuss limitations and future directions.

Investigating the effectiveness of inmates' educational programs was the major focused of this research in Ilorin remand homes, Nigeria. Specifically inmates' views on effectiveness of vocational and literacy educational program were investigated. This study was descriptive survey. 108 inmates were sampled using simple random sampling technique. Two research questions were formulated and a researcher' designed questionnaires containing 10 items in two sections with 4-point rating scale was used for data collection while data collected were analyzed using mean scores and standard deviation. The result showed that most inmates positively acknowledged literacy education in recreational, guidance and counseling, religious and social sciences as highly effective and effective respectively and the result also established that most inmates acknowledged vocational education in fashion designing, laundry/dry-cleaning, catering/home management, metal fabrication and electrical maintenance work as highly effective and effective respectively. It was concluded that literacy and vocational education policy for the inmates should be vigorously pursued and implemented in Ilorin, Nigeria. In addition, government and private organization should invest in inmates' literacy and vocational education to correct the erroneous impression that under play inmates' education which leads to their stigmatization at the point of re-entry into the society.

The article reveals the potential of implementation of different theories in the process of creation of the complex methodology of the research of social and pedagogical features of the members of teenager-youth street crime groupings (gangs). The author creates the design of indicative model allowing to notice the condition of social and adaptive potential of the personality of teenage youth: motivation for behavior and actions, reflexive abilities, value- meaning sphere and the level of the behaviour aggression. The author concludes that there is a necessity to determine subjective potential of the teenage youth personality, who are the members of gangs for designing the system of preventive measures against involvement them in the gangs and further successful social adaptation and socialization after quitting the gang. The author concludes that the obtained data can be the basis for the development of preventive measures in the process of working with the teenagers from the risk group.

Governments across the West have invested significant resources in preventing radicalization, and strategies to prevent and counter violent extremism (P/CVE) are increasingly prominent within wider counter-terrorism policies. However, we know little about their effects, especially about projects that utilize former extremists to counter extremist narratives and increase critical thinking. Despite the prominence of interventions utilizing "formers", there are almost no systematic, scientific evaluations of these programs. The lack of evaluation is problematic given the recognized risks and negative effects of using formers to address other social issues, such as crime prevention. This paper presents findings from the largest study to date of the effects of using former extremists to prevent violent extremism. Based on a randomized controlled effect evaluation with 1931 Danish youths, it highlights significant successes, including reducing the perceived legitimacy of political violence, as well as negative effects, including a small decrease in political tolerance. Overall, the findings suggest a need for cost--benefit analyses of P/CVE initiatives, weighing the benefits against the risks.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the characteristics of the children exposed to sexual abuse (SA) in the school environment. Research Methods: In this study, the online news which was between 01.01.2014 and 31.03.2018 was screened retrospectively through archive research method. Then, the news was analyzed using content analysis. In this context, qualitative research model was used. Findings: The number of victims varied between 1 and 100 in each incident, 39.3% of the incidents include only one victim; the perpetrators committed abuse once in 13.5% of the SA incidents while they did it more than once. The findings showed that 95.5% of the SA incidents included physical contact, 27.6% included verbal abuse, 6.4% included exposure to pornographic content and 5.8% included exhibitionism. In addition, at least 14.7% of the incidents included cyber SA, 9.2% included video recording, 12.6% included threat and 3.7% included physical violence. 60.7% of perpetrators were teachers, 14.7% were principals or vice-principals, 12.3% were peers or higher grade students, 9.2% were school staff other than teachers and administrators and 3.1% were outsiders, such as school bus drivers. The tactics of the perpetrators were examined according to whether they were teachers and peer, it was found out that perpetrators were exhibited different tactics. The students respectively disclosed SA to family members, counselors, school management or a friend. Implications for Research and Practice: Based on the findings, training aimed to prevent SA may be organized at school for students, teachers, other school staff and parents on a regular basis.

This study investigates the language used by national newspapers in Mexico: "El Universal", "La Jornada", "Milenio", and "Reforma", when addressing the issue of feminicide regarding victims and perpetrators, as well as their relationship with the gender of the reporter and with each newspaper. The research is based on the analysis of qualitative content and the theoretical framework of framing. Categories were built on the type of language in cases of feminicide of 360 journalistic texts published during 2017: 1) Narrative of feminicide; 2) Justification of the perpetrator or alleged perpetrator; 3) Social issues; 4) Blaming the victim. The analysis yielded cases of victim blaming to a lesser extent than those of the perpetrator's justification. Aspects of the narration of feminicide stood out both by the gender of the reporter and by the media in the four newspapers, from two perspectives: 1) The fact, the follow-up, or the context; 2) The fact, legal aspects, and statistics. Reporters, men and women, tend to justify the perpetrator; male reporters blame the victim more than female reporters; and female reporters contextualize feminicide through social issues: social violence, impunity, and failures in legal processes. "La Jornada" is inclined towards social issues, while "El Universal" tends to justify the perpetrator.

While prior research on service-learning has established the benefits for participating college and university students, more recent research has attempted to explore the value of service-learning projects for the recipients of the service-learning projects, typically public-school students. This study endeavors to extend this research to a special subset of this population by examining the outcome of a 6-week service-learning project in an alternative educational setting for juvenile offenders. This service-learning project involved teams of four to five university business school students presenting a life skills curriculum to two classrooms of students who have been adjudicated through the juvenile courts. We administered an optional questionnaire to all participating students as a pretest and posttest, asking about their knowledge and skills in career readiness. We found statistically significant increases in ratings from pretest to posttest. Analyzed individually, all 28 items showed statistically significant improvements from pretest to posttest. Scales created from the items were also statistically significant, with the greatest change in items measuring Goals. We interpret these findings as an indication that adjudicated youth have a substantial need and interest in career information and training.

In 2017, more than one million children became identity theft victims. Many perpetrators of child identity theft are parents, but there are limited data on these perpetrators. The purpose of this study was to understand parental perpetrators of child identity theft through the experiences of victims. Using a phenomenological approach, six adult victims of child identity theft engaged in in-depth interviews. Findings revealed perpetrators were perceived to lack guilt, be manipulative of their victim, and concerned about their public image. Victims often utilized a credit report to understand the scope of the identity theft and begin recovery. Federal agencies and creditors were contacted by victims as part of the recovery process, but were perceived as unhelpful. Implications for financial counseling and education are discussed, including the ethical boundaries of financial counselors and educators when working with victims who experience significant mental and/or physical health challenges as a result of the victimization.

Background: People with an intellectual disability who commit a criminal offence can be detained, by a court, in a forensic inpatient facility. There is limited understanding of how inpatients with an intellectual disability and their nurses navigate risk in U.K. forensic services. Methods: A traditional literature review design was followed to map evidence (2000-2021) around the forensic and health and wellbeing risks faced by inpatients with an intellectual disability, nurses' perceptions of managing risk, and patient experiences of informing risk assessment and management. Papers were analysed thematically. Results: Findings suggest that restrictive measures to mitigate forensic risks (e.g., violence) can exacerbate the risk of poor health and wellbeing outcomes. There was some limited evidence of direct patient involvement in risk assessment and management. Conclusion: Further research is required to explore how forensic inpatients with an intellectual disability can have input in care planning, risk assessment and management.