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2. Analysis of the traditional approaches for astronauts’ personal hygiene in outer space

Author

Crapanzano, F., Crapanzano, S., Graziano, G., Iudicello, M., Mazzucco, W., Crapanzano, F., Crapanzano, S., Graziano, G., Iudicello, M., and Mazzucco, W.

Subjects
personal hygiene, microgravity, spaceflight, shower, Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale E Applicata
Abstract

Various approaches adopted in the years for astronauts' personal hygiene in microgravity conditions are revisited and analysed in this paper. For each approach, benefits, critical aspects of sanitation and comfort, along with the possibility of recycling the amount of used water, are discussed and evaluated.

Published
2016

3. Measurements, model simulations and reduction of CO concentrations inside an urban road tunnel in Milan

Author

Bedogni, M., Crapanzano, S., Lavecchia, C., and Parrella, L.

Subjects
Carbon dioxide -- Evaluation, Carbon dioxide -- Measurement, Environmental services industry
Abstract

Byline: M. Bedogni, S. Crapanzano, C. Lavecchia, L. Parrella A programme to improve the air quality inside the road tunnels of the Italian city of Milan has involved three steps: 1) evaluation of the air pollution levels inside some tunnels; 2) planning an air improvement project for one tunnel, supported by effectiveness evaluation; 3) implementation of this project. The characterisation of the air quality was carried out by measuring the typical traffic pollutants in relation to three different types of urban tunnels and to the traffic flows. The improvement project consisted of a ventilation system and a rearrangement of the traffic-light cycles. The effectiveness evaluation was carried out by the implementation of a multi-box model to calculate concentrations inside tunnels.

Published
2003

4. Testing the inverse-Compton catastrophe scenario in the intra-day variable blazar S5 0716+71 I. Simultaneous broadband observations during November 2003

Author

Ostorero, L. Wagner, S.J. Gracia, J. Ferrero, E. Krichbaum, T.P. Blitzen, S. Witzel, A. Nilsson, K. Villata, M. Bach, U. Barnaby, D. Bernhart, S. Carini, M.T. Chen, C.W. Chen, W.P. Ciprini, S. Crapanzano, S. Doroshenko, V. Efimova, N.V. Emmanoulopoulos, D. Fuhrmann, L. Gabanyi, K. Giltinan, A. Hagen-Thorn, V. Hauser, M. Heidt, J. Hojaev, A.S. Hovatta, T. Hroch, F. Ibrahimov, M. Impellizzeri, V. Ivanidze, R.Z. Kachel, D. Kraus, A. Kurtanidze, O. Lähteenmäki, A. Lanteri, L. Larionov, V.M. Lin, Z.Y. Lindfors, E. Munz, F. Nikolashvili, M.G. Nucciarelli, G. O'Connor, A. Ohlert, J. Pasanen, M. Pullen, C. Raiteri, C.M. Rector, T.A. Robb, R. Sigua, L.A. Sillanpää, A. Sixtova, L. Smith, N. Strub, P. Takahashi, S. Takalo, L.O. Tapken, C. Tartar, J. Tornikoski, M. Tosti, G. Tröller, M. Walters, R. Wilking, B.A. Wills, W. Agudo, I. Aller, H.D. Aller, M.F. Angelakis, E. Klare, J. Körding, E. Strom, R.G. Teräsranta, H. Ungerechts, H. Vila-Vilaró, B.

Subjects
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. Some intra-day variable, compact extra-galactic radio sources show brightness temperatures severely exceeding 1012 K, the limit set by catastrophic inverse-Compton (IC) cooling in sources of incoherent synchrotron radiation. The violation of the IC limit, actually possible under non-stationary conditions, would lead to IC avalanches in the soft-y-ray energy band during transient periods. Aims. For the first time, broadband signatures of possible IC catastrophes were searched for in a prototypical source, S5 0716+71. Methods. A multifrequency observing campaign targetting S5 0716+71 was carried out during November 06-20, 2003. The observations, organized under the framework of the European Network for the Investigation of Galactic nuclei through Multifrequency Analysis (ENIGMA) together with a campaign by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT), involved a pointing by the soft-y-ray satellite INTEGRAL, optical, near-infrared, sub-millimeter, millimeter, radio, as well as Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) monitoring. Results. S5 0716+71 was very bright at radio frequencies and in a rather faint optical state (R = 14.17-13.64) during the INTEGRAL pointing; significant inter-day and low intra-day variability was recorded in the radio regime, while typical fast variability features were observed in the optical band. No obvious correlation was found between the radio and optical emission. The source was not detected by INTEGRAL, neither by the X-ray monitor JEM-X nor by the y-ray imager ISGRI, but upper limits to the source emission in the 3-200 keV energy band were estimated. A brightness temperature Tb > 2.1 × 1014 K (violating the IC limit) was inferred from the variability observed in the radio regime, but no corresponding signatures of IC avalanches were recorded at higher energies. Conclusions. In the most plausible scenario of negligible contribution of the interstellar scintillation to the observed radio variability, the absence of the signatures of IC catastrophes provides either a lower limit δ ≳ 8 to the Doppler factor affecting the radio emission or strong constraints for modelling of the Compton-catastrophe scenario in S5 0716+71. © ESO 2006.

Published
2006

5. Coordinated Multiwavelength Observation of 3C 66A during the WEBT Campaign of 2003-2004

Author

Bottcher, M., Harvey, J., Joshi, M., Villata, M., Raiteri, C. M., Bramel, D., Mukherjee, R., Savolainen, T., Cui, W., Fossati, G., Smith, I. A., Able, D., Aller, H. D., Aller, M. F., Arkharov, A. A., Augusteijn, T., Baliyan, K., Barnaby, D., Berdyugin, A., Benitez, E., Boltwood, P., Carini, M., Carosati, D., Ciprini, S., Coloma, J. M., Crapanzano, S., de, Diego J. A., Di, Paola A., Dolci, M., Fan, J., Frasca, A., Hagen-Thorn, V., Horan, D., Ibrahimov, M., Kimeridze, G. N., Kovalev, Y. A., Kovalev, Y. Y., Kurtanidze, O., Lahteenmaki, A., Lanteri, L., Larionov, V. M., Larionova, E. G., Lindfors, E., Marilli, E., Mirabal, N., Nikolashvili, M., Nilsson, K., Ohlert, J. M., Ohnishi, T., Oksanen, A., Ostorero, L., Oyer, G., Papadakis, I., Pasanen, M., Poteet, C., Pursimo, T., Sadakane, K., Sigua, L. A., Takalo, L., Tartar, J. B., Terasranta, H., Tosti, G., Walters, R., and Wiik, K.

Subjects
Physics, Brightness, Superluminal motion, Infrared, Electromagnetic spectrum, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Flux, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, STACEE, Astrophysics, Galaxies: Active, Magnetic field, Space and Planetary Science, Radiation Mechanisms: Nonthermal, bl lacertae objects : individual (3c 66a), galaxies : active, gamma rays : theory, radiation mechanisms : nonthermal, bl-lacertae objects, extragalactic radio-sources, tev gamma-rays, xmm-newton observations, light curves, lac objects, x-ray, background-radiation, bright blazars, variability, Galaxies: BL Lacertae Objects: Individual: Alphanumeric: 3C 66A, Gamma Rays: Theory, BL Lac object
Abstract

著者人数: 72名, Accepted: 2005-06-09, 資料番号: SA1003396000

Published
2005

7. Testing the inverse-Compton catastrophe scenario in the intra-day variable blazar S5 0716+71

Author

Ostorero, L., primary, Wagner, S. J., additional, Gracia, J., additional, Ferrero, E., additional, Krichbaum, T. P., additional, Britzen, S., additional, Witzel, A., additional, Nilsson, K., additional, Villata, M., additional, Bach, U., additional, Barnaby, D., additional, Bernhart, S., additional, Carini, M. T., additional, Chen, C. W., additional, Chen, W. P., additional, Ciprini, S., additional, Crapanzano, S., additional, Doroshenko, V., additional, Efimova, N. V., additional, Emmanoulopoulos, D., additional, Fuhrmann, L., additional, Gabanyi, K., additional, Giltinan, A., additional, Hagen-Thorn, V., additional, Hauser, M., additional, Heidt, J., additional, Hojaev, A. S., additional, Hovatta, T., additional, Hroch, F., additional, Ibrahimov, M., additional, Impellizzeri, V., additional, Ivanidze, R. Z., additional, Kachel, D., additional, Kraus, A., additional, Kurtanidze, O., additional, Lähteenmäki, A., additional, Lanteri, L., additional, Larionov, V. M., additional, Lin, Z. Y., additional, Lindfors, E., additional, Munz, F., additional, Nikolashvili, M. G., additional, Nucciarelli, G., additional, O'Connor, A., additional, Ohlert, J., additional, Pasanen, M., additional, Pullen, C., additional, Raiteri, C. M., additional, Rector, T. A., additional, Robb, R., additional, Sigua, L. A., additional, Sillanpää, A., additional, Sixtova, L., additional, Smith, N., additional, Strub, P., additional, Takahashi, S., additional, Takalo, L. O., additional, Tapken, C., additional, Tartar, J., additional, Tornikoski, M., additional, Tosti, G., additional, Tröller, M., additional, Walters, R., additional, Wilking, B. A., additional, Wills, W., additional, Agudo, I., additional, Aller, H. D., additional, Aller, M. F., additional, Angelakis, E., additional, Klare, J., additional, Körding, E., additional, Strom, R. G., additional, Teräsranta, H., additional, Ungerechts, H., additional, and Vila-Vilaró, B., additional

Published
2006
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8. Coordinated Multiwavelength Observation of 3C 66A during the WEBT Campaign of 2003–2004

Author

Bottcher, M., primary, Harvey, J., additional, Joshi, M., additional, Villata, M., additional, Raiteri, C. M., additional, Bramel, D., additional, Mukherjee, R., additional, Savolainen, T., additional, Cui, W., additional, Fossati, G., additional, Smith, I. A., additional, Able, D., additional, Aller, H. D., additional, Aller, M. F., additional, Arkharov, A. A., additional, Augusteijn, T., additional, Baliyan, K., additional, Barnaby, D., additional, Berdyugin, A., additional, Benitez, E., additional, Boltwood, P., additional, Carini, M., additional, Carosati, D., additional, Ciprini, S., additional, Coloma, J. M., additional, Crapanzano, S., additional, de Diego, J. A., additional, Di Paola, A., additional, Dolci, M., additional, Fan, J., additional, Frasca, A., additional, Hagen‐Thorn, V., additional, Horan, D., additional, Ibrahimov, M., additional, Kimeridze, G. N., additional, Kovalev, Y. A., additional, Kovalev, Y. Y., additional, Kurtanidze, O., additional, Lahteenmaki, A., additional, Lanteri, L., additional, Larionov, V. M., additional, Larionova, E. G., additional, Lindfors, E., additional, Marilli, E., additional, Mirabal, N., additional, Nikolashvili, M., additional, Nilsson, K., additional, Ohlert, J. M., additional, Ohnishi, T., additional, Oksanen, A., additional, Ostorero, L., additional, Oyer, G., additional, Papadakis, I., additional, Pasanen, M., additional, Poteet, C., additional, Pursimo, T., additional, Sadakane, K., additional, Sigua, L. A., additional, Takalo, L., additional, Tartar, J. B., additional, Terasranta, H., additional, Tosti, G., additional, Walters, R., additional, Wiik, K., additional, Wilking, B. A., additional, Wills, W., additional, Xilouris, E., additional, Fletcher, A. B., additional, Gu, M., additional, Lee, C.‐U., additional, Pak, S., additional, and Yim, H.‐S., additional

Published
2005
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9. The WEBT BL Lacertae Campaign 2001 and its extension

Author

Villata, M., primary, Raiteri, C. M., additional, Kurtanidze, O. M., additional, Nikolashvili, M. G., additional, Ibrahimov, M. A., additional, Papadakis, I. E., additional, Tosti, G., additional, Hroch, F., additional, Takalo, L. O., additional, Sillanpää, A., additional, Hagen-Thorn, V. A., additional, Larionov, V. M., additional, Schwartz, R. D., additional, Basler, J., additional, Brown, L. F., additional, Balonek, T. J., additional, Benítez, E., additional, Ramírez, A., additional, Sadun, A. C., additional, Boltwood, P., additional, Carini, M. T., additional, Barnaby, D., additional, Coloma, J. M., additional, Ros, J. A., additional, Dai, B. Z., additional, Xie, G. Z., additional, Mattox, J. R., additional, Rodriguez, D., additional, Asfandiyarov, I. M., additional, Atkerson, A., additional, Beem, J. L., additional, Bloom, S. D., additional, Chanturiya, S. M., additional, Ciprini, S., additional, Crapanzano, S., additional, de Diego, J. A., additional, Efimova, N. V., additional, Gardiol, D., additional, Guerra, J. C., additional, Kahharov, B. B., additional, Kapanadze, B. Z., additional, Karttunen, H., additional, Kato, T., additional, Kimeridze, G. N., additional, Kudryavtseva, N. A., additional, Lainela, M., additional, Lanteri, L., additional, Larionova, E. G., additional, Maesano, M., additional, Marchili, N., additional, Massone, G., additional, Monroe, T., additional, Montagni, F., additional, Nesci, R., additional, Nilsson, K., additional, Noble, J. C., additional, Nucciarelli, G., additional, Ostorero, L., additional, Papamastorakis, J., additional, Pasanen, M., additional, Peters, C. S., additional, Pursimo, T., additional, Reig, P., additional, Ryle, W., additional, Sclavi, S., additional, Sigua, L. A., additional, Uemura, M., additional, and Wills, W., additional

Published
2004
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10. The WEBT campaign to observe AO 0235+16in the 2003–2004 observing season

Author

Raiteri, C. M., Villata, M., Ibrahimov, M. A., Larionov, V. M., Kadler, M., Aller, H .D., Aller, M. F., Kovalev, Y. Y., Lanteri, L., Nilsson, K., Papadakis, I. E., Pursimo, T., Romero, G. E., Teräsranta, H., Tornikoski, M., Arkharov, A. A., Barnaby, D., Berdyugin, A., Böttcher, M., Byckling, K., Carini, M. T., Carosati, D., Cellone, S. A., Ciprini, S., Combi, J. A., Crapanzano, S., Crowe, R., Di Paola, A., Dolci, M., Fuhrmann, L., Gu, M., Hagen-Thorn, V. A., Hakala, P., Impellizzeri, V., Jorstad, S., Kerp, J., Kimeridze, G. N., Kovalev, Yu. A., Kraus, A., Krichbaum, T. P., Kurtanidze, O. M., Lähteenmäki, A., Lindfors, E., Mingaliev, M. G., Nesci, R., Nikolashvili, M. G., Ohlert, J., Orio, M., Ostorero, L., Pasanen, M., Pati, A., Poteet, C., Ros, E., Ros, J. A., Shastri, P., Sigua, L. A., Sillanpää, A., Smith, N., Takalo, L. O., Tosti, G., Vasileva, A., Wagner, S. J., Walters, R., Webb, J. R., Wills, W., Witzel, A., Xilouris, E., Raiteri, C. M., Villata, M., Ibrahimov, M. A., Larionov, V. M., Kadler, M., Aller, H .D., Aller, M. F., Kovalev, Y. Y., Lanteri, L., Nilsson, K., Papadakis, I. E., Pursimo, T., Romero, G. E., Teräsranta, H., Tornikoski, M., Arkharov, A. A., Barnaby, D., Berdyugin, A., Böttcher, M., Byckling, K., Carini, M. T., Carosati, D., Cellone, S. A., Ciprini, S., Combi, J. A., Crapanzano, S., Crowe, R., Di Paola, A., Dolci, M., Fuhrmann, L., Gu, M., Hagen-Thorn, V. A., Hakala, P., Impellizzeri, V., Jorstad, S., Kerp, J., Kimeridze, G. N., Kovalev, Yu. A., Kraus, A., Krichbaum, T. P., Kurtanidze, O. M., Lähteenmäki, A., Lindfors, E., Mingaliev, M. G., Nesci, R., Nikolashvili, M. G., Ohlert, J., Orio, M., Ostorero, L., Pasanen, M., Pati, A., Poteet, C., Ros, E., Ros, J. A., Shastri, P., Sigua, L. A., Sillanpää, A., Smith, N., Takalo, L. O., Tosti, G., Vasileva, A., Wagner, S. J., Walters, R., Webb, J. R., Wills, W., Witzel, A., and Xilouris, E.

Abstract

A multiwavelength campaign to observe the BL Lac object AO 0235+16($z=0.94$) was set up by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) collaboration during the observing seasons 2003–2004 and 2004–2005, involving radio, near-IR and optical photometric monitoring, VLBA monitoring, optical spectral monitoring, and three pointings by the XMM-Newton satellite. Here we report on the results of the first season, which involved the participation of 24 optical and near-IR telescopes and 4 radio telescopes, as well as the first XMM-Newton pointing, which occurred on January 18–19, 2004. Unpublished data from previous epochs were also collected (from 5 optical-NIR and 3 radio telescopes), in order to fill the gap between the end of the period presented in Raiteri et al. (2001) and the start of the WEBT campaign. The contribution of the southern AGN, 2 arcsec distant from the source, is taken into account. It is found to especially affect the blue part of the optical spectrum when the source is faint. In the optical and near-IR the source has been very active in the last 3 years, although it has been rather faint most of the time, with noticeable variations of more than a magnitude over a few days. In contrast, in the radio bands it appears to have been “quiescent” since early 2000. The major radio (and optical) outburst predicted to peak around February–March 2004 (with a six month uncertainty) has not occurred yet. When comparing our results with the historical light curves, two different behaviours seem to characterize the optical outbursts: only the major events present a radio counterpart. The X-ray spectra obtained by the three EPIC detectors are well fitted by a power law with extra-absorption at $z=0.524$; the energy index in the 0.2–10 keV range is well constrained: $\alpha=0.645$±0.028 and the 1 keV flux density is 0.311 ±$0.008~\rm \mu Jy$. The analysis of the X-ray light curves reveals that no significant variations occurred during the pointing. In contrast, simultaneous dense radio monitoring with the 100 m telescope at Effelsberg shows a ~2–3% flux decrease in 6–7 h, which, if intrinsic, would imply a brightness temperature well above the Compton limit and hence a lower limit to the Doppler factor $\delta \ga 46$. We construct the broad-band spectral energy distribution of January 18–19, 2004 with simultaneous radio data from Effelsberg, optical data from the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT), optical–UV data from the Optical Monitor onboard XMM-Newton, and X-ray data by the EPIC instruments. Particular care is taken to correct data for extinction due to both the Milky Way and the $z=0.524$absorber. The resulting SED suggests the existence of a bump in the UV spectral region.

Published
2005
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12. The WEBT BL LacertaeCampaign 2001 and its extension

Author

Villata, M., Raiteri, C. M., Kurtanidze, O. M., Nikolashvili, M. G., Ibrahimov, M. A., Papadakis, I. E., Tosti, G., Hroch, F., Takalo, L. O., Sillanpää, A., Hagen-Thorn, V. A., Larionov, V. M., Schwartz, R. D., Basler, J., Brown, L. F., Balonek, T. J., Benítez, E., Ramírez, A., Sadun, A. C., Boltwood, P., Carini, M. T., Barnaby, D., Coloma, J. M., Ros, J. A., Dai, B. Z., Xie, G. Z., Mattox, J. R., Rodriguez, D., Asfandiyarov, I. M., Atkerson, A., Beem, J. L., Bloom, S. D., Chanturiya, S. M., Ciprini, S., Crapanzano, S., de Diego, J. A., Efimova, N. V., Gardiol, D., Guerra, J. C., Kahharov, B. B., Kapanadze, B. Z., Karttunen, H., Kato, T., Kimeridze, G. N., Kudryavtseva, N. A., Lainela, M., Lanteri, L., Larionova, E. G., Maesano, M., Marchili, N., Massone, G., Monroe, T., Montagni, F., Nesci, R., Nilsson, K., Noble, J. C., Nucciarelli, G., Ostorero, L., Papamastorakis, J., Pasanen, M., Peters, C. S., Pursimo, T., Reig, P., Ryle, W., Sclavi, S., Sigua, L. A., Uemura, M., Wills, W., Villata, M., Raiteri, C. M., Kurtanidze, O. M., Nikolashvili, M. G., Ibrahimov, M. A., Papadakis, I. E., Tosti, G., Hroch, F., Takalo, L. O., Sillanpää, A., Hagen-Thorn, V. A., Larionov, V. M., Schwartz, R. D., Basler, J., Brown, L. F., Balonek, T. J., Benítez, E., Ramírez, A., Sadun, A. C., Boltwood, P., Carini, M. T., Barnaby, D., Coloma, J. M., Ros, J. A., Dai, B. Z., Xie, G. Z., Mattox, J. R., Rodriguez, D., Asfandiyarov, I. M., Atkerson, A., Beem, J. L., Bloom, S. D., Chanturiya, S. M., Ciprini, S., Crapanzano, S., de Diego, J. A., Efimova, N. V., Gardiol, D., Guerra, J. C., Kahharov, B. B., Kapanadze, B. Z., Karttunen, H., Kato, T., Kimeridze, G. N., Kudryavtseva, N. A., Lainela, M., Lanteri, L., Larionova, E. G., Maesano, M., Marchili, N., Massone, G., Monroe, T., Montagni, F., Nesci, R., Nilsson, K., Noble, J. C., Nucciarelli, G., Ostorero, L., Papamastorakis, J., Pasanen, M., Peters, C. S., Pursimo, T., Reig, P., Ryle, W., Sclavi, S., Sigua, L. A., Uemura, M., and Wills, W.

Abstract

BL Lacertaehas been the target of four observing campaigns by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) collaboration. In this paper we present ${\it UBVRI}$light curves obtained by the WEBT from 1994 to 2002, including the last, extended BL Lac 2001 campaign. A total of about 7500 optical observations performed by 31 telescopes from Japan to Mexico have been collected, to be added to the ~$15\,600$observations of the BL Lac Campaign 2000. All these data allow one to follow the source optical emission behaviour with unprecedented detail. The analysis of the colour indices reveals that the flux variability can be interpreted in terms of two components: longer-term variations occurring on a few-day time scale appear as mildly-chromatic events, while a strong bluer-when-brighter chromatism characterizes very fast (intraday) flares. By decoupling the two components, we quantify the degree of chromatism inferring that longer-term flux changes imply moving along a ~$ 0.1$bluer-when-brighter slope in the $B-R$versus Rplane; a steeper slope of ~$ 0.4$would distinguish the shorter-term variations. This means that, when considering the long-term trend, the B-band flux level is related to the R-band one according to a power law of index ~$ 1.1$. Doppler factor variations on a “convex" spectrum could be the mechanism accounting for both the long-term variations and their slight chromatism.

Published
2004
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15. Commercio e mobilità per lo spazio pubblico

Author

Valeria SCAVONE, Crapanzano, S., Scavone, V, and Crapanzano, S

Subjects
centri commerciali naturali, mobilità sostenibile, qualità urbano, spazio pubblico, Settore ICAR/21 - Urbanistica
Abstract

Il contributo riflette sul ruolo che la variabile economica e, in specie, i Centri Commerciali Naturali (CCN) possono avere nella riappropriazione dello spazio pubblico dei contesti urbani minori. Il caso studio é Favara, piccolo centro siciliano giunto alla ribalta nazionale, da un lato, per il crollo avvenuto nel 2010 di un edificio degradato del centro storico (con conseguenze fatale) e, dall'altro, per la recente realtà creativa del Farm Cultural Park. Recuperare spazi pubblici (e non solo “ad uso pubblico”) significa, al di là della virtualità dei social network, ricostruire relazioni tra cittadini, politica, attività produttive, commerciali, di servizio; significa anche poter svolgere attività sportive e di svago. A Favara il potenziamento del commercio, della qualità urbana e la riorganizzazione del sistema della mobilità, per ricucire - con il tessuto urbano e con la comunità - gli esiti di esperienze virtuose potrebbe essere una reazione all’incuria e all’abbandono che l’ha caratterizzata sinora.

20. Antibacterial activity testing methods for hydrophobic patterned surfaces.

Author

Perez-Gavilan A, de Castro JV, Arana A, Merino S, Retolaza A, Alves SA, Francone A, Kehagias N, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Cocina D, Mortera R, Crapanzano S, Pelegrín CJ, Garrigos MC, Jiménez A, Galindo B, Araque MC, Dykeman D, Neves NM, and Marimón JM

Subjects
Bacteria, Humans, Anti-Infective Agents chemistry, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Surface Properties
Abstract

One strategy to decrease the incidence of hospital-acquired infections is to avoid the survival of pathogens in the environment by the development of surfaces with antimicrobial activity. To study the antibacterial behaviour of active surfaces, different approaches have been developed of which ISO 22916 is the standard. To assess the performance of different testing methodologies to analyse the antibacterial activity of hydrophobic surface patterned plastics as part of a Horizon 2020 European research project. Four different testing methods were used to study the antibacterial activity of a patterned film, including the ISO 22916 standard, the immersion method, the touch-transfer inoculation method, and the swab inoculation method, this latter developed specifically for this project. The non-realistic test conditions of the ISO 22916 standard showed this method to be non-appropriate in the study of hydrophobic patterned surfaces. The immersion method also showed no differences between patterned films and smooth controls due to the lack of attachment of testing bacteria on both surfaces. The antibacterial activity of films could be demonstrated by the touch-transfer and the swab inoculation methods, that more precisely mimicked the way of high-touch surfaces contamination, and showed to be the best methodologies to test the antibacterial activity of patterned hydrophobic surfaces. A new ISO standard would be desirable as the reference method to study the antibacterial behaviour of patterned surfaces.

Published
2021
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