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Abstract Sorghum aphid, Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald) have become a major economic pest in sorghum causing 70% yield loss without timely insecticide applications. The overarching goal is to develop a monitoring system for sorghum aphids using remote sensing technologies to detect changes in plant-aphid density interactions, thereby reducing scouting time. We studied the effect of aphid density on sorghum spectral responses near the feeding site and on distal leaves from infestation and quantified potential systemic effects to determine if aphid feeding can be detected. A leaf spectrometer at 400–1000 nm range was used to measure reflectance changes by varying levels of sorghum aphid density on lower leaves and those distant to the caged infestation. Our study results demonstrate that sorghum aphid infestation can be determined by changes in reflected light, especially between the green–red range (550–650 nm), and sorghum plants respond systemically. This study serves as an essential first step in developing more effective pest monitoring systems for sorghum aphids, as leaf reflection sensors can be used to identify aphid feeding regardless of infestation location on the plant. Future research should address whether such reflectance signatures can be detected autonomously using small unmanned aircraft systems or sUAS equipped with comparable sensor technologies.

In Rhode Island, out-of-school suspensions were excessively and disproportionately used to penalize low-level infractions. To address this problem, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed legislation, effective May 2012, prohibiting out-of-school suspensions for attendance-specific infractions. Four years later, the Assembly passed additional legislation to curb out-of-school suspensions for disruption-specific infractions. This study examines the impact of these suspension reforms on out-of-school suspension outcomes for treatment infractions and corresponding racial-ethnic disparities. To execute the analyses, the study uses student-level administrative data (AY 2009-2010 to AY 2017-2018) from the Rhode Island Department of Education, along with quasi-experimental estimation. The study finds that only the first reform lowers out-of-school suspension outcomes for attendance-specific infractions and corresponding racial-ethnic disparities.

Abstract. Introduction:. Recent changes in opioid prescribing guidelines have led to an increasing number of patients with chronic pain being recommended to taper. However, opioid tapering can be challenging, and many patients require support. Objectives:. We evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of a codesigned digital health intervention to support patients with chronic pain during voluntary prescription opioid tapering. Methods:. In a pilot randomised controlled trial, participants received a psychoeducational video and 28 days of text messages (2 SMS/day) in addition to their usual care (intervention) or usual care alone (control). The feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of the intervention were evaluated. The primary outcome was opioid tapering self-efficacy. Secondary outcomes were pain intensity and interference, anxiety and depression symptom severity, pain catastrophising, and pain self-efficacy. Results:. Of 28 randomised participants, 26 completed the study (13 per group). Text message delivery was high (99.2%), but fidelity of video delivery was low (57.1%). Most participants rated the messages as useful, supportive, encouraging, and engaging; 78.5% would recommend the intervention to others; and 64.2% desired a longer intervention period. Tapering self-efficacy (Cohen d = 0.74) and pain self-efficacy (d = 0.41) were higher, and pain intensity (d = 0.65) and affective interference (d = 0.45) were lower in the intervention group at week 4. Conclusion:. First evidence supports the feasibility, acceptability, and potentially efficacy of a psychoeducational video and SMS text messaging intervention to support patients with chronic pain during voluntary prescription opioid tapering. Definitive trials with longer intervention duration are warranted.

Retroviral integration is mediated by intasome nucleoprotein complexes wherein a pair of viral DNA ends are bridged together by a multimer of integrase (IN). Atomic-resolution structures of HIV-1 intasomes provide detailed insights into the mechanism of integration and inhibition by clinical IN inhibitors. However, previously described HIV-1 intasomes are highly heterogeneous and have the tendency to form stacks, which is a limiting factor in determining high-resolution cryo-EM maps. We have assembled HIV-1 intasomes in the presence of excess IN C-terminal domain protein, which was readily incorporated into the intasomes. The purified intasomes were largely homogeneous and exhibited minimal stacking tendencies. The cryo-EM map resolution was further improved to 2.01 Å, which will greatly facilitate structural studies of IN inhibitor action and drug resistance mechanisms. The C-terminal 18 residues of HIV-1 IN, which are critical for virus replication and integration in vitro, have not been well resolved in previous intasome structures, and its function remains unclear. We show that the C-terminal tail participates in intasome assembly, resides within the intasome core, and forms a small alpha helix (residues 271–276). Mutations that disrupt alpha helix integrity impede IN activity in vitro and disrupt HIV-1 infection at the step of viral DNA integration.

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a condition characterised by severe and recurrent hypoglycaemia in infants and young children caused by inappropriate insulin over-secretion. CHI is of heterogeneous aetiology with a significant genetic component and is often unresponsive to standard medical therapy options. The treatment of CHI can be multifaceted and complex, requiring multidisciplinary input. It is important to manage hypoglycaemia in CHI promptly as the risk of long-term neurodisability arising from neuroglycopaenia is high. The UK CHI consensus on the practice and management of CHI was developed to optimise and harmonise clinical management of patients in centres specialising in CHI as well as in non-specialist centres engaged in collaborative, networked models of care. Using current best practice and a consensus approach, it provides guidance and practical advice in the domains of diagnosis, clinical assessment and treatment to mitigate hypoglycaemia risk and improve long term outcomes for health and well-being.

Introduction: Family engagement is a goal of care delivery in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, currently, no validated instrument for the ICU is designed specifically to measure family engagement. Our objective was to develop a novel family engagement measure. Methods: The Family Engagement (FAME) tool was developed through an iterative process, with input from experts, family members, and end-users. The FAME questionnaire is composed of 12 items. Each item is scored using a 5-point Likert scale and transformed onto a 0-100-point range, with higher scores indicating greater engagement. We performed a single-site pilot study for family members of patients in a cardiovascular ICU. Results: The FAME tool had a high construct validity and required an average of 3.33 minutes to complete. A total of 32 family members completed the FAME questionnaire (mean age: 52.4 ± 14.2 years; 71.4% female; 47% adult child ; 31% spouse/partner). The overall mean FAME score was 84.0% ± 25.2%. Differences in engagement across various domains were identified. Conclusions: The FAME measure is a focused and pragmatic tool to measure the degree and type of family engagement in care of patients in the ICU. Further studies are needed to evaluate the FAME tool in a larger population. Résumé: Introduction: La participation de la famille est un objectif établi dans la prestation de soins dans les unités de soins intensifs (USI). Pourtant, il n’existe actuellement aucun instrument validé conçu précisément pour mesurer la participation des familles dans les USI. Notre objectif était d’élaborer une nouvelle façon de mesurer la participation des familles. Méthodologie: L’outil Family Engagement (FAME; participation de la famille) a été conçu par un processus itératif, avec la collaboration d’experts, de membres de familles et d’utilisateurs des services. Le questionnaire FAME comporte 12 éléments. Chaque élément est noté à l’aide d’une échelle de Likert en 5 points et transposé en un score de 0 à 100, un score plus élevé indiquant une plus grande participation. Nous avons réalisé une étude pilote dans un seul établissement auprès des membres de la famille de patients d’une USI en cardiologie. Résultats: L’outil FAME avait une bonne validité conceptuelle et nécessitait en moyenne 3,33 minutes à remplir. Au total, 32 membres de la famille ont rempli le questionnaire FAME (âge moyen : 52,4 ± 14,2 ans; 71,4 % de femmes; 47 % d’enfants adultes; 31 % de conjoints). Le score FAME moyen global a été de 84,0 % ± 25,2 %. Des différences quant à la participation aux divers volets ont été relevées. Conclusions: Le questionnaire FAME est un outil ciblé et pratique qui permet de mesurer le degré et le type de participation de la famille dans les soins des patients séjournant à l’USI. D’autres études doivent être menées pour évaluer l’outil FAME au sein d’une population élargie.

University employees experience high levels of workplace stress, with the perception that it is increasing, due to less autonomy, increased student numbers, excessive administrative work and role ambiguity. This study is part of a larger evaluation of the effectiveness of a Mindfulness, Self-Care and Resiliency (MSCR) program to improve the well-being of university employees in a regional university in Australia. In this study we report the results of interviews with 19 university employees who completed the program in 2019. The aim was to determine the acceptability, feasibility, and sustainability of the program in a university setting. MSCR teaches resiliency skills to improve overall stress management, well-being, and self-care behaviour. The program was delivered to both academic and support (professional) staff. Of the 19 employees interviewed, 13 were academic and 6 were professional staff. As it was evident that there was no difference in emerging themes between the two groups, the data were pooled for thematic analysis. Two overarching themes were found: impact of the program on the individual self (pre-existing mindset and learning and the impact of the program on individual well-being and self-care) and the way the individual interacted with others in their environment (inside the work environment -- physical space, interaction with others [staff and students]), attending follow-ups at work and outside the work environment (interaction with immediate family, social support). It is apparent that the program was acceptable, feasible and sustainable, with employees reporting changes from the program at the one-month interview point. Results highlight the importance of skills to build inner-calm to manage the complex work environment as well as providing permission to staff to implement self-care activities in the workplace, regardless of their employment status.

TORC1 (target of rapamycin complex 1) is a highly conserved protein kinase that plays a central role in regulating cell growth. Given the role of mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) in metabolism and disease, understanding mTORC1 downstream signaling and feedback loops is important. mTORC1 recognizes some of its substrates via a five amino acid binding sequence called the TOR signaling (TOS) motif. mTORC1 binding to a TOS motif facilitates phosphorylation of a distinct, distal site. Here, we show that LST2, also known as ZFYVE28, contains a TOS motif (amino acids 401 to 405) and is directly phosphorylated by mTORC1 at serine 670 (S670). mTORC1-mediated S670 phosphorylation promotes LST2 monoubiquitination on lysine 87 (K87). Monoubiquitinated LST2 is stable and displays a broad reticular distribution. When mTORC1 is inactive, unphosphorylated LST2 is degraded by the proteasome. The absence of LST2 enhances EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) signaling. We propose that mTORC1 negatively feeds back on its upstream receptor EGFR via LST2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and bleeding are serious and potentially fatal complications of surgical procedures. Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis decreases the risk of VTE but increases the risk of major post-operative bleeding. The decision to use pharmacologic prophylaxis therefore represents a trade-off that critically depends on the incidence of VTE and bleeding in the absence of prophylaxis. These baseline risks vary widely between procedures, but their magnitude is uncertain. Systematic reviews addressing baseline risks are scarce, needed, and require innovations in methodology. Indeed, systematic summaries of these baseline risk estimates exist neither in general nor gynecologic surgery. We will fill this knowledge gap by performing a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the procedure-specific and patient risk factor stratified risk estimates in general and gynecologic surgeries. Methods We will perform comprehensive literature searches for observational studies in general and gynecologic surgery reporting symptomatic VTE or bleeding estimates. Pairs of methodologically trained reviewers will independently assess the studies for eligibility, evaluate the risk of bias by using an instrument developed for this review, and extract data. We will perform meta-analyses and modeling studies to adjust the reported risk estimates for the use of thromboprophylaxis and length of follow up. We will derive the estimates of risk from the median estimates of studies rated at the lowest risk of bias. The primary outcomes are the risk estimates of symptomatic VTE and major bleeding at 4 weeks post-operatively for each procedure stratified by patient risk factors. We will apply the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to rate evidence certainty. Discussion This series of systematic reviews, modeling studies, and meta-analyses will inform clinicians and patients regarding the trade-off between VTE prevention and bleeding in general and gynecologic surgeries. Our work advances the standards in systematic reviews of surgical complications, including assessment of risk of bias, criteria for arriving at the best estimates of risk (including modeling of the timing of events and dealing with suboptimal data reporting), dealing with subgroups at higher and lower risk of bias, and use of the GRADE approach. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42021234119

One of the tools to use in the ever-increasing implementation of the flipped classroom is the online quiz to monitor students’ formative learning. However, in useful and convenient administering online quizzes, how students engage with them creates a paradox. This case study discusses four main components: the instructor’s reasoning for using online quizzes, two different implementation approaches, how the students behaved whilst completing them, and reflecting on how closely the learning results compared to the original intentions. As a result, ways to keep the students on the intended learning path are proposed to limit divergence.