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Compound-specific δ2H values of leaf wax n-alkanes are increasingly being used to infer past hydroclimates. However, differences in n-alkane production and apparent fractionation factors (εapp) among different plant groups complicate the relationships between n-alkane δ2H values and those of environmental water. Mid- and long-chain n-alkanes in sedimentary archives (i.e., n-C23 and n-C29) are thought to derive from aquatic and terrestrial plants, respectively, and track the isotopic composition of either lake water or precipitation. Yet, the relationship between n-C23 δ2H values and lake water δ2H values is not well constrained. Moreover, recent studies show that n-alkane production is greater in terrestrial plants than in aquatic plants, which has the potential to obscure n-alkane aquatic inputs to sedimentary archives. Here, we investigated n-alkane contributions to sedimentary archives from both aquatic and terrestrial plants by analyzing n-alkane δ2H values in plants and lake sediments at 29 sites across mid-latitude North America. We find that both aquatic and terrestrial plants synthesize n-C23 and that sedimentary n-C23 δ2H values parallel those of terrestrial plants and differ from those of aquatic plants. Our results indicate that across mid-latitude North America, both mid- and long-chain n-alkanes in lake sediments commonly derive from terrestrial higher plants challenging the assumption that submerged aquatic plants produce the n-C23-alkane preserved in lake sediments. Moreover, angiosperm and gymnosperm plants exhibit similar εapp values between n-C29 and mean annual precipitation (MAP) δ2H values across North America. Therefore, vegetation shifts between angiosperm and gymnosperm plants do not strongly affect εapp values between n-C29 and MAP. Our results show that both mid- and long-chain n-alkanes track the isotopic composition of MAP in temperate North America.

In this session, we'll explore the real world performance of sound barriers versus their lab testing along with lessons learned while developing a new upgraded reflective acoustic panel.

We report the incidental findings and management of a hernia whose contents included renal tumor parasitic vessels in a 52-year-old male who presented with a 22 cm large right renal tumor. His initial complaints were right sided fullness and hematuria. Incidentally on CT scan, the patient's large right renal mass was identified, as well as lower pole parasitic tumor vessels which were herniating into the patient's right inguinal canal. Parasitic tumor vessels are often found on larger obscure tumors. Few side effects or associated problems have been reported from issues with the parasitic vessels other than excessive bleeding. Never before, to our knowledge, has an inguinal hernia with renal mass parasitic vessels herniating into it been documented. We named the hernia after the general surgeon, Dr. Craig Cook, MD, FACS, who assisted during the open radical nephrectomy and who reduced and repaired the right inguinal hernia. We present a case presentation and treatment rationale for this tumor and associated parasitic vessels herniation, along with a brief re view of existing literature.

An open-label, randomised, single-dose Phase I study in healthy subjects evaluated octreotide pharmacokinetics after deep-intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injection of MTD201 (30mg). All subjects received Sandostatin® (100μg immediate release; SIR) by deep SC injection 24h before MTD201. MTD201 is manufactured by Q-Sphera™ printing technology to minimize particle size variation and afford simpler reconstitution and less painful injection via a 21G needle. Plasma octreotide concentrations were measured over 63 days to ascertain the potential for a 6- to 8-week dosing interval. MTD201 is being developed as a next generation long-acting somatostatin analogue for maintenance management of acromegaly and neuroendocrine cancer patients. Methods: 28 healthy subjects were randomised to two groups. The reference product SIR (100μg) was injected SC, followed 24 hours later by MTD201 administered by either IM (n=14, 38mm 21G needle) or SC (n=14, 16mm 21G needle) injection. MTD201 was resuspended in WFI to give a final injection volume of 1.5mL. Plasma samples for determination of octreotide and serum samples for IGF-1 and GH levels were drawn pre-dose and over the 63-days post-dosing. Injection site reactions and AEs were recorded, scored and compared across groups. Results: MTD201 was very well tolerated by both groups with 3 mild TEAEs observed per group. Transient and mild injection site reactions were similar after all treatments. Upon MTD201 injection, a low initial burst of octreotide (

2017-408The Texas General Land Office (TGLO) has developed an innovative and cost effective approach to dispose of abandoned vessels along the Texas coast. For years, unscrupulous vessel owners have removed serial numbers and registration information from primarily fiberglass boats and cast them adrift in remote or isolated areas along the Texas coast. Weather incidents have also contributed to hundreds of abandoned vessels in or near Texas waters. These vessels, which often still have fuel and lubricants on board, present a threat to the environment, navigation and public safety. Unfortunately, budget constraints, jurisdictional boundaries, and regulations prevent the local, state and federal agencies that have an interest in removing these vessels from taking action. The TGLO strategy is designed to help rid coastal areas of abandoned vessels before they enter coastal water. The Vessel Turn-In Program, known as VTIP, promotes partnerships by pooling the unique funding, capital and human resources of government entities and stakeholders to form a cost effective approach to eliminating abandoned vessels and the pollution they create.

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED, the infusion of drugs under controlled pressure to the brain parenchyma via targeted micro-catheters, allows accurate anatomical targeting and delivery of higher (therapeutic) drug concentrations through clinically relevant volumes of brain tissue or tumor. Histone deacetylase inhibitors have been found in vitro to be the most active agents against Diffuse Midline Gliomas (DMGs) Using a novel device (implantable subcutaneous pump connected with catheter directly implanted into the pons/thalamus) we are performing a Phase I safety study of repeated infusions of MTX110 (MTX110, Midatech) in a dose escalation manner. Eligible patients include 3–18 years of age with newly diagnosed DMGs following radiation therapy without evidence of hemorrhage or cysts with intact organ function. Patients undergo a tumor biopsy and a single catheter (Spetzler lumbar shunt catheter, Integra, Plainsboro, NJ) is placed stereotactically into the geometric center of the tumor. A second catheter is inserted subcutaneously with the distal tubing connected to the infusion pump, (SynchroMed II (Medtronic)), also inserted subcutaneously. The infusion pump is prefilled with MTX110 and administered using wireless N’Vison Clinical programmer into two 24-hour infusions, consisting of 20 hours of drug infusions at 0.2mL/hr. The pulse is completed 7 days later. This is a dose escalation study with the infusate consisting of gadolinium and MTX110 (30, 60, or 90 microM). The study describing the first use in children of this device for direct-to-tumor drug delivery is open to recruitment (January 2020) and the preliminary data will be available for presentation by June 2020.

A double-blind, randomised, single-dose parallel group study was performed to compare the tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MTD201 30 mg octreotide (test product) and Sandostatin LAR 30 mg (reference product) in healthy subjects. MTD201 uses Q-Sphera™ printing technology to precisely control microparticle size, which facilitates simpler reconstitution and injection using smaller needle size than Sandostatin LAR (SLAR) or Somatuline Autogel. MTD201 is being developed for acromegaly and NETs as an alternative to these existing long-acting treatments. Methods: 24 male and female healthy subjects were randomised to receive a single, 30mg i.m. injection of MTD201 (N=12) using a 21G needle or Sandostatin LAR (N=12) using the pre-packed 19G needle. Plasma samples for determination of octreotide, growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 concentrations were obtained throughout the 63-day period after injection. The plasma GH response to a GHRH+arginine challenge, an accepted surrogate efficacy endpoint for somatostatin analogues, was performed 7 days before octreotide dosing and repeated 28- and 45-days post-dose. Additional data were collected to check for presence of anti-octreotide antibodies and injection site reactions were scored regularly for 7 days post-injection. Results: Both treatments were well tolerated, with AEs consistent with octreotide treatment. Overall plasma octreotide exposures for the test and reference drugs were comparable whilst subjects receiving MTD201 illustrated lower initial spike in plasma octreotide (burst; 0.12ng/mL and 0.99ng/mL for MTD201 and SLAR, respectively), a more linear, consistent profile, and lower variability across the intended dose interval (28 days). Both treatment groups showed detectable plasma octreotide levels up to the final PK sampling point of 63 days. GH and IGF-1 suppression were highly comparable across treatments, with ≈25% and ≈30% reductions from baseline for both groups, respectively. Injection site reactions were less frequent and of lower severity in subjects who received MTD201. Specifically, pain at the injection site was observed in 8% (MTD201) and 25% (SLAR) of subjects, and injection site tenderness in 8% (MTD201) and 83% (SLAR) of subjects. Conclusions: MTD201 produced a safe and effective sustained-release profile of octreotide, supporting a once-monthly treatment interval, as is indicated for SLAR. Therapeutic octreotide concentrations and GH/IGF-1 suppression comparable with SLAR were achieved. Combined with the other advantages for MTD201 regarding smaller needle size, simpler and more reliable reconstitution and injection, these results warrant further study in a suitably powered clinical trial to formally establish MTD201 as an alternative long-acting somatostatin analogue product.

The andesitic volcano Ngauruhoe, which is located within the Tongariro Volcanic Complex at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in North Island, New Zealand, has been constructed over the past 5 ka and last erupted in 1975. Nearby Ruapehu volcano has a much longer eruptive history extending back beyond 230 ka B.P. The magmas erupted at both volcanoes have been predominantly medium-K basaltic andesites and andesites, which evolved through polybaric crystal fractionation and assimilation processes that took place within complex, dispersed magmatic storage systems. Despite their close spatial proximity, the two volcanoes show geochemical contrasts suggesting that in each case both the mantle-derived parental magmas and the crustal assimilants were different. Variations in major and trace element data for Ngauruhoe lavas indicate control by crystal fractionation and assimilation (AFC) but the data are difficult to reconcile with derivation from a single batch of compositionally unique, mantle-derived parental basalt. Geochemical variation can be approximated by generalised AFC models using average basement or crustal xenolith compositions but precise mathematical modelling is limited because of the sensitivity of models to the selection of a particular parental composition and the difficulty of determining the exact nature of the crustal assimilant compositions that might have been involved in each specific case. U–Th isotopic data for Ngauruhoe volcanic rocks show disequilibrium that defines a positively inclined array lying to the right of the equiline on a 230 Th/ 232 Th versus 238 U/ 232 Th diagram. U-series data for Ngauruhoe and post 1945 AD Ruapehu eruptives show similar patterns of disequilibrium but the Ngauruhoe data define an array with a different slope and a different intercept on the equiline. 230 Th/ 238 U ratios in Ngauruhoe lavas range from close to secular equilibrium (0.979) to 0.864 with the youngest (post 1870 AD) eruptives showing the least disequilibrium. 230 Th/ 238 U and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios are correlated; the samples with the highest 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values show the least disequilibrium. There is also a correlation between eruption age and Nd and Pb isotopic composition; the oldest samples tend to show the least radiogenic isotopic ratios. These data, in combination with major and trace element abundance data indicate that Ngauruhoe U–Th disequilibrium is determined by variations in parental magmatic compositions and AFC. Unlike the mature, long-lived Ruapehu system, Ngauruhoe's eruptive cycles can be directly connected to periodic magma recharge from the lower crust and mantle. For Ngauruhoe eruptives, 226 Ra/ 230 Th varies from 1.218 to 1.492. This compares with a range of 0.972 to 1.186 for Ruapehu lavas erupted between 1945 and 1996. Reconciling the 226 Ra/ 230 Th data with decay during fractional crystallisation requires relatively low rates of fractionation (1–5 × 10 − 5 /year) and short (1000–2000 years) fractionation times.

Quantifying the effects of crustal interaction on U-series disequilibria is critical if such data are to be used to obtain a correct interpretation of the time scales of magmatic processes. The 1945–1996 eruptions of Mount Ruapehu produced lavas that provide an exceptional, temporally controlled suite with which to examine U-series systematics in circumstances where crustal contamination is independently documented. Co-variations between SiO2 abundances, Th contents and 87Sr/86Sr ratios are consistent with crystal fractionation of a relatively primitive magma coupled with assimilation of a silicic crustal melt (AFC) and have been used to develop a quantitative model in which r (ratio of assimilant to melt fraction) = 0.2. (230Th/238U) ratios increase from ∼ 0.87 towards secular equilibrium with increasing 87Sr/86Sr, suggesting that the silicic contaminant was in U–Th secular equilibrium, as is observed, for example for Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) rhyolites. The AFC model provides a good approximation of the (230Th/238U)–87Sr/86Sr co-variation which suggests that AFC is likely to have taken place relatively rapidly, compared to the half-life of 230Th. (226Ra/230Th) varies from 1.19 to near secular equilibrium suggesting that the time required to produce the complete range of compositions erupted between 1945 and 1996 is of the order of a few thousand years rather than either very long (tens or hundreds of thousands of years) or very short (tens or hundreds of years) time intervals. However, using recent estimates of the rate of fractionation (4 × 10− 4 yr− 1), the range in (226Ra/230Th) cannot be accounted for by decay during fractionation even when the effects of assimilation of a secular equilibrium crustal melt are accounted for. Instead, AFC models with r = 0.2 which can replicate the data require that the rate of fractionation is an order of magnitude slower (1–5 × 10− 5 yr− 1). This could be explained by protracted cooling of magma in crust with an elevated geotherm consistent with the high surface heat flow in the TVZ to the north of Ruapehu. U-series disequilibria have become more variable with time suggesting either an increased role for open system magma replenishment in the last 50 years or that processes of crustal melting have become more variable or that the crustal section involved in assimilation is heterogeneous. The trend towards more Ra–Th variability is matched by decreasing Sr isotope ratios, implying progressive involvement of more mafic magma with elapsed time.

Background: Patient satisfaction is multidimensional. The clinician’s perspective of a good outcome and the patient’s experience of a satisfactory service are often two different end-points. The primary aim of our study was to assess the perioperative experience of patients undergoing procedural sedation. A secondary aim was to create a postoperative questionnaire which could be used as a measurement tool. The questions could also be used as an audit to assist with adherence to quality assurance and clinical governance.Method: A questionnaire was compiled to attempt to assess the perioperative aspects of procedural sedation. Five hundred consecutive patients undergoing procedural sedation for dental-related outpatient procedures were asked to complete a questionnaire. Patients who didn’t complete it were excluded. Ninety-eight per cent of the patients returned the questionnaire and 489 questionnaires were evaluated.Results: A total of 489 patients were included. Ninety-three per cent of the patients expressed a good (7+/10) overall experience of procedural sedation, and 92.6% indicated that they would recommend it to others.Conclusion: Our study population showed a high level of satisfaction with their sedation experience. It is suggested that the devised questionnaire could be used successfully in future as an assessment tool or audit of patient satisfaction following procedural sedation for ambulatory surgery.Keywords: patient satisfaction, postoperative questionnaire, procedural sedation

The South Auckland Volcanic Field is a Pleistocene (1 59– 0 51Ma) basaltic intraplate, monogenetic field situated south of Auckland City, North Island, New Zealand. Two groups of basalts are distinguished based on mineralogy and geochemical compositions, but no temporal or spatial patterns exist in the distribution of various lava types forming each group within the field: Group A basalts are silica-undersaturated transitional to quartz-tholeiitic basalts with relatively low total alkalis (3 0–4 6 wt %), Nb (7–29 ppm), and (La/Yb)N (3 4–7 6); Group B basalts are strongly silicaundersaturated basanites to nepheline-hawaiites with high total alkalis (3 3–7 9 wt %), Nb (32–102 ppm), and (La/Yb)N (12–47). Group A has slightly higher Sr/Sr, similar eNd, and lower Pb/Pb values compared with Group B. Contrasting geochemical trends and incompatible element ratios (e.g. K/Nb, Zr/Nb, Ce/Pb) are consistent with separate evolution of Groups A and B from dissimilar parental magmas derived from distinct subcontinental lithospheric mantle sources. Differentiation within each group was controlled by olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation. Group B magmas were generated by

We’ve referred to the Web as a conduit for the movement of information, distributing ideas around the world to anyone who wants to find them. It’s this far-reaching scope and wide-open range that makes the Web so captivating and philosophically marvelous. But information doesn’t flow only downhill. Your visitors might arrive at your website to passively absorb, but, if allowed, they can also participate in the exchange of information, offering their own ideas and reactions.

Over the last eight chapters you’ve become familiar with all the HTML elements you’ll need to build your own web pages. Along the way you’ve picked up a healthy dose of CSS, learning how to give your content a bit more style and learning a few useful effects and techniques. Most of the CSS tips we’ve shown you so far have been on a relatively small scale, styling individual elements or limited aspects of your content. In this chapter we’re finally going to tackle the bigger picture and show you a few ways you can use CSS to lay out your web pages.

There is widespread interest in the distance that mid-ocean ridge magmatism extends beyond the neovolcanic zone. Off-axis magmas also provide a means to map out variations across the melting zone. We present 238U-230Th-226Ra data for 35 well-characterized samples that extend up to 50 km away from the ridge axis across the East Pacific Rise at 9°30′N, 10°30′N, and 11°20′N. The (230Th/238U) ratios range from 1.00 to 1.19, and the (226Ra/230Th) ratios range from 1 to 2.78. The samples have a bimodal (230Th/238U) distribution with approximately half overlying published axial data on the U-Th diagram and the remainder lying close to the equiline. The U series disequilibria in the majority of the samples can be explained by aging subsequent to eruption in a zone ∼8 km wide about the neovolcanic zone, consistent with visual evidence for sample age. Nevertheless, seven of the samples lie above calculated (230Th/238U) axial decay curves and/or have 226Ra excesses implying eruption tens of kilometers off axis. These are consistent with evidence from seamounts and seismic interpretations that magmatism can extend up to 20 km off axis. The implication is that magma is not as efficiently focused beneath the ridge axis as has generally been believed. There is a decrease in initial (230Th/238U) in both these and published samples inferred to have formed off axis, but there is no compelling evidence that this reflects source heterogeneity. Simple modeling suggests that this could be explained by a decrease in fertility and melt column length as the overlying lithosphere thickens with age and the solidus shallows.

On White Island, New Zealand, the intensified period of strombolian-volcanian and phreatomagmatic explosive activity that commenced in March 1977 led to eruption of unusually primitive, high-Mg andesites. These are Fo80-93 olivine-saturated rocks that have MgO contents up to 10% (Mg# = 65-71) and SiO2 of 56-58%. They have incompatible trace element characteristics that are typical of arc rocks. 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd and 176Hf/177Hf ratios (0.7049-0.7053, 0.51282-0.51266 and 0.28301-0.28298, respectively) are consistent with subducted sediment addition and/or crustal input but there is no clear correlation of either isotope ratio with MgO. The rocks have modest (3-10%) 238U excesses at low (230Th/232Th) ratios (0.697 to 0.722). 226Ra-230Th disequilibria are also restricted but, unusually, include both 226Ra excesses and deficits with (226Ra/230Th) = 0.94-1.07. (210Pb/226Ra)o ranges from 0.98 to 1.52 requiring gas accumulation that may increase over time and with decreasing MgO. Sr/Y and Tb/Yb ratios are both low and relatively invariant at 8 and 0.3, respectively, and along with the 238U excesses preclude an origin in which residual garnet was involved. The occurrence of some 226Ra deficits suggests the presence of residual amphibole during partial melting for some samples. Rapid magma ascent (to preserve the 226Ra disequilibria) limits the amount of possible melt-wall rock interaction that might reduce source-derived Tb/Yb ratios and in the mantle or raise 87Sr/86Sr in the crust. The White Island high-Mg andesites did not form by partial melting of eclogite in the subducting Pacific plate. Their primitive, olivine-saturated compositions suggest that their source was peridotitic and experimental data suggest that equilibration with peridotite at low temperatures at 0.5-1.5 GPa and in the presence of elevated alkalis can reconcile the high SiO2 and MgO of the rocks. This may reflect stalling of the magmas beneath the continental lithosphere for a few 1000 years. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lavas from Klyuchevskoy and Bezymianny volcanoes, Kamchatka, appear to show a link between the extent of partial melting in their mantle source region and the subsequent degree of fractionation suffered by the magmas during passage through the crust. This fractionation may have occurred on timescales significantly less than 1000 years if observed 226 Ra excesses largely reflect variable residual porosity in the source melting region. Unlike most arc lavas, those with the highest MgO contents and Ba/Th ratios have the lowest 226 Ra excess. Forward models suggest that those portions of the source which had undergone the greatest addition of U by fluids from the subducting plate also underwent the greatest extents of partial melting at the highest residual porosity. At Kluchevskoy, a change from eruption of high-MgO to high-Al 2 O 3 basaltic andesites around 1945 is reflected in an increase in size of 226 Ra excess which seems to require a simultaneous decrease in residual porosity and suggests a rapid changes in the melting regime. The eruption of andesites at Bezyminanny, simultaneous with the eruption of basaltic andesites at Klyuchevskoy, further suggests that different degree melts produced at differing residual porosity can be formed and extracted from the melt region at the same time. Thus, the melting processes beneath Klyuchevskoy and Bezyminanny are demonstrably complex. They have clearly been influenced by both fluid addition from the subducting plate and extension and decompression beneath the Central Kamchatka Depression. Finally, the 210 Pb data are, with one or two exceptions, in equilibrium with 226 Ra, suggesting that there was restricted relative magma-gas movement in this highly productive magmatic system.

This chapter shows you how to use links to provide a connection between different documents. Links are one of the most important features that make the World Wide Web so powerful. The real power comes from the fact that you can easily link to both your own documents as well as to other external documents found on the web. Using links, you can point to other documents, graphics, and programs from within your document. Learning about links requires you to revisit the use of URLs, which you first saw in Chapter 1. By default, a link shows up as underlined text within your document. When you hover over the link, the default cursor changes to a different cursor, indicating it is a link. When you select the link, the browser navigates to where the link is pointing.

In Chapter 2 you were introduced to the basics of using CSS to style your documents. You saw how to use internal and inline styles as well as how to use selectors. Throughout the rest of the chapters you have seen some basic techniques on how to style the different elements covered. This chapter will give you additional background on using CSS and show you some additional styling techniques as well as how to handle the layout and positioning of your elements. It is meant to introduce you to the basics in order to style your own documents; to really dig into CSS and gain a thorough understanding of its features, we recommend Beginning CSS Web Development by Simon Collison (Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2006).

In this chapter, you’ll learn the basics of using Java Script with your documents. Scripting provides a way to make your documents dynamic and respond to users’ actions.