380 results on '"Cradle to grave"'
Search Results
2. Building-SAT: a whole building life cycle assessment tool framework to quantify the global warming potential of buildings in South Asian Region
- Author
-
Karunaratne, Shiromi, Dharmarathna, Dilshi, and De Silva, Nishan
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Managing Turbine Oils in a Sustainable Way.
- Author
-
Livingstone, Greg, Quick, Ludger, and Ameye, Jo
- Subjects
SUSTAINABILITY ,TURBINES ,ROTATING machinery ,PRODUCT life cycle assessment ,CARBON dioxide mitigation - Abstract
The majority of companies using rotating machinery have implemented decarbonization strategies that systematically analyze every part of their organization to try to adopt more sustainable practices. Lubricants are an essential component in rotary equipment, so it makes sense to find optimal ways to manage these fluids in the most sustainable way, including improving their performance. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is the recognized tool for assessing the overall environmental impact of a product from cradle to grave and is useful to compare different liquid management strategies. This paper outlines several ways in which turbine oils can be managed more sustainably by considering the life cycle assessment of different practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The Environmental and Social Impacts of Hemp
- Author
-
Dhondt, Fieke, Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan, Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan, Series Editor, and Dhondt, Fieke
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) on Recycled Polyester
- Author
-
Periyasamy, Aravin Prince, Militky, Jiri, and Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan, Series Editor
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Fashion and Environmental Sustainability
- Author
-
Dana, Léo-Paul, Boardman, Rosy, Salamzadeh, Aidin, Pereira, Vijay, and Brandstrup, Michelle
- Subjects
Mode ,Nachhaltigkeit ,Digitalisierung ,Produktlebenszyklus ,New technologies ,Digitization ,Cradle to Grave ,Product Life-Cycles ,Circular Economy ,Business Models ,Product Development ,thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJD Business innovation ,thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJH Entrepreneurship / Start-ups ,thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJJ Business and the environment ,‘green’ approaches to business ,thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJV Ownership and organization of enterprises ,thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNP Retail and wholesale industries - Abstract
The wide range of topics that the book covers are organised into sections reflecting a cradle to grave view of how entrepreneurial, innovative, and tech-savvy approaches can advance environmental sustainability in the fashion sector. These sections include: sustainable materials; innovation in design, range planning and product development; sustainable innovations in fashion supply chains; sustainable innovations in fashion retail and marketing; sustainable alternatives for end-of-life and circular economy initiatives; and more sustainable alternative fashion business models. ; The wide range of topics that the book covers are organised into sections reflecting a cradle to grave view of how entrepreneurial, innovative, and tech-savvy approaches can advance environmental sustainability in the fashion sector. These sections include: sustainable materials; innovation in design, range planning and product development; sustainable innovations in fashion supply chains; sustainable innovations in fashion retail and marketing; sustainable alternatives for end-of-life and circular economy initiatives; and more sustainable alternative fashion business models.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. A Cradle to Grave Framework for Environmental Assessment of Photovoltaic Systems
- Author
-
Zhang, Teresa and Dornfeld, David
- Subjects
Cradle to Grave ,Life Cycle Assessment ,Photovoltaic ,Scope - Abstract
Environmental assessment of photovoltaic systems is a rich field, with representations of many technologies, regions and methodologies. This paper discusses some of the factors that strongly affect the outcomes of studies, encourages detailed reporting of normalization parameters and scope, and discusses a cradle to grave framework for benchmarking life cycle assessments of photovoltaic systems.
- Published
- 2010
8. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) between standard gypsum ceiling tile and polyurethane gypsum ceiling tile
- Author
-
Rodrigo Bravo, Alba, Alameda Cuenca-Romero, Lourdes, Calderón Carpintero, Verónica, Rodríguez Sáiz, Ángel, Gutiérrez González, Sara, Rodrigo Bravo, Alba, Alameda Cuenca-Romero, Lourdes, Calderón Carpintero, Verónica, Rodríguez Sáiz, Ángel, and Gutiérrez González, Sara
- Abstract
In this paper, the LCA of two gypsum ceiling tiles is compared, the first one is a traditional gypsum tile and the second is a new eco ceiling tile in which polyurethane foam waste has been incorporated. Both tiles were made at one of the largest gypsum tile factories in Europe. The life cycle assessment has been considered from cradle to grave for which the corresponding production stages have been defined. This includes the extraction and transportation of raw materials, the manufacturing process, transportation to the client, the use of the product and the end of its useful life. The results show that the tile with polyurethane has a better environmental performance than the standard commercial ceiling tile. This is quantified as a 14% reduction in energy consumption, a 14% reduction in CO2 emissions and a 25% reduction in water consumption compared with the standard tile, all the while maintaining the technical performance. An analysis of the results suggests that the new eco product has a competitive advantage on the market thanks to its environmental improvements and good technical performance., This study was carried out within the framework of the LIFEREPOLYUSE Recovery of polyurethane for reuse in eco-efficient materials. LIFE 16 ENV/ES/000254 Project. LIFE 2016. Environment Life Programme. European Commission. The authors are also grateful to the BU070P20 Project funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) of the EU and the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain). In addition, the authors are grateful to the European Social Fund (European Union) and the Education Board of the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) for funding the investigation.
- Published
- 2023
9. Determinants of environmental assessment of Polish individual wastewater treatment plants in a life cycle perspective.
- Author
-
Burchart-Korol, Dorota and Zawartka, Paweł
- Subjects
SEWAGE disposal plants ,PLANT life cycles ,PRODUCT life cycle assessment ,GREENHOUSE gases ,METAL-base fuel ,SEWAGE purification - Abstract
Copyright of Archives of Environmental Protection is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Dynamic life cycle assessment of the recurring embodied emissions from interior walls: cradle to grave assessment
- Author
-
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Tecnologia de l'Arquitectura, de l'Edificació i de l'Urbanisme, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Tecnologia de l'Arquitectura, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GICITED - Grup Interdiciplinari de Ciència i Tecnologia en l'Edificació, Valencia Barba, Yovanna Elena, Gómez Soberón, José Manuel Vicente, Gómez Soberón, Maria Consolación, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Tecnologia de l'Arquitectura, de l'Edificació i de l'Urbanisme, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Tecnologia de l'Arquitectura, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GICITED - Grup Interdiciplinari de Ciència i Tecnologia en l'Edificació, Valencia Barba, Yovanna Elena, Gómez Soberón, José Manuel Vicente, and Gómez Soberón, Maria Consolación
- Abstract
The construction sector is recognized as being one of the main generators of CO2 emissions and consumption of resources. Lately, special attention has been directed to the search for strategies that optimize and mitigate the embodied impact of constructive systems. In this research, the widely used life cycle assessment is applied to analyze the embodied emissions of several constructive systems used as interior partition walls (IPW), from a “cradle to grave” perspective. The study includes dynamic parameters in the design of scenarios for calculating the recurrent embodied emissions. The aim of the research is to assess the influence of these parameters on the variability of the accumulated results and to identify the constructive systems with optimal environmental performance. The results show the importance of maximizing the service life of systems and buildings in order to reduce the associated emissions, since the impact can be reduced by up to 60% over a 120-year perspective for the same system. This parameter's direct influence on the accumulated environmental performance was observed when an IPW with high initial impact but with longer service life consideration (IPW 26 – scenario 28 with 506 kg CO2 eq) could be just as suitable as an IPW with lower impact but shorter service life (IPW 27 – scenario 22 with 500 kg CO2 eq). It is also concluded that the initial embodied emissions of the construction systems are determinant in the cumulative impact, therefore highlighting the importance of material selection and optimization and the need for improvement in production processes., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)
- Published
- 2022
11. BIOECONOMIA CIRCULAR E MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS: AVALIAÇÃO DA PEGADA DE CARBONO DE PALETES DE MADEIRA REUTILIZADOS
- Author
-
Lucas Rosse Caldas
- Subjects
ILCD ,business.industry ,Effects of global warming ,Environmental resource management ,Carbon footprint ,Environmental science ,Pallet ,Reuse ,business ,Cradle to grave - Abstract
A reutilização de paletes de madeira na arquitetura e design é uma prática cada vez mais observada nos tempos atuais. Sabe-se que a madeira é um biomaterial e por isso consegue armazenar CO2. Sendo assim, o uso de paletes de madeira tem um potencial para a mitigação dos impactos do aquecimento global e mudanças climáticas, indo ao encontro do que vem sendo discutido na chamada bioeconomia circular. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a pegada de carbono de um painel de paletes de madeira, considerando diferentes origens dos paletes utilizados e diferentes períodos de vida útil do painel. Foram empregadas duas normas, a ISO 14067 (2014) e a ILCD (2011), sendo o escopo estudado do berço ao túmulo. O inventário foi realizado com base em dados primários em conjunto com dados da literatura e do banco de dados do Ecoinvent v.3.3. Os resultados mostraram que o cenário com paletes reutilizados e vida útil de 40 anos foi o mais vantajoso, com uma pegada de – 15,09 kgCO2-eq/m², quando a norma da ILCD (2011) é utilizada. Conclui-se que a reutilização de paletes em projetos de arquitetura e design tem um grande potencial de redução de emissões de CO2-eq.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Análisis de ciclo de vida dinámico del impacto ambiental incorporado en las particiones interiores verticales: análisis de la cuna a la tumba
- Author
-
Yovanna Elena Valencia-Barba, José Manuel Gómez-Soberón, María Consolación Gómez-Soberón, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Tecnologia de l'Arquitectura, de l'Edificació i de l'Urbanisme, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Tecnologia de l'Arquitectura, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GICITED - Grup Interdiciplinari de Ciència i Tecnologia en l'Edificació
- Subjects
Embodied emissions ,Cradle to grave ,Building and Construction ,Life cycle assessment ,Mechanics of Materials ,Pollution -- Environmental aspects ,Construction industry -- Environmental aspects ,Contaminació -- Aspectes ambientals ,Architecture ,Indústria de la construcció -- Aspectes ambientals ,Interior walls ,Dynamic LCA ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Edificació::Construcció sostenible [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
The construction sector is recognized as being one of the main generators of CO2 emissions and consumption of resources. Lately, special attention has been directed to the search for strategies that optimize and mitigate the embodied impact of constructive systems. In this research, the widely used life cycle assessment is applied to analyze the embodied emissions of several constructive systems used as interior partition walls (IPW), from a “cradle to grave” perspective. The study includes dynamic parameters in the design of scenarios for calculating the recurrent embodied emissions. The aim of the research is to assess the influence of these parameters on the variability of the accumulated results and to identify the constructive systems with optimal environmental performance. The results show the importance of maximizing the service life of systems and buildings in order to reduce the associated emissions, since the impact can be reduced by up to 60% over a 120-year perspective for the same system. This parameter's direct influence on the accumulated environmental performance was observed when an IPW with high initial impact but with longer service life consideration (IPW 26 – scenario 28 with 506 kg CO2 eq) could be just as suitable as an IPW with lower impact but shorter service life (IPW 27 – scenario 22 with 500 kg CO2 eq). It is also concluded that the initial embodied emissions of the construction systems are determinant in the cumulative impact, therefore highlighting the importance of material selection and optimization and the need for improvement in production processes.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Feasibility and LCA for a Wave Dragon platform with wind turbines.
- Author
-
Soerensen, H. C., Friis-Madsen, E., Russel, I., Parmeggiani, S., and Fernández-Chozas, J.
- Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the environmental and economic performance of a combined wind-wave energy converter over its entire lifecycle. The lifecycle analysis covers embedded costs, energy balance and carbon footprint, right from the raw materials to the final decommissioning. It is demonstrated that Wave Dragon in combination with wind has a 17% lower LCOE than a Wave Dragon without wind turbines. This is due to the fact that wind turbines are a very cost efficient technology when deployed in high wind speed sites if the costs of foundation and grid connection can be kept at a reasonable level - and this is obviously the case when installing on top of a heavy and stable platform like Wave Dragon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
14. Application of Life Cycle Assessment Method for Environmental Impact Assessment of Fired Brick Production Plant in Thailand
- Author
-
Rutjaya P. Na Talang and Sanya Sirivithayapakorn
- Subjects
Life cycle assessment ,Clamp kiln ,Fired brick ,Cradle to grave ,Rice husk ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 - Abstract
In many Asian countries, fired bricks are produced by burning raw bricks in a rudimentary clamp kiln without pollution control mechanisms, a practice which contributes to several kinds of environmental impact. This research investigated the inputs and outputs associated with production of fired bricks using the rice husk-fuelled clamp kiln. Data collected included raw material use, energy, products, emissions and kiln temperatures. To quantify environmental impacts, the consequential-focused life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was adopted. The impacts were assessed in terms of fuel substitution as the acquisition of another fuel was required to substitute for electricity. The findings indicated that the clamp kiln technology produced low CO2 emissions per unit of production and per unit of energy input, despite poor specific energy consumption. The LCA analysis indicated that the use of rice husk was the major contributor to environmental impact, and that abiotic depletion of fossil fuels represented the environmental hotspot. To improve combustion efficiency, the clamp kilns should be either insulated or replaced with more efficient kiln technology, in conjunction with the use of rice husk.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of concrete and steel-prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction structures in Malaysia
- Author
-
Ali Tighnavard Balasbaneh and Mohd Zamri Ramli
- Subjects
Construction Materials ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Construction Industry ,Malaysia ,General Medicine ,Environment ,010501 environmental sciences ,Reuse ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Civil engineering ,Cradle to grave ,Construction industry ,Comparative life cycle assessment ,Steel ,Greenhouse gas ,Sustainability ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Recycling ,Land occupation ,Activity-based costing ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
In recent years, off-site volumetric construction has been promoted as a viable strategy for improving the sustainability of the construction industry. Most prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction (PPVC) structures are composed of either steel or concrete; thus, it is imperative to carry out life cycle assessments (LCAs) for both types of structures. PPVC is a method by which free-standing volumetric modules-complete with finishes for walls, floors, and ceilings-are prefabricated and then transferred and erected on-site. Although many studies have examined these structures, few have combined economic and environmental life cycle analyses, particularly for prefinished volumetric construction buildings. The purpose of this study is to utilize LCA and life cycle cost (LCC) methods to compare the environmental impacts and costs of steel and concrete PPVCs "from cradle to grave." The results show that steel necessitates higher electricity usage than concrete in all environmental categories, while concrete has a higher emission rate. Steel outperforms concrete by approximately 37% in non-renewable energy measures, 38% in respiratory inorganics, 43% in land occupation, and 40% in mineral extraction. Concrete, on the other hand, performs 54% better on average in terms of measures adopted for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Steel incurs a higher cost in the construction stage but is ultimately the more economical choice, costing 4% less than concrete PPVC owing to the recovery, recycling, and reuse of materials. In general, steel PPVC exhibits better performance, both in terms of cost and environmental factors (excluding GHG emissions). This study endeavors to improve the implementation and general understanding of PPVC.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Protecting the public from the private? Disenchantment over the private nondelegation doctrine
- Author
-
Yiqun Ye
- Subjects
Power (social and political) ,Political science ,Control (management) ,Nondelegation doctrine ,Collaborative governance ,Disenchantment ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS ,Cradle to grave ,Law and economics - Abstract
Under the pervasive public–private collaborative governance, people increasingly and constantly feel the strong power and control of industrial, financial, high-tech giants, from Cradle to Grave. P...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. From Cradle to Grave: How Childhood and Current Environments Impact Consumers’ Subjective Life Expectancy and Decision-Making
- Author
-
Kelly L. Haws, Chiraag Mittal, and Vladas Griskevicius
- Subjects
Marketing ,Economics and Econometrics ,Public economics ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Retirement planning ,Cradle to grave ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Anthropology ,0502 economics and business ,Life expectancy ,050211 marketing ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Business and International Management ,Psychology - Abstract
The age to which people expect to live likely drives many important consumer decisions. Yet we know surprisingly little about the antecedents and consequences of consumers’ subjective life expectancies. In the present work, we propose that subjective life expectancy is influenced by the combination of people’s childhood environment and their current environment. We find that people who grew up in poorer environments expected to have a shorter lifespan compared to people who grew up in richer environments when faced with a current stressor. We document that experiencing a stressor leads people from resource-poor childhoods to believe they will die sooner because they respond to stressors in a more pessimistic way. We further show that subjective life expectancy is an important psychological mechanism that directly contributes to multiple consumer decisions, including desire for long-term care insurance, decisions about retirement savings, and preference for long-term bonds. Overall, the present work opens future research avenues by showing how, why, and when subjective life expectancy influences consumer behavior.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Environmental advantages of visible and near infrared spectroscopy for the prediction of intact olive ripeness
- Author
-
A. Casson, Riccardo Guidetti, I. Fiorindo, Valentina Giovenzana, Alessio Tugnolo, and Roberto Beghi
- Subjects
business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Near-infrared spectroscopy ,Soil Science ,Visible and near infrared spectroscopy ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Ripeness ,01 natural sciences ,Cradle to grave ,0104 chemical sciences ,Control and Systems Engineering ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,Calibration ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Sample preparation ,Spectroscopy ,Process engineering ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Life-cycle assessment ,Food Science - Abstract
Conventional ripeness analyses performed on olives require different analytical tools, chemicals, sample preparation and they are time consuming. The same analyses performed using an optical and non-destructive technology such as visible and near infrared (vis/NIR) spectroscopy allow prediction of ripeness parameters in a simple and quick way. The purpose of this work is to compare the environmental impact of conventional ripeness analyses and an optical approach performed on olive fruits. The conventional analyses identified as reference were: moisture, oil and phenols content. Life Cycle Assessment was applied to assess the environmental impact. The approach “from cradle to grave” considered all the inputs and outputs of each analysis, including machinery, reagents and energy necessary for analyses. Furthermore, for the optical analysis the activities required for the instrument calibration were also considered. Quantifying the environmental damage, the results showed clear advantages for optical analysis allowing vis/NIR spectroscopy to be defined as a green technology.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) between standard gypsum ceiling tile and polyurethane gypsum ceiling tile
- Author
-
A. Rodrigo-Bravo, L. Alameda Cuenca-Romero, V. Calderón, Á. Rodríguez, and S. Gutiérrez-González
- Subjects
Life Cycle Assessment-LCA ,Environmental impact ,Environmental assessment ,Mechanical Engineering ,Cradle to grave ,Construcción ,Building and Construction ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Circular Economy ,Polyurethane waste ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Gypsum ceiling tile ,Construction - Abstract
In this paper, the LCA of two gypsum ceiling tiles is compared, the first one is a traditional gypsum tile and the second is a new eco ceiling tile in which polyurethane foam waste has been incorporated. Both tiles were made at one of the largest gypsum tile factories in Europe. The life cycle assessment has been considered from cradle to grave for which the corresponding production stages have been defined. This includes the extraction and transportation of raw materials, the manufacturing process, transportation to the client, the use of the product and the end of its useful life. The results show that the tile with polyurethane has a better environmental performance than the standard commercial ceiling tile. This is quantified as a 14% reduction in energy consumption, a 14% reduction in CO2 emissions and a 25% reduction in water consumption compared with the standard tile, all the while maintaining the technical performance. An analysis of the results suggests that the new eco product has a competitive advantage on the market thanks to its environmental improvements and good technical performance., This study was carried out within the framework of the LIFEREPOLYUSE Recovery of polyurethane for reuse in eco-efficient materials. LIFE 16 ENV/ES/000254 Project. LIFE 2016. Environment Life Programme. European Commission. The authors are also grateful to the BU070P20 Project funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) of the EU and the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain). In addition, the authors are grateful to the European Social Fund (European Union) and the Education Board of the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) for funding the investigation.
- Published
- 2022
20. Cradle to grave general practice: the family doctor
- Author
-
Francesca Robinson
- Subjects
GP partner ,Nursing ,Trainer ,General practice ,MEDLINE ,General Medicine ,Psychology ,Cradle to grave - Abstract
The GP partner and trainer talks to Francesca Robinson about his commitment to his patients and training the next generation
- Published
- 2021
21. Life Cycle Environmental and Economic Comparison of Water Droplet Machining and Traditional Abrasive Waterjet Cutting
- Author
-
Benjamin R. Mitchell, Brad L. Kinsey, Cuihong Song, Weiwei Mo, and Giovanni Guglielmi
- Subjects
water droplet machining ,High velocity ,Geography, Planning and Development ,TJ807-830 ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,TD194-195 ,Renewable energy sources ,metal cutting ,Machining ,life cycle assessment ,sensitivity analysis ,GE1-350 ,abrasive waterjet cutting ,Process engineering ,Sensitivity analyses ,Life-cycle assessment ,Environmental effects of industries and plants ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Abrasive ,life cycle cost assessment ,Cradle to grave ,Environmental sciences ,Service life ,Environmental science ,business ,Metal cutting - Abstract
Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) cutting is a manufacturing technique, which uses a high-speed waterjet as the transport medium for abrasive particles to erode and cut through metal workpieces. The use of abrasives has significant environmental impacts and leads to the high operating costs of AWJ cutting. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether other metal cutting approaches can perform the same tasks with reduced environmental and economic impacts. One such manufacturing innovation is water droplet machining (WDM). In this process, the waterjet, which is immersed in a sub-atmospheric pressure environment, is discretized into a train of high velocity water droplets, which are able to erode and cut through the metal workpiece without abrasives. However, the cutting velocity of WDM is two orders of magnitude slower than AWJ. In this paper, a comparative life cycle and life cycle cost assessments were performed to determine which waterjet cutting technology is more beneficial to the environment and cost-efficient, considering their impacts from cradle to grave. The results show lower environmental and economic impacts for AWJ compared to WDM due to the AWJ’s ability to cut more metal over the service life than the WDM. Further sensitivity analyses give insight into how the change in abrasive rate is the most sensitive input for the AWJ, whereas the machine lifetime and electricity usage are the most sensitive inputs for the WDM. These results provide a valuable comparison between these alternative waterjet cutting technologies.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Comparative cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of bio-based and petrochemical PET bottles
- Author
-
Vural - Gursel, Dr. Iris, Moretti, Christian, Hamelin, Lorie, Jakobsen, Line Geest, Steingrimsdottir, Maria Magnea, Junginger, Martin, Høibye, Linda, Shen, Li, Biobased Economy, Energy, Resources & Technological Change, Energy and Resources, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), COWI AS, European Commission DG Research Innovation35132016/RTD/F2/OP/PP-04541-2016, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biobased Economy, Energy, Resources & Technological Change, and Energy and Resources
- Subjects
Fossil Fuels ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Climate Change ,Land-use change ,Bio based ,010501 environmental sciences ,Environment ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental impact assessment ,Ethanol fuel ,Life-cycle assessment ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Life Cycle Stages ,Ethanol ,business.industry ,Polyethylene Terephthalates ,LCA ,Fossil fuel ,food and beverages ,Straw ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Cradle to grave ,Petrochemical ,Bio-based plastics ,PET ,13. Climate action ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Environmental science ,BBP Biorefinery & Sustainable Value Chains ,business ,End-of-life - Abstract
International audience; This article presents a life cycle assessment of bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles with a cradle to grave scope and provides a comparison with petrochemical PET bottles for 13 environmental impact categories. Besides the baseline bio-based PET bottles, which are produced from Brazilian sugarcane reflecting status-quo, two alternative hypothetical bio-based product systems were considered: European wheat straw and European crops market mix composed of maize, wheat and sugar beet. The land-use change (LUC) impacts were assessed based on a deterministic model. The end-of-life impact was assessed using the EASETECH model. Baseline bio-based PET bottles performed overall worse than conventional petrochemical PET bottles, offering only better performance (about 10%) in abiotic depletion (fossil fuels). Comparable performance is observed for climate change (2% difference without the LUC, and 7% with LUC impacts). Using European crops for ethanol production (alternative 1) instead of Brazilian sugarcane resulted in a worse environmental performance, due to lower yields attained compared to Brazilian sugarcane. When wheat straw was considered as biomass feedstock for ethanol production (alternative 2), similar environmental performance with petrochemical PET bottles was seen.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Marine Insulation Materials
- Author
-
Yoonwon Jang, Hayoung Jang, Nak-Kyun Cho, and Byongug Jeong
- Subjects
Waste management ,Global warming ,Mineral wool ,acidification potential ,eutrophication potential ,Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering ,human toxicity potential ,VM1-989 ,Ocean Engineering ,Glass wool ,GC1-1581 ,Ozone depletion potential ,Oceanography ,Cradle to grave ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,global warming potential100 years ,chemistry ,Comparative life cycle assessment ,ozone depletion potential ,Wool ,Environmental science ,Life-cycle assessment ,TC ,Water Science and Technology ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
This study aimed to reduce the holistic environmental impacts of insulation materials proposed for the accommodation of a marine cargo ship, and suggest the optimal option for cleaner ship production, using life cycle assessment. With a commercial bulk carrier as a case ship, three major insulations were assessed, which were wool-based material (mineral wool or glass wool), expanded polystyrene, and polyurethane foam. The analysis was scoped based on ‘from cradle to grave’, while focusing on the following five representative environmental indicators: global warming potential100years, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, and human toxicity potential. The assessment was performed in the platform of the GaBi software. The results showed that polyurethane foam would have the greatest impacts, especially in regard to global warming, eutrophication, and human toxicity. On the other hand, expanded polystyrene and wool-based material showed better environmental performance than polyurethane foam. For example, wool-based insulation was found, in terms of GWP and HTP, to produce 2.1 × 104 kg CO2-eq and 760.1 kg DCB-eq, respectively, and expanded polystyrene had similar results with respect to GWP, AP, and EP as 2.1 × 104 kg CO2-eq, 23.3 kg SO2-eq, and 2.7 kg Phosphate-eq, respectively. In fact, the research findings point out the shortcomings of current design practices in selecting insulation materials for marine vessels, while providing meaningful insights into the importance of the selection of appropriate insulation materials for marine vessels for cleaner shipping. Therefore, it is believed that this paper will make a sound contribution to enhancing future design practice and regulatory frameworks in response to environmental issues in the marine industry.
- Published
- 2021
24. Global experiences of social work practice during the pandemic: Digital mediums, mutual aid, and professional self-care
- Author
-
Håvard Aaslund
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Health (social science) ,Social work ,business.industry ,Population ,Context (language use) ,Public relations ,Cradle to grave ,Health care ,Pandemic ,Self care ,Sociology ,Mutual aid ,business ,education ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
An editorial is presented to the article the novel coronavirus, the subsequent shutdown and measures taken to reduce infections, have greatly affected social work practice Topics include social work practice with a range of different population groups, literarily from cradle to grave;and the U S context of corporate health companies and a highly individualized health care system
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Steel's recyclability: demonstrating the benefits of recycling steel to achieve a circular economy.
- Author
-
Broadbent, Clare
- Subjects
STEEL investment casting ,STEEL wastes ,WASTE recycling ,POWER resources ,LIFE cycle costing - Abstract
Purpose: In a world where the population is expected to peak at around 9 billion people in the next 30 to 40 years, carefully managing our finite natural resources is becoming critical. We must abandon the outdated 'take, make, consume and dispose' mentality and move toward a circular economy model for optimal resource efficiency. Products must be designed for reuse and remanufacturing, which would reduce significant costs in terms of energy and natural resources. Methods: To measure progress in achieving a circular economy, we need a life cycle approach that measures the social, economic and environmental impact of a product throughout its full life cycle-from raw material extraction to end-of-life (EoL) recycling or disposal. Life cycle thinking must become a key requirement for all manufacturing decisions, ensuring that the most appropriate material is chosen for the specific application, considering all aspects of a products' life. The steel industry has been developing LCI data for 20 years. This is used to assess a product's environmental performance from steel production to steel recycling at end-of-life. The steel industry has developed a methodology to show the benefits of using recycled steel to make new products. Using recycled materials also carries an embodied burden that should be considered when undertaking a full LCA. Results and discussion: The recycling methodology is in accordance with ISO 14040/44:2006 and considers the environmental burden of using steel scrap and the benefit of scrap recycling from end-of-life products. It considers the recycling of scrap into new steel as closed material loop recycling, and thus, recycling steel scrap avoids the production of primary steel. The methodology developed shows that for every 1 kg of steel scrap that is recycled at the end of the products life, a saving of 1.5 kg CO-e emissions, 13.4 MJ primary energy and 1.4 kg iron ore can be achieved. This equates to 73, 64 and 90 %, respectively, when compared to 100 % primary production. Conclusions: Incorporating this recycling methodology into a full LCA demonstrates how the steel industry is an integral part of the circular economy model which promotes zero waste; a reduction in the amount of materials used and encourages the reuse and recycling of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Development of Greenness Index as an evaluation tool to assess reagents: Evaluation based on SDS (Safety Data Sheet) information.
- Author
-
Shen, Yang, Lo, Chi, Nagaraj, D.R., Farinato, Raymond, Essenfeld, Amy, and Somasundaran, P.
- Subjects
- *
SUSTAINABLE chemistry , *MINERAL processing , *CHEMICAL reagents , *GOVERNMENT agencies , *DECISION making , *SUSTAINABLE development - Abstract
Evaluation of the impacts of reagents on SHE (safety, health, and the environment) is crucial for industries, regulatory agencies, and governments; however, it is a nontrivial task and there has not been universal acceptance of metrics or tools for this purpose. We have been developing an evaluation tool called Greenness Index to provide a holistic assessment of reagents used in various industries. Analysis by means of this tool is based on information found in reagent SDSs (Safety Data Sheets) plus metrics for various consequences when the reagent is used in a particular application. SDSs contain information on the various properties of a reagent and how it impacts SHE from cradle to grave; however, these summaries rarely consider the multifarious possibilities of how the reagent may transform during use in an application. Including such features in a more complete evaluation of the SHE impact of a reagent is the ultimate goal of our efforts to develop Greenness Index. Efforts reported here are in the preliminary step of representing the panoply of SHE information found in SDSs in a manner that allows a more holistic, multi-parametric comparison of reagents. Five clusters (Health Impact, General Properties, Odor, Fire Safety, and Stability) of attributes that are combined to form a total evaluation were created based on widely accepted sustainability guidelines such as the Green Chemistry 12 Principles and Green Engineering 12 Principles. Sorting and binning algorithms were developed to quantify each attribute and cluster of attributes, resulting in quantitative scores for each. Scores are displayed graphically to help visualize the relative Greenness of the reagent. Displays are in the form of a hierarchy of spider-diagrams. This Greenness Index method has been applied in a variety of instances to specific reagents used in various industries such as mineral processing and personal care. Greenness Index analysis of PAX (Potassium Amyl Xanthate), commonly used as a flotation reagent in mineral processing, is described here as an example. Results from such an analysis can be incorporated into a decision making process that facilitates the selection of greener reagents and provides valuable insights to improve and develop sustainable practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Late Breaking Abstract - Life cycle assessment (LCA) and cradle-to-grave carbon footprint of a multidose reservoirdry powder inhaler product family
- Author
-
Ville Vartiainen, Aino Takala, Jussi Haikarainen, Grace Parker, and Tari Haahtela
- Subjects
Waste management ,business.industry ,Carbon footprint ,Product family ,Medicine ,business ,Life-cycle assessment ,Cradle to grave ,Dry-powder inhaler - Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Cold Brew Coffee Extract, A Cradle to Grave Approach
- Author
-
Michael Muller and Shawn Gouws
- Subjects
Cradle to grave - Abstract
The research question related to this study was to produce various products from grounded-coffee beans such as cold-brew coffee extracts, firelighters, and soil fertilizer. The extraction of cold brew coffee (CBC) was investigated by brewing one particular sample of Rwanda coffee (medium roasted) using a cold and hot method, so that we could compare two brewing methodologies. The main parameter investigated was temperature. According to literature, particle size plays no significant role in the CBC extraction process. This work suggests that CBC can be extracted between 15 – 20 oC over 10 to 12 hours instead of 24 hours as outlined in typical cold brew extraction processes. The CBC can then be served with various flavors or diluted neatly in ice water or hot served if preferred or with milk. The spent GCB could be utilized in products such as firelighters or log firelighters for a log fire. This application has shown promising results and has longer burning times for the ignition of log fires and emits a pleasant soft coffee aroma.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Ionic Liquid versus Traditional Volatile Organic Solvent in the Natural Gas Dehydration Process: A Comparison from a Life Cycle Perspective
- Author
-
Ning Liu, Ruinian Xu, Gangqiang Yu, Biaohua Chen, Bin Wu, and Chengna Dai
- Subjects
Waste management ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Organic solvent ,General Chemistry ,medicine.disease ,Cradle to grave ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Natural gas ,Scientific method ,Ionic liquid ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Dehydration ,business ,Life-cycle assessment ,Natural gas dehydration - Abstract
The life cycle environmental sustainability of the natural gas (NG) dehydration process using novel dehydrant [EMIM][Tf2N] ionic liquid (IL) has been evaluated using a “cradle to grave” life cycle ...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. AN OVERVIEW OF SCHEDULED WASTES MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA
- Author
-
Nor Faiza Mt, Muhammad Zubir Yusof, and Noor Artika H
- Subjects
Waste generation ,Government ,ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION ,Waste production ,business.industry ,Manufacturing ,Paradigm shift ,business ,Environmental planning ,Cradle to grave ,Environmental quality - Abstract
The article reviews the scheduled waste management in Malaysia. It describes the scheduled waste classifications, characteristics, the sources of scheduled wastes, the policies and regulations related to scheduled wastes, the management of scheduled wastes in Malaysia and the challenges related to scheduled waste management in Malaysia. Currently, the manufacturing industry has contributed the highest scheduled waste production in Malaysia. Under the Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974, the government has set up several legal provisions specifically for scheduled waste generation, storage, transportation, and disposal. The aims are to reduce the potential risks to human and the environment. The paradigm shift from cradle to grave to cradle to cradle concept is a sustainable and sound concept which is inevitable step to minimize the scheduled waste generation in Malaysia.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A DAY-CARE BUILDING IN EGYPT BY LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT TOOL
- Author
-
Ahmed Bdelmontaleb M. Ali., Sara Hassan S. Abdelhalem, and Nady Mustafa A. Amri
- Subjects
Environmental analysis ,Product life-cycle management ,Demolition waste ,Construction industry ,Greenhouse gas ,Day care ,Business ,Environmental planning ,Life-cycle assessment ,Cradle to grave - Abstract
This paper aims to measure the footprint for construction materials and construction and demolition waste (CDW) environmental impacts for a case study building in Egypt through the complete Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the building ‘from cradle to grave’. The LCA measures eight impact categories, including carbon emissions and energy demand. Our analysis demonstrates the relative importance of life cycle stages; construction processes and materials manufacturing that make the largest contributions to the buildings’ environmental impacts. The results show that the material manufacturing stage is the most critical stage because of its high contribution (about 70%) of the total environmental impacts. On the other hand the disposal stage contributes (about -10%). The results can help engineers and construction industry stakeholders in Egypt to use more sustainable construction materials and change their CDW management practice.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The gut in later life
- Author
-
Patricia Macnair
- Subjects
0303 health sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,History ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,Ancient history ,Cradle to grave ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
From cradle to grave, the gastrointestinal (GI) system is a common source of symptoms. So, what does it matter that someone is aged 88 years rather than 18 years? The answer is ‘a lot’. Differences range from changes in physiology to a growing impact of other illnesses on GI function. For example, deteriorating dentition and appetite can interfere with input at the top end of the tract, and a myriad of factors may disrupt transit, absorption and sphincter control at the other end. A multitude of challenges can face people in later life. This article offers 10 essential points about GI function in later life for GPs to consider.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Introduction: Fandom from cradle to grave?
- Author
-
Matthew Hills
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,History ,Aesthetics ,Fandom ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Cradle to grave - Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Cradle‐to‐grave carbon footprint of dried organic pasta: assessment and potential mitigation measures
- Author
-
Mauro Moresi, Alessio Cimini, and Matteo Cibelli
- Subjects
Food Handling ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Polypropylene or polyethylene bags ,Carbon dioxide equivalent ,03 medical and health sciences ,Electric energy ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Triticum ,Carbon Footprint ,0303 health sciences ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Chemical industry ,Carbon Dioxide ,Pulp and paper industry ,040401 food science ,Cradle to grave ,Dry organic pasta ,Business-to-consumer carbon footprint ,Decorticated organic durum wheat ,Greenhouse gas ,Carbon footprint ,Environmental science ,Food, Organic ,Cooking phase ,Reference case ,Paperboard boxes ,Sensitivity analysis ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science ,Biotechnology ,Renewable resource - Abstract
Background In several Environmental Product Declarations, the business-to-business carbon footprint (CFCDC ) of durum wheat semolina dried pasta ranged from 0.57 to 1.72 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e ) kg-1 . In this work, the business-to-consumer carbon footprint (CFCG ) of 1 kg of dry decorticated organic durum wheat semolina pasta, as packed in 0.5 kg polypropylene bags by a South Italian medium-sized pasta factory in the years 2016 and 2017, was assessed in compliance with the Publicly Available Specification 2050 standard method. Results Whereas CFCDC was mostly conditioned by the greenhouse gases emitted throughout durum wheat cultivation (0.67 vs 1.12 kg CO2e kg-1 ), CFCG was mainly dependent on the use and post-consume phases (0.68 vs 1.81 kg CO2e kg-1 ). CFCG was more or less affected by the pasta types and packing formats used, since it varied from +0.3 to +14.8% with respect to the minimum score estimated (1.74 kg CO2e kg-1 ), which corresponded to long goods packed in 3 kg bags for catering service. Once the main hotspots had been identified, CFCG was stepwise reduced by resorting to a series of mitigation actions. Conclusion Use of more eco-sustainable cooking practices, organic durum wheat kernels resulting from less impacting cultivation techniques, and renewable resources to generate the thermal and electric energy needs reduced CFCG by about 58% with respect to the above reference case. Finally, by shifting from road to rail freight transport and shortening the supply logistics of dry pasta and grains, a further 5% reduction in CFCG was achieved. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Combined life cycle assessment and artificial intelligence for prediction of output energy and environmental impacts of sugarcane production
- Author
-
Ashkan Nabavi-Pelesaraei, Mohammad Sharifi, Hossein Mobli, Kwok Wing Chau, and Ali Kaab
- Subjects
Farms ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Environment ,Iran ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Fuzzy Logic ,Artificial Intelligence ,Environmental Chemistry ,Production (economics) ,Environmental impact assessment ,Fertilizers ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Life-cycle assessment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system ,business.industry ,Agriculture ,Pollution ,Cradle to grave ,Saccharum ,Environmental science ,Neural Networks, Computer ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Hybrid learning algorithm ,Algorithms ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
This study aims to employ two artificial intelligence (AI) methods, namely, artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model, for predicting life cycle environmental impacts and output energy of sugarcane production in planted or ratoon farms. The study is performed in Imam Khomeini Sugarcane Agro-Industrial Company (IKSAIC) in Khuzestan province of Iran. Based on the cradle to grave approach, life cycle assessment (LCA) is employed to evaluate environmental impacts and study environmental impact categories of sugarcane production. Results of this study show that the consumed and output energies of sugarcane production are in average 172,856.14 MJ ha−1, 120,000 MJ ha−1 in planted farms and 122,801.15 MJ ha−1, 98,850 MJ ha−1 in ratoon farms, respectively. Results show that, in sugarcane production, electricity, machinery, biocides and sugarcane stem cuttings have the largest impact on the indices in planted farms. However, in ratoon farms, electricity, machinery, biocides and nitrogen fertilizers have the largest share in increasing the indices. ANN model with 9-10-5-11 and 7-9-6-11 structures are the best topologies for predicting environmental impacts and output energy of sugarcane production in planted and ratoon farms, respectively. Results from ANN models indicated that the coefficient of determination (R2) varies from 0.923 to 0.986 in planted farms and 0.942 to 0.982 in ratoon farms in training stage for environmental impacts and outpt energy. Results from ANFIS model, which is developed based on a hybrid learning algorithm, showed that, for prediction of environmental impacts, R2 varies from 0.912 to 0.978 and 0.986 to 0.999 in plant and ratoon farms, respectively, and for prediction of output energy, R2 varies from 0.944 and 0.996 in planted and ratoon farms. Results indicate that ANFIS model is a useful tool for prediction of environmental impacts and output energy of sugarcane production in planted and ratoon farms.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Kitchen Therapy
- Author
-
Charlotte Hastings
- Subjects
Creative therapy ,Unconscious mind ,Embodied cognition ,Aesthetics ,Group setting ,population characteristics ,food and beverages ,Latin word ,Product (category theory) ,Talk therapy ,Psychology ,Cradle to grave - Abstract
This chapter explores our evolutionary, ancestral and individual relationship with cooking and its symbolic, connecting potential to enhance relational bonding – the Latin word for “company” is con-panis, “with bread.” The author’s journey to develop Kitchen Therapy is charted; her experiences as a child and a mother, working as a cookery teacher and from psychotherapy training. This innovative, creative therapy combines talk therapy with cooking and can take place in the consulting room, dedicated kitchen or community kitchen and can be used with individuals, couples, parent-child pairs, and with groups. The process of cooking taps into deep embodied memories; as Freud saw dreams as the Royal Road to the Unconscious, our relationship with food opens pathways into the inner world where our stories around feeding, cooking and eating continue to nourish (or poison) our lives, from cradle to grave. Kitchen Therapy focuses on the process of cooking over its product, recognising we need both psychological nutrition (love) and physical nutrition (food). The rationale and practice of Kitchen Therapy is described, with examples from psychotherapy with an individual and in a group setting. An appendix is provided describing how the principles of KT can be used to enhance traditional psychotherapy.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Life Cycle Assessment of Methyl Bromide Production and Utilization: Cradle to Grave Analysis
- Author
-
Amit Shanbag and Sampatrao D. Manjare
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Engineering ,chemistry ,Waste management ,Bromide ,business.industry ,Production (economics) ,business ,Life-cycle assessment ,Cradle to grave - Abstract
Methyl bromide is an effective and useful insecticide. It has ability to enter rapidly into materials at room temperature & pressure. Nowadays, it is primarily used for container fumigation purposes. However, exposure to it causes serious health-related issues. It is also one of the ozone-depleting substances. In this work, “cradle to gate” and “cradle to grave” approaches are considered to carry out a life cycle assessment of methyl bromide production. SimaPro software with the IMPACT 2002+ method is used to compute the results. From the results of cradle to gate approach, it is inferred that major emissions are due to usage of plant utilities and methanol production process which have a substantial effect on the atmosphere. From the results of cradle to grave approach, it is noted that application of methyl bromide causes significant environmental damage particularly to ozone layer followed by non-carcinogen.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of single-use cups made from PLA, PP and PET
- Author
-
Moretti, Christian, Hamelin, Lorie, Jakobsen, Line Geest, Junginger, Martin H, Steingrimsdottir, Maria Magnea, Høibye, Linda, Shen, Li, Biobased Economy, Energy, Resources & Technological Change, Energy and Resources, Biobased Economy, Energy, Resources & Technological Change, Energy and Resources, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), COWI AS, European CommissionEuropean Commission Joint Research Centre2106/RTD/F2/OP/PP-04541-2016, and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology ,Circular economy ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Biomass ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Single-use plastics ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Bio-based economy ,Environmental impact assessment ,021108 energy ,Life-cycle assessment ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Single use ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Fossil fuel ,Cradle to grave ,Land use change (LUC) ,13. Climate action ,Environmental science ,Resource use ,sense organs ,business ,End-of-life - Abstract
International audience; Polylactide (PLA) is both bio-based and biodegradable and has therefore attracted increased attention for singleuse plastics applications. Under the context of the recent EU Plastics and Bioeconomy strategies, this study uses life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess the environmental footprint of single-use drinking cups made from PLA, including 13 environmental impact categories. Land use changes (LUCs) were assessed based on a deterministic model. The manufacturing phase was modeled based on primary production data stemming directly from the industry. The end-of-life (EoL) impacts were assessed using the EASETECH. PLA cups were then compared with their petrochemical counterparts polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) cups. Based on the available data quality of the petrochemical polymers, six impact categories were compared. For PLA cups, the process energy use in the conversion from biomass to PLA polymer was identified as the main environmental hotspot, followed by the electricity consumption of thermoforming of the cups. It was found that the biomass acquisition phase has a limited overall impact. LUCs contribute to a negligible impact in all impact categories except for climate change and photochemical ozone formation. Compared to PET cups, the current PLA cups offer environmental impact savings for climate change even including the impacts of LUC. Compared to both PET and PP cups, PLA cups offer savings for fossil fuels resource use but lead to higher impacts for photochemical ozone formation, acidification and terrestrial eutrophication.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Life-Cycle Assessment of the Breezhaler® Breath-Actuated Dry Powder Inhaler
- Author
-
Karen Mezzi, Brett Fulford, Andy Whiting, and Simon Aumônier
- Subjects
life-cycle assessment ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,TJ807-830 ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,TD194-195 ,01 natural sciences ,environmental impact ,Renewable energy sources ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Breezhaler® respiratory inhaler ,cradle-to-grave ,Environmental impact assessment ,GE1-350 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Life-cycle assessment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Waste management ,Environmental effects of industries and plants ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Inhaler ,Resource depletion ,Cradle to grave ,Dry-powder inhaler ,Environmental sciences ,Carbon footprint ,Environmental science ,Global-warming potential - Abstract
The Breezhaler® dry powder inhaler (DPI) has a low carbon footprint compared with other inhalation therapies, consistent with the literature on other DPIs. This life-cycle assessment was conducted in France, Germany, the UK, and Japan using a “cradle-to-grave” technique to evaluate six environmental impact categories (global warming potential, acidification, ozone depletion, use of resource, minerals, and metals, eco-toxicity, and freshwater use) associated with the use of the Breezhaler®. Three variants of the Breezhaler® (30-day packs with and without the digital companion and a 90-day pack without the digital companion) were evaluated to identify major hotspots in the device life-cycle and to provide realistic solutions to reduce the environmental impact. Although no single life-cycle stage dominated the climate change impact of the 30-day device with the digital companion, the inhaler’s raw materials and packaging contributed to 96% of the resource depletion impact for the 30-day device without the digital companion. For the 90-day device without the digital companion, packaging contributed 42–62% of the impact across all categories. Overall, the Breezhaler® inhaler with the 90-day pack had the lowest environmental impact. The environmental impact of the device did not vary significantly among the considered markets. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of active pharmaceutical ingredients and improvement in clinical outcomes on the environment.
- Published
- 2021
40. Aplicação da metodologia de avaliação do ciclo de vida energético a uma residência em Belém-PA
- Author
-
Simone Costa and Darja Kos
- Subjects
Agricultural science ,Operational energy ,Computer science ,Energy consumption ,Total energy ,Cradle to grave - Abstract
Na busca por redução dos impactos energéticos associados a todo ciclo de vida da edificação, a avaliação do ciclo de vida energético - ACVE, mostra-se uma ferramenta eficaz. O artigo tem como objetivo identificar e classificar a disponibilidade de dados para o emprego dessa ferramenta com escopo, “berço ao túmulo”, adotando vida útil de 50 anos em uma residência em Belém do Pará. A metodologia, estudo de caso, considerou as etapas mais utilizadas de ACVE de edificações residenciais, com dados secundários e conceito metodológico obtido em pesquisa científica de Tavares (2006) e Caldas, et al (2016). O resultado do consumo energético total para o cenário existente, foi 62.75 GJ/m². A energia operacional na etapa de uso, apresentou o maior consumo energético, 69% em 50 anos, seguida da energia incorporada inicial com 28%. Na classificação dos dados obtidos concluiu-se que, 20% dos dados demandam estudos abrangentes. Refletindo a necessidade desses estudos para os valores de energia incorporada nos materiais e sistemas construtivos, voltados para realidade brasileira e regional. Assim, a análise dos dados obtidos deve ser realizada com cautela e de forma híbrida, critério utilizado dependendo da disponibilidade e dificuldade na obtenção dos dados necessários para o cálculo da energia incorporada.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Orienteering from Cradle to Grave—How a Sport Could Offer Lifelong Participation
- Author
-
Max Bergström, Stig Arve Sæther, and Mats Jong
- Subjects
Applied psychology ,Social Sciences ,Elite athletes ,Orienteering ,sport participation ,elite athletes ,Social community ,orienteering ,Recreation ,Sport and Fitness Sciences ,Recreational activity ,biology ,Idrottsvetenskap ,Athletes ,General Social Sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,Cradle to grave ,recreational activity ,Elite ,Thematic analysis ,Psychology ,Sport participation ,social community - Abstract
Background: The aim of this present study is to explore what makes orienteering meaningful and rewarding to former elite athletes’ years or even decades after ending their elite careers. Methods: Applying a qualitative approach with a case study design, data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 11 former elite orienteers from Norway and Sweden, and the data was subsequently analyzed with thematic analysis, resulting in two main themes: individually matched challenges and a social community. Results: The character, structure, and culture of orienteering both enabled and encouraged former elite athletes to make the transition into recreational sport. Even so, the characteristics of the sport related to both its structure (range of ages, level, and ambition) and organization (well-organized) as well as the participants’ backgrounds (well-educated) and intrinsic motivation (satisfaction, enjoyment, mastery) seemed to match a lifelong sport participation. Conclusions: These factors could indicate that orienteering is a sport that can facilitate a lifelong sport participation for athletes with such a background.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. The role of anisotropy in oceanic lithosphere from 'cradle to grave'
- Author
-
Fred Richards, L. M. Kalnins, Georgios-Pavlos Farangitakis, and Frederik J. Simons
- Subjects
Paleontology ,Lithosphere ,Anisotropy ,Cradle to grave ,Geology - Abstract
The oceanic crust and lithosphere are commonly treated as geologically simple, their fundamental properties encapsulated by the 1D model of layered oceanic crust and the plate-cooling model of lithospheric thickness we learnt as undergraduates. The question of directionality or anisotropy in the behaviour and deeper structure of oceanic plates is relatively rarely considered, despite formation processes, such as rifting and seafloor spreading, and surface topography, such as abyssal hills, that are clearly highly anisotropic. In this presentation, we bring together evidence from a variety of sources from regional studies of rifting and volcanism to numerical modelling and global analyses of bathymetry and gravity data. We show how anisotropy is imprinted into the oceanic lithosphere at formation, both in the early rifting phases and at mature spreading centres, and how that anisotropic signature persists for many millions of years, potentially strengthened by preferential alignment of mineral phases as the moving plates cool and thicken. We then consider how this directionality impacts later deformation, volcanism, and eventually subduction.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Cradle-to-grave environmental impact assessment of silver enabled t-shirts: Do nano-specific impacts exceed non nano-specific emissions?
- Author
-
Sila Temizel-Sekeryan and Andrea L. Hicks
- Subjects
Textile ,Silver ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Polyesters ,Metal Nanoparticles ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Raw material ,Environment ,01 natural sciences ,Silver nanoparticle ,Textile manufacturing ,Human health ,Humans ,Environmental impact assessment ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Ecosystem ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Cradle to grave ,Environmental science ,Ecotoxicity ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Safety Research - Abstract
Consumption of silver nanoparticles (nAg) is increasing due to their use in various industries. A comprehensive analysis is needed to elucidate the potential environmental and human health benefits and costs of the silver-enabled consumer products. For this purpose, four commercially available silver/nanosilver enabled polyester textiles with different initial silver/nanosilver loadings (1.07–4030 μg Ag/g textile) are included in the current research and cradle-to-grave life cycle assessments (LCA) are conducted to identify hotspots associated with production and use of these products throughout their lifetimes (100 cycles). Both non nano-specific and nano-specific impacts are calculated using nano-specific ecotoxicity characterization factors for nAg, instead of the commonly utilized ionic silver (Ag+) surrogate. Additionally, four different laundering scenarios were modeled to analyze the impacts resulting from using conventional and high efficiency machines. In the majority of environmental impact categories, either polyester textile manufacturing (regardless of Ag/nAg enabling) or laundering were identified as hotspots. Non nano-specific ecotoxicity impacts ranged from 1.58 × 101–2.91 × 101 CTUe/textile (CTUe: comparative toxic units for ecosystems) and nano-specific ecotoxicity impacts ranged from 2.01 × 10−4–3.10 × 10−3 CTUe/textile for the lowest and the highest Ag/nAg containing textiles, respectively. It is also found that unless the initial silver loading per textile is significantly high (in this case 4030 μg Ag/g textile comparing to the lowest load of 1.07 μg Ag/g textile), ecotoxicity and human health impacts of released silver species would be lower than ecotoxicity and human health impacts resulting from raw materials acquisition and manufacturing of the antibacterial textiles.
- Published
- 2021
44. Biodegradable Polymers
- Author
-
Manjari Sharma
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Engineering ,chemistry ,Polymer science ,business.industry ,Polymer ,Biodegradation ,Standard methods ,Sri lanka ,business ,Biodegradable polymer ,Cradle to grave ,Characterization (materials science) - Abstract
This book is about development of biodegradable polymers alternatives, which are required to save our reserves of fossil fuels and to save our mother earth from further environmental degradation. This book deals with the family of biodegradable polymers which have to be prepared with a novel idea of studying polymers with a “Cradle to Grave” approach. It touches upon basic materials, which can be potential materials to prepare biodegradable polymers with their basic structures, properties, behaviour and limitations known till date. This book will help students in understanding various characterization techniques which can be used for the study of identification of functional group, structural properties, thermal behaviour, crystallographic nature, mechanical properties and morphological properties through FTIR–ATR for physico chemical properties, DSC & TGA for thermal studies, XRD for crystallographic studies & SEM for morphological studies. It also provides an overview of various testing methods to analysebiodegradability including standard guideline for evaluation of biodegradation and compostability of polymer material through ASTM/ISO/EN standard methods. Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Regulatory, safety, and toxicological concerns of nanomaterials with their manufacturing issues
- Author
-
Natasa Skoko, Maurizio Fermeglia, Erik Laurini, Sabrina Pricl, Domenico Marson, Suzana Aulic, Nanasaheb D. Thorat and Nitesh Kumar, Aulic, Suzana, Laurini, Erik, Marson, Domenico, Skoko, Natasa, Fermeglia, Maurizio, and Pricl, Sabrina
- Subjects
Engineering ,environmental safety ,Exploit ,business.industry ,Nanomedicine ,nanomaterials ,nanoparticles regulations ,nanotoxicity ,manufacturing ,Cradle to grave ,Clinical Practice ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Environmental safety ,nanoparticles regulation ,nanomaterial ,Risks and benefits ,business ,Production chain ,AKA - Abstract
A great deal of scientific and economic efforts is currently being focused on nanotechnology, providing ample opportunity for scientific advances and new products for virtually all fields of application. However, substantial hurdles still remain on the road from the conception of a nanomaterial to its everyday use or, in case of nanomedicine, to its adoption in the clinical practice. Some of these include, for instance, (1) the need to bridge existing interdisciplinary gaps in order to exploit all different fields of knowledge in the effective and efficient design, development and testing of new nanomaterials; (2) the necessity to define appropriate standardized methodologies and procedures along the entire nanomaterial production chain (i.e., from cradle to grave), thereby contributing actively in closing the persistent nanomaterial regulatory gap; and (3) the urgency to raise awareness about risks and benefits associated with nanotechnology and nanomaterials both to policy makers and the general public. This chapter will try to briefly review all these points, with a specific eye on nanomaterials for biomedical applications (aka nanomedicines).
- Published
- 2021
46. The Environmental and Social Impacts of Hemp
- Author
-
Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu and Fieke Dhondt
- Subjects
Crop ,Environmental protection ,Textile production ,Biodiversity ,Production (economics) ,Environmental science ,Pesticide ,Life-cycle assessment ,Cradle to grave - Abstract
Hemp growth, cultivation, and fibre to textile production processes significantly impact the environment, whereas hemp is beneficial for biodiversity, has a high-carbon uptake, and does not require herbicides and pesticides for growth. Crop to textile production requires harsh chemicals and is highly water and energy intensive. Gathered information from multiple life cycle assessment studies is separated into two parts: studies on the climate hot spots in hemp production and research on the social impacts of hemp processing with possible risks and impacts.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. A Cradle-to-Grave Life Cycle Assessment Study on a New Countertop Material
- Author
-
Idalina Domingos, Luiza Silva, José Ferreira, Dulcineia F. Wessel, Isabel Brás, and Maria Elisabete Silva
- Subjects
History ,Circular economy ,Furniture ,circular economy ,Environmental ethics ,recycling ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,Cradle to grave ,Environmental sciences ,Life cycle assessment ,life cycle assessment ,furniture ,GE1-350 ,Recycling ,Life-cycle assessment ,TD1-1066 ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The life cycle of furniture products has been decreased in the last years as a consequence of the continuous improvement of people’s housing conditions. This behavior increases the waste amount in an urban area. The focus of this study was developing a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (cradle-to-grave) of a new countertop product. Two scenarios for countertop waste management were proposed, one considering landfilling and another considering recycling. The functional unit chosen was 1 m2 of finished panel (countertop) and the boundary system involved the study of raw materials, product packaging, the panel production process, the installation process, the panel use, and its end of life. The chosen method for impact assessment was EPD (2018) available in the SimaPro PhD software. The results showed that recycling has a positive effect on the environmental impacts, with the variation ranging from 0.3% on Abiotic Depletion (FF) to 15.9% on Eutrophication. A comparison between the product studied and products with similar functions was also conducted and although this product was not the worst performer, it has a lot of room for improvement. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
48. Life cycle assessment of sustainable composites
- Author
-
Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri, Tee Jun Jie, and Elammaran Jayamani
- Subjects
High energy ,Recipe ,Composite number ,Glass fiber ,Environmental science ,Raw material ,Composite material ,Life-cycle assessment ,Cradle to grave ,Life cycle inventory - Abstract
This chapter discussed on the use and evaluation of flax and glass fiber phenolic composite on aircraft applications using the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique. In extend, it also involves the evaluation and comparison of the environmental impacts of flax and glass fiber phenolic composite used in Boeing 737 aircraft’s sidewall panels from cradle to grave phases. Four phases of LCA were applied; goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI), life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation of selected materials’ applications using GaBi software and ReCiPe impact assessment method. Results show that by approximately 23%, the impact categories of all flax fiber phenolic composites are lower than the glass fiber. It shows that the LCA results are dominated by the result of the use phase. Conclusively, despite of high energy usage during the extraction of flax fiber raw material, flax fiber phenolic composite panel is considered more environment-friendly than the glass fiber phenolic composite panel.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. From Cradle to Grave: A Life Story in Jewelry
- Author
-
Marie-Claire Bakker and Kara McKeown
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,Art history ,Art ,Cradle to grave ,media_common - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of alternative and conventional fuel vehicles in India
- Author
-
Inês Azevedo, Shayak Sengupta, and Tapas Peshin
- Subjects
business.product_category ,Natural resource economics ,020209 energy ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Cradle to grave ,Internal combustion engine ,Work (electrical) ,Greenhouse gas ,Electric vehicle ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Damages ,Environmental science ,business ,Greenhouse effect ,Life-cycle assessment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
India is the third largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world after US and China. The transportation sector currently constitutes 18% of total India GHG emissions. Electrifying the current fleet and future transportation could hold the potential to reduce emissions and its associated damages. In this work, we provide a holistic cradle to grave life cycle approach to estimate GHG emissions for representative passenger vehicles driven in Indian states/union territories (UTs). We use publicly available Government of India data and review previously conducted life cycle assessment (LCA) studies for various life cycle stages to present the first state-specific LCA study associated with internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Subsequently, we draw policy implications for large-scale electric vehicle implementation in these states/UTs based on the grid mix in the different regions of the country. Our results show that besides the states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa and Jharkhand which have higher use phase emissions, life-cycle GHG emissions associated with BEVs are lowest compared to all other conventional and alternative vehicles.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.