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2. Geographical dimensions of business format franchising

Author

Cox, Juliet Anna

Subjects
330.9
Abstract

Franchising is one of the most understudied areas of entrepreneurship (Fenwick and Strombom, 1998) despite the economic significance and international scale of franchise activity. This thesis aims to redress this neglect by examining business format franchise systems in the UK. The research focuses on three key geographical issues. Paradoxically, geographical dimensions of franchise activity have not been acknowledged in past research despite the fact that franchising is inherently geographical and issues of expansion, location, territory and local environment are central to franchising. Forty in-depth interviews with franchisors across six different sectors of franchise activity have been conducted. The first issue examines why firms franchise and how spatial expansion is achieved. The findings suggest that franchise firms undergo a four-stage spatial expansion life cycle: the initial (pilot), roll out, consolidation and maturity stages. Three strategies were used to achieve network growth: (i) a franchisor-led approach; (ii) a franchisee-led approach; and (iii) a hybrid approach (franchisor and franchisee-led). Methods of growth included utilising single, multiunit and area operators. These expansion strategies illustrate the locational decision making processes of both the franchisor and the franchisee. The second issue examines how franchise systems manage the dynamic nature of network growth over time from early to latter stages of expansion. As a franchise network grows and with increased market penetration as a franchise format becomes better known, the basis of a franchise network may need to be restructured (i. e. new units added to existing operational areas). The sample of franchise systems had three models of network allocation: networks allocated on the basis of exclusive territories; networks allocated on the basis of non-exclusive territories; and networks where neither exclusivity or territories were allocated - units were simply licensed to franchisees. Network allocations had different contractual and operational implications for the restructuring process and the ability of a firm to take advantage of new market potential if it arose over time. Therefore, it was necessary for firms to employ restructuring mechanisms to facilitate new expansion opportunities. The third issue examines the role of the local environment and its effect on format implementation. Business format franchising is based on a system of replicating a comprehensive, tried and tested business formula based around a tradename or trademark, in different localities. However, franchisees operating in different geographical environments (which vary in terms of competition, consumer preference and level of resources) may not be able to adapt to the demands of their local environment because of the constraints of operating to a national or international standardised franchise format. A model is developed which demonstrates the circumstances in which format standardisation or adaptation occurs in response to local environmental pressures. Franchisors permit some format adaptation when the overriding benefits of modification lead to enhanced format implementation and operation. Format standardisation is enforced if adaptation negatively distorts system and brand integrity.

Published
2002

6. Standardisation versus adaptation: geographical pressures to deviate from franchise formats

Author

Cox, Juliet and Mason, Colin

Subjects
Franchises -- Management, Strategic planning (Business) -- Research, Company business management, Business, Business, international
Abstract

A study was conducted to examine whether variations in the local geographical environment affect format implementation of franchises. A total of 40 UK-based franchisors were interviewed. Findings show that the implementation of franchise ideas across systems is found in only a few cases. It was also found out that most franchisors agree that their franchisees are an important source of innovation.

Published
2007

9. Continental Development alters 'just compensation' definition under California law.

Author

Cox, Juliet E.

Subjects
Eminent domain (Law) -- Laws, regulations and rules, Compensation (Law) -- Laws, regulations and rules, Real property -- Valuation, Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority v. Continental Development Corp. (941 P.2d 809 (Cal. 1997))
Abstract

The author discusses the impact of the California Supreme Court's decision in Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority v. Continental Development Corp., in which the court altered the meaning of "just compensation" in eminent domain cases.

Published
2000

10. Utility forecasts: the state of the art

Author

Taufique, Altaf and Cox, Juliet

Subjects
Electric utilities -- Forecasts and trends, Business forecasting -- Innovations, Business, Business, general
Abstract

A survey of electric utility forecasting professionals was conducted to determine their methods, utilization and improvement of utility forecasts. The results showed that integrated resource planning and preparation of revenue forecasts are the most important uses of utility forecasts. Standard MWh and MW forecasts are the most requested and the most important types of information in different utility functions. Other results of the survey are presented.

Published
1994

12. Franchise Network Restructuring: Pressures, Constraints and Mechanisms

Author

Mason, C.M. and Cox, Juliet

Subjects
HF
Abstract

Franchised businesses operate on the basis of granting individual franchisees trading rights to serve territories or market areas on either an exclusive or non-exclusive basis. The design of these territories is generally undertaken during the roll-out phase of the franchise. However, these territories and market areas may become sub-optimal over time, necessitating restructuring. But if the franchisor has granted exclusive rights to a territory then this is likely to involve a breach in the franchise contract. In cases where existing franchisees do not have exclusive territories they may nevertheless make a legal challenge to the creation of additional franchises on the grounds of encroachment. This paper - which is based on a study of 40 franchisors in the United Kingdom - examines how franchisors go about network restructuring in constrained and non-constrained situations. Franchisors typically did not act on their legal rights, echoing findings of earlier franchising studies which reveal a divergence between contractual rights and operational behaviour. This focus on network restructuring also provides new perspectives on the reasons for ownership reversion and the growth of multi-unit franchisees.

Published
2009

13. Standardisation versus adaption: Geographical Pressures To Deviate From Franchise Formats

Author

Mason, Colin and Cox, Juliet

Subjects
HF
Abstract

There is a tension in business format franchising between, on the one hand, standardisation and uniformity and, on the other hand, geographical variations in market conditions and resource availability. Previous research has demonstrated in the case of independent small firms that local geographical conditions influence business strategy. This paper examines whether variations in the local geographical environment, notably in terms of demand and supply side conditions, affect format implementation and whether franchisors permit franchisees to make local adaptations of the format in response to local environmental conditions. The study is based on interviews with 40 UK-based franchisors, all of whom were at the later stages of roll-out or in the consolidation stage of network development. Local variations in the business environment do create a conflict with the need to maintain the uniformity of the franchise format. Adaptation was restricted to peripheral format components. No changes were made to the core format components. Most franchisors recognise that their franchisees are an important source of new innovation. However, implementation of franchisee ideas across the system is found in only a minority of cases.

Published
2007

14. Nutrient accumulation in soils under long-term farm dairy effluent application : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Soil Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Author

Cox, Juliet and Cox, Juliet

Abstract

Land-based application of farm dairy effluent (FDE) has been encouraged by regional councils since the introduction of the resource management act (RMA) in 1991. The problems associated with FDE irrigation are high levels of nitrate in ground and surface waters which can lead to human health issues where the groundwater is used as drinking-water and environmental degradation of streams, rivers and lakes. Regional councils impose nitrogen loading limits to reduce the likelihood of environmental problems from nitrate leaching. Long-term data investigating FDE application and the associated soil changes over time is currently unavailable and the nutrient budgeting tool OVERSEER® Nutrient Budgets 2 is validated against only short-term trials. Therefore, assumptions made in the model for long-term FDE application areas may not be correct. The project investigated the soil chemical characteristics of six long-term (>6 years) farm dairy effluent paddocks and matched non-effluent paddocks in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty. Fieldwork involved the removal of five core samples from each paddock, with each core yielding six sub-samples of 75 mm depth. Soil analyses included bulk density calculations, cation exchange capacity, total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus determination and Olsen P. It was found that two sites had the same total cation exchange capacity in the effluent and non-effluent paddocks, but the proportions of the individual cations were different. A significant (α = 0.05) difference in the exchangeable potassium concentration existed between the pairs of paddocks with much greater potassium found in the areas irrigated with FDE. No discernable difference in the concentrations of carbon and nitrogen was found between the topsoil of the effluent and non-effluent paddocks. This was due to the highly variable nature of the effluent and the soils themselves, and the large pool of nutrients in the soil, requiring a large change before a noticeable difference occurred.

Published
2005

20. Compression of polystyrene–poly(ethylene oxide) surface aggregates at the air/water interface

Author

K. Cox, Juliet, Yu, Kui, Eisenberg, Adi, and Bruce Lennox, R.

Abstract

We have investigated the effect of surface compression on the form of surface aggregates of diblock copolymers of polystyrene and poly(ethylene oxide) formed on a water subphase. The hexagonal order found in the surface aggregates at low surface pressures is disrupted as the surface pressure increases up to the transition in the surface pressure–area isotherm. We show that the PEO block does not go into the aqueous subphase to form a brush. Three models describing the conformation of the copolymer in the surface aggregates are proposed and their relative merits in terms of the experimental evidence are discussed. The most favored model is one where the polystyrene core of the surface aggregates sits on top of a coherent film of PEO. There is a good correlation between the behavior of the diblock copolymer and previous work by Shuler and Zisma on spread films of homopoly(ethylene oxide). In this description the PEO undergoes a dehydration process and a conformational change upon compression.

Published
1999
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