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Lithoxus jariensis, sp. n. Fig. 2; Table 1 Holotype. MZUSP 123131, 60.7 mm SL, municipality of Laranjal do Jari, Amap�� State, rio Itapuru, cachoeira de S��o Raimundo, rio Jari, rio Amazonas basin, 00��33���59��� S, 52��34���40��� W, 20 February 2009, J.L Birindelli, L.S. Sousa, & M. Soares. Paratypes. All specimens from Brazil: Amap�� State: rio Jari: rio Amazon basin: LBP 19553 (3, 33.8���45.5 mm SL, 1 c&s, 47.1 mm SL), collected with holotype. LBP 20468 (1, 32.2 mm SL), municipality of Laranjal do Jari, igarap�� Iratapuru, 00��32���01���S, 52��35���05���W, 26 September 2015, C. Oliveira & B.F. Melo. LBP 20512 (10, 29.3��� 48.1 mm SL, 1 c&s, 45.6 mm SL), municipality of Laranjal do Jari, rio Jari, rio Amazonas basin, 00��38���33���S, 52��30���27���W, 28 September 2015, C. Oliveira & B.F. Melo. MHNG 2767.051 (2, 48.1���48.9 mm SL), municipality of Almeirim, rio Jari, rio Amazonas basin, 00��37���25���S, 52��32���48���W, 19 February 2009, J.L Birindelli, L.S. Sousa, & M. Soares. MZUSP 103396 (24, 30.0��� 50.7 mm SL), municipality of Almeirim, rio Jari, rio Amazonas basin, 00��37���25���S, 52��32���48���W, 19 February 2009, J.L Birindelli, L.S. Sousa, & M. Soares. MZUSP 103491 (40, 19.5��� 53.2 mm SL), collected with holotype. MZUSP 101528 (17, 29.2���53.3 mm SL), municipality of Laranjal do Jari, rio Jari, rio Amazonas basin, 00��38���44���S, 52��30���34���W, 19 September 2008, C. Moreira & A. Akama. Diagnosis. Lithoxus jariensis differs from L. surinamensis and L. pallidimaculatus by the presence of an adipose fin (vs. adipose fin absent); from L. bovallii by the absence of an irregular concentration of chromatophores around the anal-fin origin and adjacent region (vs. presence), and by the coloration pattern of caudal fin with three dark bands (vs. five dark bands); from L. lithoides and L. jantjae by the presence of five branched anal-fin rays (vs. four); from L. pallidimaculatus and L. raso by absence of light spots on the body (vs. presence of light spots on the body); from L. jantjae by having 14 branched caudal-fin rays (vs. 12); and from L. stocki by having medial premaxillary teeth with an enlarged and widened cusp (vs. cusps of all premaxillary teeth similar in size, not enlarged), and by a small number of dentary teeth 5���8 (vs. 10���12). Moreover, the new species differs from L. boujardi by having a greater adipose���spine length, 6.2���10.1% SL (vs. 3.6���4.7% SL), and by having a greater dorsal adipose-caudal distance, 12.0���16.5% SL (vs. 10.3���11.7% SL); from L. planquettei by smaller caudal peduncle depth, 7.6���8.7% SL (vs. 9.7���10.5% SL), and by having a straight adipose-fin spine (vs. a curved adiposefin spine); and from L. stocki by having a shorter cleithral width, 27.8���31.2% SL (vs. 32.6���34.2% SL), and a greater dorsal���anal distance, 10.4���13.7% SL (vs. 8.8���10.4% SL). Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Medium sized loricariids (41���60 mm SL). In lateral view, dorsal profile convex from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; straight and gradually descending from dorsal-fin origin to end of caudal peduncle insertion. Ventral profile slightly concave from snout tip to pectoral-fin origin; convex from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin; concave from pelvic-fin origin to insertion of lower caudal-fin spine. Head and snout broadly rounded. Snout elongated (49���57% HL); anterior region slightly depressed. Posterior nostril small, almost reaching same diameter of eyes; no concavity between nostrils. Eyes small (orbit diameter 11��� 15% HL), dorsally positioned. Superior margin of orbits not elevated. Oral disk occupying entire ventral surface of head. Ventral surface of disk covered with low and wide papillae; margin of disk fringed with low triangular papillae. Maxillary barbel relatively long and projected anterolaterally to upper lip. Teeth bicuspid with deep division between cusps; four to five left premaxillary teeth, five to eight left dentary teeth; premaxillary tooth cusps increasing in size from lateralmost to medialmost tooth; medialmost tooth cusp two to four times larger than lateralmost tooth cusp. Lateralmost premaxillary tooth cusps similar in size to dentary tooth cusps; dentary teeth all similar in size. Percents of HL Holotype Min Max Mean SD Holotype Min Max Mean SD ......continued on the next page Continued. L. boujardi, n = 6 L. gr. bovallii, n = 8 ......continued on the next page Continued. L. planquettei, n = 13 L. stocki, n = 5 Body dorsoventrally depressed. In dorsal view, greatest body width at cleithral region and greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Body progressively narrow from opercular region to caudal fin. Cross-section of body between pectoral and pelvic fins rounded dorsally and flat ventrally. Body almost entirely covered by plates, except at ventral portions of head, abdomen and along dorsal-fin base. Dorsal surface of body entirely covered by plates; three to four predorsal plates; five interdorsal plates, eight plates below dorsal-fin base; four plates between dorsal fin and adipose fin. Lateral surface of body entirely covered by plates; mid-dorsal plate series developed, reaching end of adipose fin; lateral median plates 23���24; mid-ventral plate series developed (six plates), reaching end of adipose-fin base. Body plates with minute odontodes. Odontodes slightly hypertrophied on pectoral-fin spines, becoming gradually larger distally. Longest odontodes on posteriormost evertible cheek plates. Dorsal-fin II,7; dorsal-fin spinelet V -shaped, locking mechanism present; dorsal-fin origin approximately at midpoint between pectoral- and pelvic-fin origins; last dorsal-fin ray not reaching adipose fin when depressed. Pectoral-fin I,6; pectoral-fin spine reaching slightly beyond base of pelvic-fin spine when depressed. Pelvic-fin I,5; reaching anal-fin origin when depressed. Anal-fin I,5. Adipose-fin present, with single azygous preadipose plate; posterior margin of adipose-fin membrane convex, extending posteriorly beyond adipose-fin spine. Cross-section of caudal peduncle ellipsoid, flat dorsally and ventrally. Three lateral plate rows at base of caudal peduncle. Caudal-fin I, 7���I,7; obliquely forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Color in alcohol. Background color dark brown dorsally and laterally, and light brown ventrally. Four dark saddles along dorsal portion of body: first at dorsal-fin origin, second at end of dorsal-fin base, third at the middle of caudal peduncle, and fourth reaching anteriormost caudal procurrent ray. Fins with irregular and poorly defined bars: three or four on anal-, pectoral-, dorsal- and pelvic-fin rays. Caudal-fin dark with a large hyaline bar in middle portion of rays. Hypertrophied odontodes on posteriormost evertible cheek plates and on pectoral-fin spines yellowish. Sexual dimorphism. Males possess a papilla posterior to urogenital opening (absent in females). Etymology. The specific epithet jariensis is in reference to the type-locality, the rio Jari, a large tributary of the rio Amazon basin. Distribution. Lithoxus jariensis is only known from rio Jari and small tributaries, at municipality of Almerim and Laranjal do Jari, Amap�� State, Brazil (see Fig. 3). Habitat. The new species L. jariensis is found in the bottom of a fast-flowing clear-water rivers of median to large size, such as rio Jari (Fig. 4). The bottom of the rivers was composed of small to large-sized rocks, loose stones, and sand., Published as part of Silva, Gabriel S. C., Covain, Raphael, Oliveira, Claudio & Roxo, F��bio F., 2017, Description of two new species of Lithoxus (Hypostominae: Loricariidae) from rio Jari and rio Amap�� basins, Brazilian Guiana Shield, pp. 151-168 in Zootaxa 4347 (1) on pages 154-161, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4347.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1044930

Lithoxus raso, sp. n. Fig. 5; Table 1 Holotype. MZUSP 123132, 44.3 mm SL, Brazil, municipality of Amap��, Amap�� States, igarap�� Balne��rio Raso, rio Amap�� basin, 02��05���25��� N, 50��53���20��� W, 0 2 December 2015, C. Oliveira & B.F. Melo. Paratypes. LBP 21184 (5, 28.8���42.9 mm SL), collected with holotype. MHNG 2767.052 (2, 25.3���44.8 mm SL), collected with holotype. Diagnosis. Lithoxus raso differs from all congeners, except L. pallidimaculatus by the presence of large light spots all over the body, spots similar in size with orbit diameter, (Fig. 5; vs. absence of light spots over the body or light spots very small, similar to size of a tooth, covering only the dorsal portion of the head in L. boujardi; see Fig. 6 for coloration pattern among Lithoxus species); from L. surinamensis and L. pallidimaculatus by having an adipose fin (vs. adipose fin absent); from L. lithoides and L. jantjae by having five branched anal-fin rays (vs. four); and from L. jantjae by having 14 branched caudal-fin rays (vs. 12). Moreover, the new species differs from L. bovallii by having a lower premaxillary tooth cup length, 3.3���4.0% HL (vs. 4.2���10.4% HL, personal communication with J.W. Armbruster for measurements of L. bovallii specimens from the type locality); from L. boujardi by having a greater adipose���spine length, 7.2���8.1% SL (vs. 3.6���4.7% SL), and a greater dorsal adipose��� caudal distance, 13.1���14.6% SL (vs. 10.3���11.7% SL); from L. planquettei by smaller caudal peduncle depth, 8.4��� 8.6% SL (vs. 9.7���10.5% SL); and from L. stocki by having medial premaxillary teeth with an enlarged and widened cusp (vs. cusps of all premaxillary teeth similar in size, not enlarged), and by having a shorter cleithral width, 30.9��� 31.2% SL (vs. 32.6���34.2% SL). Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Medium sized loricariid (42���46 mm SL). In lateral view, dorsal profile convex from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; straight and gradually descending from dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin; concave from adipose-fin origin to upper caudal-fin spine. Ventral profile slightly concave from snout tip to anal-fin origin; slightly convex from anal-fin origin to insertion of lower caudal-fin spine. Head and snout broadly rounded. Snout elongated (50���54% HL), anterior region depressed. Area around tip of snout free of plates and odontodes. Posterior nostril small, half of eye diameter. Dorsal profile of head ascending approximately 45�� to parieto-supraoccipital. Eye small (orbit diameter 13���15 % HL), dorsolaterally positioned. Superior margin of orbit not elevated. Mouth moderate in size; oral disk occupying almost entire ventral surface of head. Lips without odontodes; lower lip larger than upper lip, but far from reaching cleithrum region. Margin of oral disk fringed, with low triangular papillae. Maxillary barbel relatively long and projecting anterolaterally from upper lip. Teeth bicuspid with deep division between cusps; four left premaxillary teeth, six to eleven left dentary teeth. Premaxillary tooth cusps increasing in size from lateralmost to medialmost tooth with medialmost tooth cusp two times as large as lateralmost tooth cusp. Dentary tooth cusps similar in size to lateralmost premaxillary tooth cusps. Dentary teeth of same size. Body dorsoventrally depressed. In dorsal view, greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Greatest body width at cleithral region; body progressively narrowing from opercular region to caudal fin. Cross-section of body between pectoral and pelvic fins rounded dorsally and flat ventrally. Body almost entirely covered by plates; except in ventral portions of head, abdomen and along dorsal-fin base. Dorsal surface of body entirely covered by plates; three predorsal plates; seven plates below dorsal-fin base; four plates between dorsal fin and adipose fin. Lateral surface of body entirely covered by plates; mid-dorsal plate series developed, reaching end of adipose fin; lateral median plates 23���25; mid-ventral plate series developed, reaching end of adipose fin. Body plates with minute odontodes. Odontodes slightly hypertrophied on pectoral-fin spines, becoming gradually larger distally. Longest odontodes on posteriormost evertible cheek plates. Dorsal-fin II,7; dorsal-fin spinelet V -shaped, dorsal-fin locking mechanism present; dorsal-fin origin approximately at midpoint between pectoral- and pelvic-fin origins; last dorsal-fin ray not reaching adipose fin when depressed. Pectoral-fin I,6; pectoral-fin spine reaching slightly beyond base of pelvic-fin spine when depressed. Pelvic-fin I,5; reaching anal-fin origin when depressed. Anal-fin I,5. Adipose fin with single azygous preadipose plate; posterior margin of adipose-fin membrane convex, extending posteriorly beyond adipose-fin spine. Cross-section of caudal peduncle ellipsoid, rounded dorsally and ventrally. Three caudal peduncle plate rows. Caudal-fin I, 7���I,7; caudal fin obliquely forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Color in alcohol. Background color dark brown on dorsum and sides of body, becoming lighter ventrally. Large white spots on trunk, becoming larger on posterior portion of body. Fins with irregular and poorly defined bars: three or four on anal, pectoral, dorsal and pelvic-fin rays. Caudal-fin dark with one large hyaline bar in middle portion. Hypertrophied odontodes on posteriormost evertible cheek plates and on pectoral-fin spines; pectoral-fin spines reddish. Cross-section of caudal peduncle ellipsoid. Sexual dimorphism. Males possess a papilla posterior to urogenital opening (absent in females). Etymology. The specific epithet raso is in reference to the type-locality, the igarap�� Balne��rio Raso, a tributary of the rio Amap��, Atlantic coastal drainage. A noun in apposition. Distribution. Lithoxus raso is only known from igarap�� Raso, at the municipality of Amap��, in Amap�� State, Brazil (Fig. 3). Habitat. The new species L. raso is found associated with rocks and sand in the bottom of small to medium sized rivers (Fig. 4). ! " # $%& $ ��� ()! * + +, + ��. ! " # # # $ % $%& /0// 121 ��13 144 5./16.3 7 L. planquettei 8 9 + 8:!;6;6;�� ��.46L. planquettei $:!;8; 6;�� &! $%& /0/3 1L. planquettei 8:!;6;6;�� L. planquettei 8:!;6;6;�� L. planquettei 8 9 + 8:!;6;6;�� L. planquettei 8 9 8:!;6;6;�� L. planquettei 8 9 & �� @ 5:!;6;6;�� :!,:!;6 / L. bovallii $ $ �� B:!;6;,;

The Harttiini are a tribe of Loricariinae poorly characterized morphologically. Within the Guianas (French Guiana, Suriname, and Guyana), six valid species were recognized, including five Harttia, and the monotypic Harttiella crassicauda. Recent investigations conducted during the last decade by the authors and their co-workers, revealed several unidentified populations of Harttiini. Using a multivariate and multi-table approach unifying morphometry, genetics through DNA barcodes, and ecology-distribution of all populations and species, the global diversity and main evolutionary trends of this group were assessed. The separate analyses highlighted strong structures supporting the validity of three genera: Harttiella, Harttia, and Cteniloricaria, as well as nine new species (six Harttiella, two Harttia, and one Cteniloricaria), and one synonym. The combined analysis established a compromise between the preliminary ones, and revealed their common structure. This structure was found to be linked to the evolutionary history of Harttiini. Their evolution was driven toward adaptations to a definite type of biotope. These included modifications in size and shape, particularly of the caudal peduncle, depending on whether the species colonised rivers or mountainous forest creeks. A longitudinal evolutionary gradient was also highlighted in the geographical distribution of the species despite large overlaps. Notably, Harttiella possessed the greatest number of species with the smallest distribution, making each of them highly vulnerable to anthropic perturbations of their environment. Nine new species are described and a key to all species from the Guianas is proposed.

Harttiella Boeseman, 1971. Type species: Harttia crassicauda Boeseman, 1953. Holotype: RMNH 19418, Surinam, in a creek of the Nassau Mountains, Marowijne River drainage. Gender: feminine. This monotypic genus is only known from its type locality. The single species was collected in a little forest creek over sandy and rocky bottoms (Boeseman 1971). Sexual dimorphism is similar to that of Harttia, in which mature males develop hypertrophied odontodes on the pectoral spines, along the margin of the snout, and on the entire body except for the abdominal region. The phylogenetic position of Harttiella remains uncertain. Boeseman (1971), and Isbr��cker (1981a) gave it a rather basal position within Loricariinae but its geographic isolation in the Marowijne drainage could also correspond to a more derived state within Harttiini. The morphology of Harttiella suggests it is a dwarf form closely related to Harttia. Rapp Py-Daniel (1997) tentatively placed Harttiella within Harttiina because of its close resemblance with Harttia. Unfortunately, this question may remain unresolved as Mol & Ouboter (2004) mentioned the possible disappearance of this species because of mining activities in the Nassau Mountains. This species is also interesting because of its morphological convergence with Ixinandria, a genus within Loricariini found in the southwestern part of the continent. The morphological likeness between Ixinandria and Harttiella may have misled Boeseman (1971) when he moved Canthopomus montebelloi Fowler, 1940 into Harttiella., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 30

Loricaria Linnaeus, 1758. Type species: Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus, 1758. Lectotype: NRM 33, In South America, also holotype of Loricaria dura Bleeker, 1862, Surinam. Gender: feminine. This genus is distributed east of the Andes on nearly the entire subcontinent. Species occur in a variety of habitats from the main flow of rivers on sandy and rocky bottoms to flooded areas and lakes over muddy and sandy bottoms. Sexual dimorphism includes hypertrophied development of the pectoral spines, blunt odontodes on the pelvic and anal fin spines, and tooth crowns becoming shortened and rounded in mature males (Isbr��cker 1981b). Males are abdomino-lip brooders. Loricaria is the nominal genus of the family. Phylogenetic relationships within Loricaria and among other members of Loricariini remain uncertain. Its external morphology shows few shared derived characters, making comparison with other genera difficult. Loricaria has been hypothesized to occupy a basal position among members of the subtribe Loricariina, with the other genera possessing derived characters. Based on the characteristics of its mouth, Loricaria appears to maintain a close relationship with representatives of the Pseudohemiodon group. This hypothesis has been proposed in the studies of Rapp Py-Daniel (1997) and Montoya-Burgos et al. (1998), in which Loricaria maintained a sister relationship to the Pseudohemiodon group. However, these authors did not resolve relationships among species of the Loricaria group. Kavalco et al. (2005) reported karyotypic diversity ranging from 2n = 62 to 2n = 68 for the four species characterized. Under the impression that the original syntypes were lost, Isbr��cker (1972) established a neotype for L. cataphracta (ZMA 109.616). Between 1972 and 1981, Isbr��cker learned that the two syntypes did in fact exist and are currently housed at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. Based on a photograph of two syntypes, Isbr��cker (1981b) designated one as the lectotype (NRM 33). The rediscovery of these syntypes invalidated the previous neotype according to the ICZN (1999), article 75.8. The disposition of the lectotype according to Eschmeyer (1998), which is based on Wheeler (1989), is Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC 27). However, Wheeler (1989: pp. 214-215) confirmed Isbr��cker ���s designation of the lectotype: ���Two loricariid specimens from the collection of King Adolf Fredrik, one of which has been designated as the lectotype of L. cataphracta by Isbr��cker (1981), are preserved in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. This specimen was certainly the specimen which Linnaeus used for the major source material of his description (Fernholm & Wheeler, 1983)���. Moreover, concerning specimen ZMUC 27 deposited in Copenhagen, Wheeler (1989: p. 215) concluded: ���It thus seems certain that this specimen is not one of those referred to by Linnaeus (1758) in his diagnosis of the species, or its variety beta ���. Loricaria was revised by Isbr��cker (1981b) who recognized eleven valid species. For lack of clear diagnostic features, Proloricaria Isbr��cker, 2001 is herein considered a junior synonym of Loricaria. A twelfth species has been described from North-East of Argentina by Rodr��guez & Miquelarena (2003)., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 32

Apistoloricaria Isbr��cker & Nijssen, 1986. Type species: Apistoloricaria condei Isbr��cker & Nijssen, 1986. Holotype: FMNH 94683, Ecuador, Rio Napo drainage, mouth of Rio Tiputini. Gender: feminine. Representatives of this genus are distributed in the upper Amazon and Orinoco drainages, along the Atlantic slope of the Andes. They inhabit sand substrates and are morphologically adapted to this habitat. As with other representatives of the Pseudohemiodon group, their body is strongly depressed and the pelvic fins are used for locomotion, enabling these fish to appear to ���walk��� on the substrate. Sexual dimorphism is apparent through differentiated lip structure. The lip surfaces of the male are rather papillose while those of the female are filamentous(Nijssen & Isbr��cker 1988). These taxa are abdomino-lip brooders. Eggs are laid in a single layered mass, and are attached to the surface of the lower lip and abdomen of the male. Isbr��cker & Nijssen (1986a) described the biotope of A. condei according to D. J. Stewart���s field notes. This species was collected in turbid and dark waters, in moderately fast flowing streams, between 2 to 10 meters deep. No submerged vegetation was noted, and the bottom was made of sand, mud, dead leaves, twigs, branches, and trunks. Apistoloricaria is not well diagnosed and upon further examination, may prove to be a synonym of Rhadinoloricaria. These two genera are distinguished primarily by the presence or absence of the iris operculum (absent or vestigial in Apistoloricaria versus present in Rhadinoloricaria), a more conspicuous rostrum in Rhadinoloricaria, and by the number of fringed barbels (14 in Apistoloricaria versus 12 in Rhadinoloricaria). Four valid species are recognized (Ferraris 2003) and a key to the species is available in Nijssen & Isbr��cker (1988)., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 26

Brochiloricaria Isbr��cker & Nijssen, 1979. Type species: Brochiloricaria chauliodon Isbr��cker, 1979. Holotype: ZSM 23342, Argentina, Entre Rios Province, Isla El Dorado, Paran��, Guaza (locality not stated). Gender: feminine. The species of this genus are distributed in the Paran�� system, including the Paraguay River. Brochiloricaria is an abdomino-lip brooder. The species reproduce like those of Loricaria (Evers & Seidel 2005). Kavalco et al. (2005) made a cytogenetic analysis of four species of Loricariidae and provided a synthesis of the karyotypic diversity of the family. These authors hypothesized that the diploid number of 2n = 54 chromosomes was a plesiomorphic character within Loricariidae. This number was found in all characterized species and populations of Neoplecostominae and Delturinae, and in twelve of the fourteen characterized species of Hypoptopomatinae. For this reason, they considered these three subfamilies basal. Considering Loricariinae, they argued that according to the sampling and to the great observed diversity in diploid numbers(from 2n = 36 to 2n = 74), evolutionary trends were difficult to establish. Nevertheless, they underlined that a dozen of species possessed 2n = 54 �� 2 chromosomes as found in Hypoptopomatinae, Neoplecostominae and Delturinae. Kavalco et al. (2005) gave karyotypic characteristics of B. macrodon, with 2n = 58 chromosomes. Brochiloricaria is morphologicaly very similar to Loricaria and can be distinguished from the latter only by its teeth characteristics (teeth very long of equal size on both jaws versus premaxillary teeth almost two times longer than dentary ones). On the basis of molecular data and tooth shape of Hypostomus fonchii Montoya-Burgos et al. (2002) and Weber & Montoya-Burgos (2002) demonstrated that dentition is not always a reliable character to define a genus. The genus Cochliodon, placed in Hypostominae, was erected on the basis of its spoon-shaped dentition; it is now considered as a junior synonym of Hypostomus. Consequently, Brochiloricaria may be a synonym of Loricaria, but complementary studies based on molecular data need to be conducted. Two valid species are assigned to the genus (Ferraris 2003)., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 27

P. agastor:- MHNG 2407.81, 279.2 mm of SL, Paraguay, Rio Alto Paran��, facing Cardelaria, Dlouhy, 25 September 1986., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 4

Rineloricaria Bleeker, 1862. Type species: Loricaria lima Kner, 1853. Holotype: NMW probably lost (Isbr��cker, 1979), from Brazil according to Natterer. Gender: feminine. This genus, by far the most speciose in Loricariinae, is widely distributed on nearly the entire subcontinent, from Costa Rica to Argentina, on both slopes of the Andes. The species inhabit an extremely diverse array of environments. Sexual dimorphism includes hypertrophied development of the odontodes along the sides of the head, on the pectoral spines and rays, and predorsal area of mature males. Several species also show hypertrophied development of the odontodes on the entire caudal peduncle. Rineloricaria are cavity brooders (pers. obs.). Numerous eggs (often more than 100) are laid attached to one another in single layer masses on the cavity floor, and are brooded by males. Rineloricaria exhibit high levels of karyotypic diversity with chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 36 to 2n = 70 in the five species characterized (Kavalco et al. 2005). These authors also described, according to Giuliano-Cataneo (1998), a Robertsonian polymorphism between several populations of R. latirostris, with a variation of 2n = 36 to 2n = 48 chromosomes. If the loss of the holotype of R. lima is confirmed, a neotype must be designated in order to permit all the necessary clarifications for a detailed and much needed revision of this genus. The characters given by Kner (1853), although very detailed, are valid for almost all congeneric species. Without the type locality, it is presently impossible to decide which species represents R. lima. Isbr��cker & Nijssen (1976a) and Isbr��cker (1981a) proposed the revalidation of Hemiloricaria Bleecker, 1862 (type species: Hemiloricaria caracasensis), but they finally left it in the synonymy of Rineloricaria because of the lack of sufficient features to split these two genera. In 2001, Isbr��cker et al. revalidated Hemiloricaria and created two new genera: Fonchiiichthys (type species: Loricaria uracantha) and Leliella (type species: Rineloricaria heteroptera) on the basis of subtle differences in the sexual dimorphism. These characters are expressed only during the spawning period and are outweighed by other shared characters used to diagnose Rineloricaria. Moreover, as specified by Isbr��cker & Nijssen (1976a: pp. 110-111) in the description of R. heteroptera: ���As in Spatuloricaria Schultz, 1944 it shows strong secondary sexual dimorphism: males develop ���bristles��� along sides of snout, usually also on dorsum of pectoral fin spine and rays, and often dorsum of head, on post-occipital and predorsal scutes. There are specific differences in the development of male bristles���. Following this interpretation, the characters given to define Leliella and Fonchiiichthys can be regarded as species specific characters. Herein, Hemiloricaria, Leliella, and Fonchiiichthys are considered as synonyms of Rineloricaria for lack of sufficient diagnostic features. Forty nine valid species are assigned to this genus considering Ferraris (2003), Knaack (2003), and Rodr��guez & Miquelarena (2005)., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 35

Sturisomatichthys Isbr��cker & Nijssen, 1979. Type species: Oxyloricaria leightoni Regan, 1912. Lectotype: BMNH 1909.7.23.45, Colombia, Honda. Gender: masculine. The genus Sturisomatichthys is distributed in the northwestern part of South America, on the Pacific and Atlantic slopes of the Andes. The species appear to occupy the same ecological niche as those in Sturisoma. Sexual dimorphism and reproductive biology of Sturisomatichthys are also similar to Sturisoma. Sturisomatichthys is distinguished from Sturisoma primarily by the absence of a rostrum. Only one species, Sturisomatichthys citurensis, from Panama, seems to be significantly different from all congeneric species in having an abdominal plate cover consisting of small platelets without any particular organization. Other species may represent a species complex with a short snout as in the genus Farlowella with reference to the representatives of the F. curtirostra group. The weakness of this diagnostic feature could lead to the synonymy of Sturisomatichthys with Sturisoma., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 37

Ixinandria Isbr��cker & Nijssen, 1979. Type species: Loricaria steinbachi Regan, 1906. Lectotype: BMNH 1906.5.31: 37, Argentina, Rio Salado drainage at Salta. Gender: feminine. Distribution includes rivers of the Atlantic slope of the Andes in Bolivia and Argentina. According to Gladys Monasterio de Gonzo (pers. comm.), Ixinandria steinbachi occurs in Salta province in mountainous areas at high altitudes ranging from around 1000 to 2900 meters above sea level. This rheophilic species lives in fast flowing and very oxygenated waters. Its color pattern reflects mimicry with stoned bottoms. Fertilized eggs have been found on the hidden surface of a stone, suggesting that I. steinbachi could be a cavity spawner. Sexual dimorphism includes hypertrophied odontodes around the head margin and on the pectoral spines of mature males. The phylogenetic position of Ixinandria within Loricariini remains uncertain. Reis & Cardoso (2001) suggested that Ixinandria could be synonym of Rineloricaria. This hypothesis seems plausible considering the weakness of the diagnostic feature given for Ixinandria, its naked belly, and several species of Rineloricaria from South-East Brasil or Argentina with the belly partly covered such as R. maquinensis, R. aequalicuspis or R. misionera. Nevertheless, the typology of Rineloricaria lima needs clarification prior to further investigations on the taxonomy of Ixinandria. Two valid species are currently recognized (Ferraris 2003)., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 30

[[Subfamily Loricariinae]] Results Morphological data used in the analyses are given in Table 1. The Hill & Smith analysis revealed structuring of the data on the two first axes (Fig. 1c) that explained 52% of the total inertia of the scatter. The projection of the individuals onto the two first factorial axes (Fig. 1a) showed a partition of the 30 genera into two groups along the first axis. These two groups corresponded to the two tribes, Loricariini and Harttiini, the former comprising Planiloricaria, Dentectus, Crossoloricaria, Apistoloricaria, Rhadinoloricaria, Pseudohemiodon, Pyxiloricaria, Spatuloricaria, Paraloricaria, Ricola, Brochiloricaria, Reganella, Loricaria, Dasyloricaria, Rineloricaria, Pseudoloricaria, Limatulichthys, Furcodontichthys, Loricariichthys, and Hemiodontichthys, and the latter comprising Harttia, Harttiella, Lamontichthys, Pterosturisoma, Sturisomatichthys, Aposturisoma, and Sturisoma. Metaloricaria and Ixinandria appeared intermediate between these two groups. The second axis organized the genera at an infra-tribal level according to their morphological resemblance. For example, Planiloricaria, Dentectus, Crossoloricaria, Apistoloricaria, Rhadinoloricaria, Pseudohemiodon, and Pyxiloricaria appeared morphologically more closely related to each other than to Pseudoloricaria, Limatulichthys, Furcodontichthys, Loricariichthys, and Hemiodontichthys. The projection onto the first factorial plane of the variables (Fig. 1b) defined the primary morphological tendencies of each tribe along the first axis. The Harttiini were characterized by numerous and pedunculated teeth, a caudal fin with more branched rays, the absence of postorbital notches and predorsal keels, a rounded mouth, papillose lips weakly or not fringed, and short maxillary barbels. The Loricariini were characterized by a more important variation in lips and teeth shape, the frequent presence of postorbital notches and predorsal keels, longer maxillary barbels, and less numerous teeth and branched rays in the caudal fin. The second axis defined morphological groups in each tribe mainly on the basis of dentition and lip structure. Among the Loricariini, Planiloricaria, Dentectus, Crossoloricaria, Apistoloricaria, Rhadinoloricaria, Pseudohemiodon, and Pyxiloricaria shared filamentous lips, a trapezoidal mouth opening, and teeth often spoon-shaped and smaller. Pseudoloricaria, Limatulichthys, Furcodontichthys, Loricariichthys, and Hemiodontichthys shared bilobate lips and bicuspid teeth often reduced in size. Among the Harttiini, Metaloricaria showed a horse-shoe like mouth shape and smaller pedunculated teeth. Other genera were difficult to characterize and another approach was clearly necessary. A cluster analysis (Fig. 2) grouped genera based on their degree of morphological resemblance. Metaloricaria and Farlowella were the most divergent genera and formed the base of the tree. Two groups were then partitioned that corresponded to the two tribes, Harttiini and Loricariini. The Harttiini was comprised of Aposturisoma, the most morphologically divergent, followed by Lamontichthys, and then Ixinandria. This tribe was then divided into two other groups, one formed by Harttia and Harttiella, and another by Sturisoma joined with Pterosturisoma and Sturisomatichthys. The Loricariini divided into two principal groups. The Loricariichthys group was formed by Furcodontichthys, Loricariichthys, Hemiodontichthys, Pseudoloricaria, and Limatulichthys. The second group was subdivided into three groups: the Pseudohemiodon group consisting of Reganella, Pseudohemiodon, Pyxiloricaria, Planiloricaria, Dentectus, Rhadinoloricaria, Crossoloricaria, and Apistoloricaria; the Rineloricaria group formed by Spatuloricaria, Rineloricaria, and Dasyloricaria; and the Loricaria group formed by Loricaria, Paraloricaria, Ricola, and Brochiloricaria. Our analyses resulted in the placement of two taxa that was inconsistent with previous classifications: Ixinandria appeared among Harttiini although its dentition and presence of postorbital notches align it with Loricariini; and Spatuloricaria appeared at the base of the Rineloricaria and Loricaria groups. Because these genera share similar lip structures, we followed Isbr��cker (1979) by assigning them to the Rineloricaria group of the Loricariini. Metaloricaria and Farlowella, located at the base of the tree because of their particular morphology, were assigned to the tribe Harttiini, following Isbr��cker (1979) and Rapp Py-Daniel (1997). To extract the main characteristics of each genus, shared as well as unique, new Hill & Smith analyses were performed on the above named groups. The projection of the individuals and qualitative variables onto the first factorial plane (Fig. 1c) summarized all this information by connecting the individuals to the center of gravity of the different modalities of the different variables possessed. For example, Metaloricaria (species 17) possesses a complete abdominal cover (A3) without particular organization (B2), neither postorbital notches nor predorsal keels (C1, D1), papillose lips (E1), no fringed barbels (F1), a horse-shoe like mouth shape (G2, unique character), teeth pedunculated and reduced in size (H3, unique character), short maxillary barbels (I2), no rostrum (J2), and a pointed snout (K2). Some variables with modalities close to the axes and to the center appear weakly informative on the first plane, such as the presence or absence of secondary organization in the abdominal cover (B) or the presence or absence of a rostrum (J). Key to the genera The methodology used in this study enabled us to sort the valuable information (grouping of individuals according to combinations of variables) into a hierarchy and create morphologically coherent groups by summarizing the characteristics of each genus. These results are intended to rectify problems with the identification of taxa and should not be interpreted as a phylogeny. We do not use the subtribal rank defined by Isbr��cker (1979, 1981a) because the divisions are not well-defined. The results of our analyses support the recognition of two tribes, Harttiini and Loricariini, the latter of which contains four morphological groups. Characters that are underlined in the key couplets are also illustrated on the same page and identified by letters between brackets [a, b, c... aq, ar]. These letters are presented in alphabetical order in the couplets and in the illustrations, with two exceptions: character [ab] (first proposed in lead 13a, is illustrated in Figure 20b), and character [af] (first proposed in lead 15b, is illustrated in Figure 23a). Arrows indicate the most important characters for identification purposes. The numbers of the figures correspond to the numbers of the key couplet. Additional features are given at the level of identification to confirm this identification, certain specimens being sometimes poorly preserved or poorly characterized like juveniles, and certain genera being relatively variable. 1 a. - Caudal fin [a] with i-12-i or i-11-i rays; teeth pedunculated [b], bicuspid, numerous (>10 per premaxillae), organized in comb and weakly differentiated; sometimes with filamentous extensions [c] on pectoral [d], dorsal [e], upper [f] and/or lower caudal [g] spines: Harttiini.................................................................2 1b. - Caudal fin [a] with i-10-i rays; teeth straight [h] bicuspid, spoon-shaped [i], not numerous ( 25 cm):..................................................................... Dasyloricaria 19a. - Mouth opening without particular shape; the most often predorsal keels [ah] strong; body generally weakly depressed: Loricaria group.................................20 19b. - Mouth opening trapezoidal [aj]; predorsal keels [ah] weak; body strongly depressed: Pseudohemiodon group......................................................................23 20a. - Abdominal cover the most often complete made of medium to small plates...............................................................................................................................21 20b. - Abdominal cover incomplete, made of very small plates not contiguous; equal size [ak] of dentary [al] and premaxillary teeth [ab]; tooth size-reduced; maxillary barbels [aa] long, branched and reaching pectoral-fin [s] origin:.............................................................................................................. Paraloricaria 21 a. - Equal size [ak] of dentary [al] and premaxillary teeth [ab]; tooth very long:........................................................................................................... Brochiloricaria 21b. - Different size [am] of dentary [al] and premaxillary teeth [ab], the latter almost two times longer than the former...............................................................22 22a. - 10 to 15 premaxillary teeth [ab]; lips extremely filamentous [x]; maxillary barbels [aa] long, strongly branched, and reaching pectoral-fin [s] origin:......................................................................................................................... Ricola 22b. - 3 to 5 premaxillary teeth [ab]; lips filamentous [x]; maxillary barbels [aa] not reaching pectoral-fin [s] origin:.......................................................... Loricaria 23 a. - Rostrum [o] weakly pronounced or absent:................................................24 23b. - Rostrum [o] strongly pronounced; premaxillary teeth [ab] absent; dentary teeth [al] numerous (~15 per dentary) and reduced in size; lips smooth [afj; maxillary barbels [aa] short; abdominal cover complete, made of little plates without particular organization; throat covered:........................................ Reganella 24a. - Abdominal cover complete:........................................................................25 24b. - Abdominal cover incomplete, most often consisting in a double median row [an] of plates:.........................................................................................................27 25 a. - Maxillary barbels [aa] inconspicuous, not reaching gill opening [ao]; teeth very difficult to observe, invisible in normally preserved specimens....................26 25b. - Maxillary barbels [aa] conspicuous, reaching gill opening [ao]; teeth visible; head large; body strongly depressed:............................................. Pseudohemiodon 26a. - Head triangular and little; body large; trapezoidal in transverse section; with a fleshy flap [ap] partially covering the branchiostegal membrane [aq]:............................................................................................................... Pyxiloricaria 26b. - Head rounded; upper lip with numerous filaments reaching the lower lip margin; with plates on the external margin of the maxillary barbels [aa]:.................................................................................................................... Dentectus 27 a. - Premaxillary teeth [ab] present...................................................................28 27b. - Premaxillary teeth [ab] absent; head rounded; eyes small; maxillary barbels [ac] conspicuous, reaching beyond pectoral-fin [s] origin:.................... Planiloricaria 28a. - maxillary barbels [aa] conspicuous, reaching beyond pectoral-fin [s] origin; lips stongly filamentous [x]...................................................................................29 28b. - maxillary barbels [aa] reaching gill opening [ao]; lips fairly filamentous [x].......................................................................................................... Crossoloricaria 29 a. - Rostrum [o] pointed; 12 fringed barbels [ac]; iris operculum [ar] generally present:........................................................................................... Rhadinoloricaria 29b. - Rostrum [o] generally rounded; 14 fringed barbels [ac]; iris operculum [ar] absent or vestigial:............................................................................. Apistoloricaria, Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on pages 5-26

Pyxiloricaria Isbr��cker & Nijssen, 1984. Type species: Pyxiloricaria menezesi Isbr��cker & Nijssen, 1984. Holotype: MZUSP 26800, Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Miranda. Gender: feminine. This monotypic genus is only known from the Paraguay River drainage. Pyxiloricaria menezesi inhabits sandy substrates and is sympatric with representatives of the genus Pseudohemiodon. Sexual dimorphism and reproductive ecology are unknown. In the Pseudohemiodon group, Pyxiloricaria more closely resembles Pseudohemiodon than other representatives of the group. Moreover, with Loricaria, it shares filamentous lips, inconspicuous fringed barbels on the lower lip, and shorter maxillary barbels. The phylogenetic position of Pyxiloricaria remains uncertain, and its presence in the Pseudohemiodon group could be artificial, given the characters shared with Loricaria. Herein, following Isbr��cker & Nijssen (1984), it is maintained in the Pseudohemiodon group., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 34

Crossoloricaria Isbr��cker, 1979. Type species: Loricaria variegata Steindachner, 1879. Holotype: NMW 45138, Panama, Rio Mamoni drainage at Chepo. Gender: feminine. The species of this genus are distributed in the northwestern part of the South-American continent along the Pacific slope (in Panama and Columbia), Lake Maracaibo region (Venezuela), and the upper Amazon system (Peru). Like other representatives of the Pseudohemiodon group, Crossoloricaria species occur over sandy substrates of larger rivers and their tributaries. Sexual dimorphism is unknown but males are abdomino-lip brooders. Crossoloricaria is poorly diagnosed and is in need of revision. Its only diagnostic character (incomplete abdominal cover consisting of a double median row of plates) is shared by two other representatives of the Pseudohemiodon group, Apistoloricaria and Rhadinoloricaria. Rapp Py-Daniel (1997) suggested the synonymy of Apistoloricaria and Crossololoricaria with Rhadinoloricaria, but the structure of the lips and the length of the maxillary barbels tend to place Crossoloricaria closer to Pseudohemiodon. Moreover, Crossoloricaria rhami, described by Isbr��cker & Nijssen (1983), like Pseudohemiodon possesses complete abdominal plate development, thus rendering the diagnostic feature of Crossoloricaria invalid. Five valid species are currently recognized in this genus (Ferraris 2003)., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 27

H. guianensis:- MHNG 2621.97, 167.0 mm of SL, French Guiana, Approuague drainage, saut Mapaou, Weber et al., 5 November 2001., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 4

L. griseus:- MHNG 2090.25, Peru, Ucayali Department, Rio Neshuya at 60 km S.W. of Pucallpa, de Rham et al., 21 August 1981., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 4

R. depressa:- MHNG 2676.05 (732068), 162.8 mm of SL, Brazil, Par��, Rio Trombetas, Lago Batata, Porto Trombetas locality, Oriximin�� municipality (1�� 25' to 1�� 35' S, 56�� 15' to 56�� 25' W), D. A. Halboth, November 1991., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 4

D. cf. filamentosa:- MHNG 2674.052, 275.8 mm of SL, Panama, Panama Department, Rio Ipeti, de Rham, 11 March 2000., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 4

M. paucidens:- MHNG 2676.09, 220.8 mm of SL, French Guiana, Maroni drainage, Marouini River, surroundings of Antecume Pata, fishermen donation, 19 October 2000., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 4

Planiloricaria Isbr��cker, 1971. Type species: Pseudohemiodon (Planiloricaria) cryptodon Isbr��cker, 1971. Holotype: ZFMK 1865, Peru, Rio Ucayali drainage near Pucallpa. Gender: feminine. This monotypic genus is distributed in the upper Amazon basin, including the Ucayali, Purus, and Mamor�� River drainages. Planiloriaria inhabits sandy substrates in the main streams of large rivers (Evers & Seidel 2005). Reproductive ecology is unknown but could be reminiscent of those of other representatives of the Pseudohemiodon group. Evers & Seidel (2005) characterized sexual dimorphism by the shape of the genital area. The genital area in males is elongate and narrow compared with the large and roundish area of females. Planiloricaria shows derived features such as a reduction in size and number of teeth, premaxillary teeth absent, a circular head shape, and eyes reduced in size without iris operculum., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on pages 33-34

P. cryptodon:- MHNG 2625.86, 147.7 mm of SL, Peru, Loreto, Rio Amazonas, Mayoras, de Rham, 26 February 1998., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 4

Ricola Isbr��cker & Nijssen, 1974. Type species: Loricaria macrops Regan, 1904. Lectotype: BMNH 1868.9.16.1, Argentina, Rio de la Plata. Gender: feminine. This monotypic genus is known from the lower Paran�� River basin. Ecological and behavioral data are unavailable. This genus is interesting in many respects. It shares features with representatives of different groups within Loricariini. For example, it possesses conspicuous fringed barbels on the lower lip, a feature shared by the representatives of the Pseudohemiodon group. It also bears numerous papillae on the inner surfaces of the lips and numerous straight bicuspid teeth (approx. 15 per premaxillae) that are characteristic of the Rineloricaria group., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 35

L. sp.:- MHNG 2583.85, 171.1 mm of SL, Paraguay, Rio Pirapo, Caazapa at 3 km E. of Yegros, zoological expedition of the Museum of Geneva, 28-31 March 1985., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 4

Loricariichthys Bleeker, 1862. Type species: Loricaria maculata Bloch, 1794. Lectotype: ZMB 3163, type locality restricted to Surinam (Isbr��cker 1971). Gender: masculine. Loricariichthys is widely distributed in the Amazon basin, the Paran�� system, and coastal rivers of the Guyana and Brazilian Shields. These species occur in a large diversity of habitat over sandy and muddy bottoms. Like other members of the Loricariichthys group, Loricariichthys species are lip brooders. Sexual dimorphism includes hypertrophied development of the lips, which are used by the male to incubate the eggs. During the spawning period, the first function of this organ (mainly adherence to the substrate) is reoriented toward a new reproductive function. Although this genus is well diagnosed, the species are very similar and difficult to identify. Moreover, missing holotypes and type localities has led to uncertain taxonomic status for several species which would benefit from a generic revision. Loricariichthys seems to be intermediate between Limatulichthys and Pseudoloricaria on one hand, and Furcodontichthys and Hemiodontichthys on the other. Concerning the karyotypic characteristics of Loricariichthys, Kavalco et al. (2005) reported a diploid number of 2n = 56 for the two species characterized. A ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system was also reported for L. platymetopon by Kavalco et al. (2005) and Centofante et al. (2006). Seventeen valid species are assigned to this genus (Ferraris 2003). A key to the southern species is available in Reis & Pereira (2000)., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 33

P. menezesi:- MZUSP 26800, 136 mm of SL, holotype, Brazil, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, in ponds located along the road Transpantaneira, at Miranda, Garavello et al., 8-22 November 1981., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 5

H. crassicauda:- MHNG 2674.051 (MUS 221), 39.4 mm of SL, Suriname, Nassau mountains, Ijskreek, Mol, 2 November 2005., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 4

A. myriodon:- MHNG 2087.1-2, 153.9 mm of SL, paratype, Peru, Ucayali Department, Province Coronel Portillo, Rio Aguaytia drainage, Rio Huacamayo (09��00���S, 75��29���W), near the road from Pucallpa to Tingo Maria, around 8 km N.W. from the village of Aguaytia, de Rham et al., 24 August 1981., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 3

S. sp.:- MHNG 2676.10, 197.8 mm of SL, Brazil, Rio Tocantins, Serra da Mesa, Caramaschi et al., October 1996., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 4

Harttia Steindachner, 1877. Type species: Harttia loricariformis Steindachner, 1877. Lectotype: NMW 46346, Brazil, Rio Para��ba do Sul. Gender: feminine. Distribution primarily includes rivers draining the Guyana Shield, coastal rivers in northeastern Brazil, and the Amazon basin. These rheophilic fishes are found in the upper courses of rivers over rocky and sandy bottoms. Casatti & Castro (2006) characterized ecomorphological trends in fishes living in riffles of the Rio S��o Francisco. They split the fish communities into three groups comprising nektonic, nektobenthic, and benthic species. Among the latter, Harttia sp. is supposed to be able to exploit areas with the strongest current, because of its extremely depressed body and long caudal peduncle, comparing to other species. This fact was also empirically noted by Le Bail et al. (2000). Sexual dimorphism includes hypertrophied odontodes on the pectoral spines and along the margins of the snout in mature males. Representatives of this genus seem to be open brooders (Dotzer & Weidner 2003). Recent evidence has suggested that Harttiini could represent a paraphyletic assemblage. Using molecular data, MontoyaBurgos et al. (1998) demonstrated Harttia to be sister to two sister clades, one consisting of Farlowella and Sturisoma, two representatives of the Harttiini, and the second including the representatives of the Loricariini. Moreover, Harttia is in need of revision. For example, the synonymy of Cteniloricaria with Harttia (Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001) is questionable (Covain et al. 2006) because it rests solely on the characteristics of Harttia fowleri (Pellegrin, 1908) without considering the type species of Cteniloricaria. Likewise, the genus Quiritixys Isbr��cker, 2001, also placed in synonymy by Ferraris (2003) is possibly valid. The description of Quiritixys is based on the unusual sexual dimorphism of Harttia leiopleura Oyakawa, 1993. This feature alone is insufficient to define a genus because it only concerns mature males and is most of the time seasonal in Loricariinae. This means that the majority of individuals of the species (juveniles, females, and non breeding males) cannot be diagnosed by this single criterion because they do not possess this feature. Nevertheless, the addition of some other features by Oyakawa (1993), such as the absence of the subpreopercle, supports the validity of Quiritixys. Other species such as H. novalimensis could also belong to Quiritixys because this species also lacks the subpreopercle, but its sexual dimorphism is undescribed. Nevertheless, Langeani et al. (2001) noted well developed odontodes on the posterior body of this species. Harttia also exhibits considerable karyotypic diversity with chromosome numbers between 2n = 52 and 2n = 58 in the four species characterized (Kavalco et al. 2005, Centofante et al. 2006). Kavalco et al. (2005) also reported differences in karyotypic formula, symmetry, nucleolar organizing regions (NOR), and diploid number (2n = 52 versus 2n = 56) between two different populations (respectively Grande Stream and Paraitinga River) of H. loricariformis from the Para��ba do Sul basin. These authors hypothesized the sedentary habits of some species to explain these differences. Centofante et al. (2006) characterized a heteromorphic XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system in H. carvalhoi. Currently, Harttia comprises 22 species (Provenzano et al. 2005). Partial keys are available for species occurring in Atlantic coastal drainages (Oyakawa 1993, Langeani et al. 2001), Amazon and Guianas drainages (Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001), and Guianas drainages (Covain et al. 2006)., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 29

Sturisoma Swainson, 1838. Type species: Loricaria rostrata Spix & Agassiz, 1829. Brazilian rivers. Holotype: lost (Isbr��cker 1979). Gender: neuter. The species of the genus Sturisoma are widely distributed on both slopes of the Andes, in Panama and Colombia, and in the Amazon, Orinoco, and Paran�� River basins. Sturisoma inhabit gently to swiftly flowing white waters (Evers & Seidel 2005) where submerged wood is abundant in the main flow of rivers. Sexual dimorphism includes hypertrophied odontodes on the sides of the head of the male. As representatives of Farlowella, Sturisoma species are open brooders (pers. obs.). Kavalco et al. (2005) reported a diploid number of 2n = 74 chromosomes for the single species characterized: S. cf. nigrirostrum. A neotype has yet to be designated for Sturisoma rostratum, the type species, which was destroyed during World War II (Isbr��cker 1979). Neotype designation is needed to fix the type locality, which is unspecified and may pertain to several of the currently recognized species. Ghazzi (2003) revised genus, but it remains unpublished and unavailable for the moment. Sturisoma has been shown to be sister to Farlowella according to Rapp Py-Daniel (1997) and Montoya-Burgos et al. (1998). Ghazzi (2005) confirms this relationship. Sexual dimorphism and reproductive strategy are comparable in both genera and tend to corroborate the molecular and morphological data. Fifteen valid species are currently recognized (Ferraris 2003, Ghazzi 2005). Ghazzi (2005) described a new species, Sturisoma kneri, replacing an unavailable name, Loricaria kneri, proposed by Tortonese (1940). She argued (p. 564) that ���Tortonese���s (1940) intention was solely to publicize the large number of species housed in Museo di Torino; it was not his intention to validate De Filippi ���s manuscript names.��� However Tortonese (1940: p. 134-135) explained in his introduction: ���Infine, ho avuto anch ���io la ventura di trovare nei nuclei di materiale da me studiato diversi Pesci che ho creduto dover attribuire a specie non ancora note��� In this citation we can see the intention of Tortonese to publish the names of new species, in part from De Filippi���s manuscript. The name Loricaria kneri De Filippi in Tortonese, 1940 is here used as the valid name of this species, because the author refers to a holotype and because he gives a short diagnosis according to De Filippi���s manuscript. Thus, Tortonese made the name Loricaria kneri De Filippi available. Secondly, Tortonese proposes that L. kneri could be a representative of the genus Sturisoma as he specified in his introduction: ���Ciascuna specie �� elencata secondo l'ordine sistematico, col nome dell���A. che per primo la descrisse: ad esso seguono, oltre le indicacazioni bibliografiche, il nome coretto - se il primo �� passato in sinonimia o vi �� stato cambiamiento di genere - il numero che il materiale porta nel Catalogo della collezione e i dati relativi alla provenienza, al raccoglitore o donatore e allo stato attuale di conservatione.��� The statement on the validity of Loricaria kneri De Filippi in Tortonese, 1940 should be submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 36

Aposturisoma Isbr��cker, Britski, Nijssen & Ortega, 1983. Type species: Aposturisoma myriodon Isbr��cker, Britski, Nijssen & Ortega, 1983. Holotype: MZUSP 15328, Peru, Ucayali Department, Coronel Portillo Province, Rio Aguaytia drainage, Rio Huacamayo at Tingo Maria. Gender: neuter. This monotypic genus is only known from its type locality and few data are presently available. This is a rheophilic species that has been collected with representatives of the genus Chaetostoma (Isbr��cker et al. 1983). Evers & Seidel (2005) described the habitat of Aposturisoma myriodon as clear, with swift current and shallow waters. They noticed that Aposturisoma frequentes areas with rubble substrates in this biotope. Its morphology is similar to that of Farlowella, to which it is closely related because of the numerous predorsal plates and the origin of the dorsal fin in front of the origin of the anal fin. Nevertheless it has a larger mouth, a much deeper and wider body and a much thicker caudal peduncle which can be interpreted as an adaptation to stream habitat, as this kind of adaptations is also found in rheophilic fishes of the genus Chaetostoma, rather than an intermediary between Farlowella and Sturisoma as supposed by Isbr��cker et al. (1983), these two genera not being particularly rheophilic., Published as part of Raphael Covain & Sonia Fisch-Muller, 2007, The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis., pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 1462 on page 27