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Doutoramento em Estudos do Desenvolvimento Durante as últimas décadas tem-se assistido a um aumento significativo das desigualdades no rendimento nos países desenvolvimentos e Portugal não tem sido excepção. O debate sobre os efeitos da desigualdade do rendimento no crescimento económico encontra-se na ordem do dia e na literatura têm sido identificadas diferentes dimensões e canais que através dos quais a desigualdade toma lugar e afecta tanto o crescimento como o desenvolvimento de uma economia. O presente trabalho procura, através da análise empírica, para o caso português, identificar quais os factores e canais que geram actualmente maiores disparidades nos rendimentos e que possam prejudicar o crescimento em Portugal entre 2006 e 2016. Os resultados revelam que, entre 2006-2009, os rendimentos médios das famílias mais pobres cresceram, enquanto os rendimentos médios do topo da distribuição apresentaram uma diminuição, reduzindo-se, assim, a desigualdade entre os extremos da distribuição durante este período. Por outro lado, verificou-se também um aumento da desigualdade durante o período de austeridade, em particular nos extremos da distribuição de rendimentos. Este período foi também caracterizado pelo abrandamento do crescimento da economia portuguesa e pelo decréscimo do rendimento das famílias, razão pela a qual a questão da desigualdade não deve ser vista apenas como instrumento de política social, mas sim como um dos motores do crescimento económico. A análise empírica efectuada permitiu verificar também que o impacto equalizador de um maior acesso à educação tem vindo a diminuir, embora se mantenha positivo e que o nível de desigualdade e o nível de pobreza não apresentam uma clara relação linear entre si, pelo que a diminuição das desigualdades não gera por si só uma redução do risco de pobreza. Do ponto de vista da política fiscal e redistributiva, verificou-se que são os impostos o instrumento redistributivo mais eficaz na redução da desigualdade, mas que em termos de eficiência são as transferências sociais, excluindo as pensões, que têm maior nível de eficiência na diminuição das desigualdades. Over the last decades, in Portugal as well as in the most developed countries, the income inequality has increased significantly. In this context, there has been an increasing interest in the economists for debating the relationship between inequality and economic growth, in order to understand the main drivers and channels through which inequality takes place and affects both growth and economic development. Therefore, this paper aims to observe, for the Portuguese economy, which factors and channels currently increase the gap in income levels for the period 2006-2016. The results show, in one hand, that between 2006 and 2009, while incomes of the poorest households grow, incomes of the richest households reduce, which lead to a decrease in inequality between the extremes of the distribution during this period. In other hand, during the austerity period, there was an increase in inequality, particularly the income disparity between the top and bottom of the distribution. This time period is also characterized by the economic slowdown in Portugal and by a fall in household, which is why the inequality should not only view as a part of the social policy but also as one driver of economic growth. The empirical analysis also showed that the equalizing impact of greater access to education has been decreasing, even though it remains a positive effect, and that the level of inequality and the level of poverty do not have a clear linear relationship, which means that reducing inequality does not lead itself to a reduction in the risk of poverty. From the point of view of taxation and social policies, it was observed that taxes are more effective in reducing inequality, but it is the social benefits, excluding pensions, which are the most efficient redistributive instrument in reducing inequalities. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Master in International Economics and European Studies This paper aims to examine the Competitiveness of China and India in the European Union based on the international trade values, during the time period 2001- 2009. It firstly reflects about the ambiguous definition of Competitiveness as well as the diversity of methods that exist to measure this concept. Subsequently, the following work seeks to analyse the exports growth of China and India in particular to the European market. Therefore, some methodologies were used in this paper: the Revealed Comparative Advantage analysis, which seeks to capture the products where China and India present Comparative advantage at world’s level; the Constant Market Share analysis, which pretends to verify if the Competitiveness explain the export growth to the European market; and the analysis based on the combination of the Trade Complementarity Index with the Geographical Orientation Index, which permits to identity the products where there is room, for China and India, to expand their exports to the European Union, under certain circumstances. The empirical analysis suggests that China’s and India’s exports are competitive in products identified by the three methodologies, having in many of them capacity to increase their exports to the European market. However, there still persist high levels of trade protection applied by the European Union, which can explain why China’s and India’s exports have not yet take advantage of their full potential.