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Aiming at the design problem of aviation swarm combat course of action (COA), considering the influence of stochastic parameters in the causal relationship model and optimization problem model, according to the dynamic influence net (DIN) theory, stochastic simulation technique, feedforward neural network (FNN) function approximation technique and multi-objective artificial fish school algorithm (MOAFSA), this paper proposed a COA optimized method based on DIN and multi-objective stochastic chance constraint optimization for aviation swarm combat. First, on the basis of establishing the overall framework of the model and defining the elements of causal relationship modeling, the static and dynamic causal relationship modeling and optimization problem modeling were carried out respectively. Second, the probability propagation mechanism of DIN was established, which mainly included two aspects, i.e., the overall process and the specific algorithm. Then, input and output data were generated based on stochastic simulation. According to these data, FNN was adopted for function approximation, and MOAFSA was adopted for iterative optimization. Finally, the rationality of the model, and the effectiveness and superiority of the algorithm were verified through multiple sets of simulation cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context where multiple partnerships are developing in the field of education (Marx and Reverdy, 2020), we analyzed the activity of a collective of actors with different statuses (primary school teacher, volunteer and swimming instructor) in the context of teaching swimming skills. By following the course-of-action research program (Theureau, 2004, 2006, 2015) and linking it to the theory of inquiry (Dewey, 1938), we were able to determine how the experience of these actors was transformed over the course of collective activity. In this way, we were able to show that all the actors were continually moving beyond institutional prescriptions. This constancy, supported by a range of processes, led to an enrichment of knowledge within the collective. These elements open up new avenues on two levels. On the one hand, given a large corpus of data, they allow us to consider the theoretical and methodological contributions of this research as an effective means of gaining dynamic access to the consensual activity of actors over a long period of time. From a technological perspective, they also help to clarify the mechanisms of experiential reciprocity at play within a partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to test the fruitfulness of bringing together two research programmes, Course of Action (PRCA) and Distributed Cognition (PRCD), for the study of human-animal interactions. This development of the PRCA towards an "augmented PRCA" aims to raise new research questions, linked to the integration of animal activities and human-animal interactions in the field of practice analysis. This article makes an empirical contribution to the development of this program by analyzing human-horse communication, in particular the interactions between Cadre Noir écuyers and sauteur horses. To study interspecies interactions, we use several theoretical concepts from these two research programs: cultural practice, mutual appropriationaction, and another concept already explored in previous work, namely sensorimotor empathy. We argue that the cultural practice of airs above the ground, shared by the écuyer and the sauteur, is both a condition and a result of sensorimotor empathy, which develops through a process of mutual appropriation-action. This study confirms the relevance of an "augmented" PRCA to account for animal activities and interspecies interactions, and contributes to a better understanding of the latter. It opens up prospects for new empirical studies to be carried out that highlight the development of mutual sensorimotor empathy within other shared cultural practices between humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents the wargaming commodity course of action automated analysis method (WCCAAM) – a novel approach to assist wargame commanders in developing and analyzing courses of action (COAs) through semi-automation of the military decision making process (MDMP). MDMP is a seven-step iterative method that commanders and mission partners follow to build an operational course of action to achieve strategic objectives. MDMP requires time, resources, and coordination – all competing items the commander weighs to make the optimal decision. WCCAAM receives the MDMP's Mission Analysis phase as input, converts the wargame into a directed graph, processes a multi-commodity flow algorithm on the nodes and edges, where the commodities represent units, and the nodes represent blue bases and red threats, and then programmatically processes the MDMP steps to output the recommended COA. To demonstrate its use, a military scenario developed in the Advanced Framework for Simulation, Integration, and Modeling (AFSIM) processes the various factors through WCCAAM and produces an optimal, minimal risk COA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When approaching a target point in cyberspace, it is difficult to address complexities such as network vulnerability, accessibility, time efficiency, and concealment. Therefore, there is a need for techniques to classify, automate, and optimize various operational elements belonging to the three layers of cyberspace necessary for approach. If the policy-making technique used by the military is applied, optimization can be used for the quantification and determination of the best decision-making process to approach the objective. Thus, in this study, cyber operations elements will be classified according to the 5W1H method for cyber-attack and defense training. Then, we propose the way of establishing course of action (COA) through quantifying and evaluating each category of 5W1H and prioritizing it. The effectiveness was analyzed by applying the extracted COA to a famous cyber-attack case, and the factors that had the greatest influence could be extracted. This study helps cyberattack teams build the best cyber operations COAs when conducting cyber-attack and defense training.

In this paper, we developed a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model to quantify uncertainties on battlefields. The model consists of the enemy's intention prediction model and the intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) reliability model quantified by using the sensor detection probability. We calibrated and validated the DBN using a historical dataset based on actual provocations by comprehensively referencing open-source intelligence, including news articles from mass media and official announcements of the Ministry of National Defense. The calibrated model was then used to predict the enemy's intention in the near future, and the accuracy of the model was 84.6%. We suggested an appropriate course of action (COA) based on the enemy's intention to expedite decision-making. We further studied the interaction between the predicted enemy's intention and the selected COA. The main results of this paper are that various information regarding enemy actions, either equality or inequality, can be incorporated into the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the courses of experience of 10 runners who volunteered to describe their experiences of withdrawal during an ultra-trail race. Data collected contained traces of past activities elicited in self-confrontation interviews. Data were coded and compared with identify structures in common sequences. Seven representative sequences were identified: feeling pain; putting meaning to those feelings; adjusting one's running style; attempting to overcome the problem; other runners' influences; assessing the situation; and deciding to withdraw. Results showed that disruptive events could cause progressive, cumulative, and varied transformations in runners' courses of experience that led inevitably to withdrawal. Practical implications for mental preparation and race management are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene therapies have been successfully applied to treat severe inherited and acquired disorders. Although research and development are sufficiently well funded in Germany and while the output of scientific publications and patents is comparable with the leading nations in gene therapy, the country lags noticeably behind with regard to the number of both clinical studies and commercialized gene therapy products. In this article, we give a historical perspective on the development of gene therapy in Germany, analyze the current situation from the standpoint of the German Society for Gene Therapy (DG-GT), and define recommendations for action that would enable our country to generate biomedical and economic advantages from innovations in this sector, instead of merely importing advanced therapy medicinal products. Inter alia, we propose (1) to harmonize and simplify regulatory licensing processes to enable faster access to advanced therapies, and (2) to establish novel coordination, support and funding structures that facilitate networking of the key players. Such a center would provide the necessary infrastructure and know-how to translate cell and gene therapies to patients on the one hand, and pave the way for commercialization of these promising and innovative technologies on the other. Hence, these courses of action would not only benefit the German biotech and pharma landscape but also the society and the patients in need of new treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the selection problem for course of action (COA) of aviation swarm, this paper proposes an optimized selection method for COA of aviation swarm based on dynamic influence nets (DINs), and discrete artificial bee colony (DABC) algorithm. Firstly, based on the basic concept of the aviation swarm combat plan, static and dynamic modeling and analysis are performed, respectively. Then, the probability propagation mechanism of DINs, which mainly includes key parameter determination and probability propagation algorithm, is established. Subsequently, based on the analysis of the evaluation index, the model is solved by using DABC algorithm with real number coding. Finally, this paper takes the offshore island attack task as an example, and carries out multiple sets of simulation cases to compare DABC algorithm with discrete glowworm swarm optimization (DGSO) algorithm and discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm, through all these cases, the rationality of the model, and the effectiveness and superiority of the algorithm are verified.

SMACH (Multi-Agent Simulation of Human Activity and Consumption in the Home) is a simulation platform that is part of EDF’s research and development framework. It aims to use simulation to anticipate and reduce energy consumption at different levels of analysis (housing, neighborhood, city, country). The aim of this article is to characterize a “course-of-action” technological research program by referring to several years of SMACH research work. We mainly focus on the importance of the organic relationship between technology and human activity and we show the evolution of this organic relationship as we follow the different stages that characterize this technological research program. This article can be seen as a basis for generalizing and specifying the effective criteria for validating a technological research program and as a contribution to a reflection on design in ergonomics.

SMACH (Multi-Agent Simulation of Human Activity and Consumption in the Home) is a simulation platform that is part of EDF's research and development framework. It aims to use simulation to anticipate and reduce energy consumption at different levels of analysis (housing, neighborhood, city, country). The aim of this article is to characterize a “course-of-action” technological research program by referring to several years of SMACH research work. We mainly focus on the importance of the organic relationship between technology and human activity and we show the evolution of this organic relationship as we follow the different stages that characterize this technological research program. This article can be seen as a basis for generalizing and specifying the effective criteria for validating a technological research program and as a contribution to a reflection on design in ergonomics.

Since the 1950s, failures in the development of anthropocentric technologies have suggested that general design principles open the way for socio-technical projects. However, the latter do not sufficiently integrate the social, subjective and technical aspects underlying every kind of industrial project. This article shows how the “course of action” theory, which is part of the “activity” field of ergonomics, supports this integration. This is achieved by demonstrating how the concepts and methods of the course of action theory, used to design new work situations when automating small hydroelectric power plants (SHPPs), leads to a broader empirical praxeology for addressing H-H (training) and H-M (automation) interfaces, or H-H-M systems. Theoretically, this article contributes to the technological pole of the Course of Action Research Programme, while in practical terms it warns Industry 4.0 professionals not to repeat the old myth (and expression) of the “unmanned factory”.

SMACH (Multi-Agent Simulation of Human Activity and Consumption in the Home) is a simulation platform that is part of EDF's research and development framework. It aims to use simulation to anticipate and reduce energy consumption at different levels of analysis (housing, neighborhood, city, country). The aim of this article is to characterize a "course-of-action" technological research program by referring to several years of SMACH research work. We mainly focus on the importance of the organic relationship between technology and human activity and we show the evolution of this organic relationship as we follow the different stages that characterize this technological research program. This article can be seen as a basis for generalizing and specifying the effective criteria for validating a technological research program and as a contribution to a reflection on design in ergonomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1950s, failures in the development of anthropocentric technologies have suggested that general design principles open the way for socio-technical projects. However, the latter do not sufficiently integrate the social, subjective and technical aspects underlying every kind of industrial project. This article shows how the "course of action" theory, which is part of the "activity" field of ergonomics, supports this integration. This is achieved by demonstrating how the concepts and methods of the course of action theory, used to design new work situations when automating small hydroelectric power plants (SHPPs), leads to a broader empirical praxeology for addressing H-H (training) and H-M (automation) interfaces, or H-H-M systems. Theoretically, this article contributes to the technological pole of the Course of Action Research Programme, while in practical terms it warns Industry 4.0 professionals not to repeat the old myth (and expression) of the "unmanned factory". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMACH (Multi-agent Simulation of Human Activity and Household Consumption) is a simulation platform within EDF’s R&D framework. It uses simulation to anticipate and reduce energy consumption at different places of analysis (home, district, town, country). With this paper we aim to explain what the course of action technological research program involves, and to this end we refer to several years of SMACH research. We essentially focus on the importance of the organic relationship between technology and human activity, and we show how this organic relationship evolves over the different stages that this technological research program involves. This paper may be viewed as a basis for generalizing and clarifying the criteria required to validate such a program and as a contribution towards reflection on design in ergonomics.

The ‘distributed cognition’ research program, initiated by Edwin Hutchins, has contributed to the development of the ‘course of action’ research program from 1987 until now. Edwin Hutchins has recently recognized the proximity between his last researches, developed in terms of embodied and distributed cognition, and the enaction paradigm, followed by this ‘course of action’ research program. The question of the definition of an "augmented ‘course of action’ research program" is now raised. Such "program" should, in relation with this enaction paradigm, deepen and synthetize the past contributions of the ‘distributed cognition’ research program to the ‘course of action’ research program and add new contributions from it. Such deepening, synthesis, and renewal of the contributions to the ‘course of action’ research program are made easy by the mutual contribution and addition of different theoretical and methodological results obtained by the two research programs. We will present here our personal answer to this question.

Since the 1950s, failures in the development of anthropocentric technologies suggest that general design principles open the way for socio-technical projects. However, the latter do not sufficiently integrate the social, the subjective and the technical aspects underlying any kind of industrial project. This paper shows how the "course of action" theory, which is part of the "activity" ergonomics field, supports this integration. This is achieved by showing how the concepts and methods of the course of action theory, used to design new work situations when automating small hydroelectric power plants (SHPPs), leads to a broader empirical praxeology for addressing H-H (training) and H-M (automation) interfaces, or H-H-M systems. Theoretically, this paper contributes to the technological pole of the Research Program of the Course of Action while, in practical terms, it warns Industry 4.0 professionals not to repeat the old myth (and expression) of the "manless factory".

The aim of this paper, based on a study conducted with a 26-student class engaged in an annual “Arctic Kayak” project, is twofold. The first challenge is to present the dynamics of joint construction, going back and forth between observation analysis and theoretical object. The second is to introduce two new concepts that might benefit the course-of-action research program. The first, “story of experience”, helps designing and conducting observation research to collect and analyze the experience of large groups of actors over a relatively long period of time. Such stories offer a condensed description of students’ individual experiences during the kayak classes, providing multiple angles of analysis. The second concept is “action field”, which is a subset of the “course-of-experience” theoretical object. For an actor and a given unit of time, this corresponds to all elements of its environment to which it attributes characteristics. Analysis of the students’ action fields allowed us to identify evolutions and transformations which are typical of the students’ perceptual judgments during classes. These results clarify the hypothesis of the three processes (in-situation, in-corporation, in-culturation) of appropriation proposed by Theureau.

The “course of action” empirical and technological research program was developed in the field of ergonomics during the 1980s and 1990s. It was then progressively extended to other fields of research and action beyond the boundaries of ergonomics. This contribution proposes an archeology of knowledge with the aim of gaining an understanding not only of the "course of action" research program (and its effectiveness), but also of the procedures/models that it proposes for both work and activity analysis and design. By scanning both the history and the conceptual universe of the “course of action” research program, this article aims (1) to point out the main empirical and technological contributions of this program and the potential it still holds (for work/activity analysis and for design), and (2) to help to make sense of certain concepts and analytical notions by mentioning the context of their emergence and the reasons for certain evolutions.

The “course of action” empirical and technological research program was developed in the field of ergonomics during the 1980s and 1990s. It was then extended to other fields of research and action beyond the boundaries of ergonomics. This contribution proposes an archeology of knowledge with the aim of gaining an understanding not only of the "course of action" research program (and its concreteness), but also of the notions/concepts/methods/models that it proposes for both analysis and design. By rapidly scanning both the history and the conceptual universe of the “course of action” research program, this article aims (1) to point out the main empirical and technological contributions of this program and the potential it still holds (for work/activity analysis and for design), and (2) to help to make sense of certain concepts and analytical notions by mentioning the context of their emergence and evolutions.

The “course of action” empirical and technological research program was developed in the field of ergonomics during the 1980s and 1990s. It was then extended to other fields of research and action beyond the boundaries of ergonomics. This contribution proposes an archeology of knowledge with the aim of gaining an understanding not only of the "course of action" research program (and its concreteness), but also of the notions/concepts/methods/models that it proposes for both analysis and design. By rapidly scanning both the history and the conceptual universe of the “course of action” research program, this article aims (1) to point out the main empirical and technological contributions of this program and the potential it still holds (for work/activity analysis and for design), and (2) to help to make sense of certain concepts and analytical notions by mentioning the context of their emergence and evolutions.

The aim of this article, based on a study conducted with a class of 26 students engaged in an annual “Arctic Kayak” project, is twofold. The first is to present the dynamics of joint construction, going back and forth between observation analysis and theoretical concept research. The second is to introduce two new concepts that might benefit the course-of-action research program. The first concept, “story of experience”, helps design and conduct observation research aiming to collect and analyze the experience of large groups of actors over a relatively long period of time. Stories of experience offer a condensed description of students’ individual experiences during the kayak classes, providing material that allows multiple angles of analysis. The second concept is that of “action field”, which is a subset of the “course-of-experience” theoretical object. For an actor and a given unit of time, this corresponds to all elements of its environment to which it attributes characteristics. Analysis of the students’ action fields allowed us to identify evolutions and transformations which are typical of the students’ perceptual judgments during classes. These results clarify the hypothesis of the three processes (in-situation, in-corporation, in-culturation) of appropriation proposed by Theureau (2011).

Since the 18th century, architects and museum managers have used natural and artificial lighting to light artworks and exhibits. Today, practitioners such as museographers, scenographers and lighting designers use it as a tool to build atmospheres and to guide the visitor’s gaze. Beyond merely highlighting artwork, lighting defines what is shown, and indicates the object of discussion. The potential of lighting – as a mediating device that directly affects the visitor’s sensitive and cognitive experience – remains to be shown and explained. It was from this standpoint that we studied visitor experience in the Grande Galerie de l’Évolution at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris, which presents a dynamic lighting installation conceived as an immersive scenography. We found that this installation plays an important role in the process of constructing sense and visitor experience. It helps to create an atmosphere of well-being, evoking the colors of natural environments, lighting or darkening the exhibits to attract or reduce attention, and acts as a catalyst for interpersonal and contemplative experiences. These results encourage us to explore the potential of lighting as a mediating device.

The ‘distributed cognition’ research program, initiated by Edwin Hutchins, has contributed to the development of the ‘course of action’ research program from 1987 to the present day. Edwin Hutchins having recently recognized the close relationship between his latest research, developed in terms of embodied and distributed cognition, and his research on the enaction paradigm, of which this ‘course of action’ research program is a part, the question now arises of the definition of an “augmented ‘course of action’ research program”. In relation to this enaction paradigm, such a program should go into greater depth and provide a new synthesis of the ‘distributed cognition’ research program’s past contributions to the ‘course of action’ research program and integrate its new contributions. This in-depth analysis, synthesis and renewal of the contributions to the ‘course of action’ research program are facilitated by the mutual contribution and addition of different theoretical and methodological results obtained by the two research programs over recent decades. In this paper we will present our personal view of the answer to this question.

The ‘distributed cognition’ research program, initiated by Edwin Hutchins, has contributed to the development of the ‘course of action’ research program from 1987 to the present day. Edwin Hutchins having recently recognized the close relationship between his latest research, developed in terms of embodied and distributed cognition, and that on the enaction paradigm, of which this ‘course of action’ research program is a part, the question now arises of the definition of an “augmented ‘course of action’ research program”. In relation to this enaction paradigm, such a program should go into greater depth and provide a new synthesis of the ‘distributed cognition’ research program’s past contributions to the ‘course of action’ research program and integrate its new contributions. This in-depth analysis, synthesis and renewal of the contributions to the ‘course of action’ research program are facilitated by the mutual contribution and addition of different theoretical and methodological results obtained by the two research programs over recent decades. In this paper we will present our personal view of the answer to this question.

Technological innovations contribute to developments in the technical culture of sports. The current field of competitive sailing provides an opportunity to study the development of a technical culture linked to the spread of an innovation in equipment – that of “hydrofoils”, which allow sailboats to “fly” over the water. The objectives of this study were to investigate: (i) the nature and structure of the knowledge of “pioneering” hydrofoil sailors, in relation to the question of flight stability management and control, and (ii) the development of a technical culture specific to hydrofoil sailing. We conducted “experience sharing” interviews with 12 participants recognized for their involvement in the practice or teaching of hydrofoil sailing. The analysis consisted in identifying typical experiences related to flight stability recognition and control, and in the categorization and inter-linking of explanatory elements on flight stability states, from the point of view of the participants’ knowledge. These two sides of the analysis helped to apprehend the emergence of a shared culture within the group of participants. Our results suggest the development of a technical culture of hydrofoil sailing that integrates to a greater extent the emotional dimension of this practice, and highlight the crew's incorporation into a boat that presents the characteristics of an autonomous system.

With future autonomous vehicles, drivers will have to regularly take over the control of a vehicle moving in traffic. This will mean not only taking over the driving but also reconstructing a suitable awareness of the situation (Situation Awareness - SA) that enables him/her to anticipate traffic evolution.Out of 15 participants in a study on the time needed to take over control, two were selected for an autoconfrontation interview. A detailed qualitative analysis of the driver’s take over process was carried out, after they had been deeply engaged in a life-on-board task. The notion of engagement, from the Course of Action theory, shows how reengagement in driving is dynamically built. The case studies suggest that with time pressure, a novice driver is likely to be first oriented towards the immediacy of the environment, leading him to focus on the trajectory of the vehicle. Construction of situation awareness (SA) only takes place afterwards.This short instant of radical change in activity offers an ideal opportunity to observe this dynamic aspect of engagement. The articulation of Situated Cognition notions draws a picture of the reengagement process. The resulting typology of reengagement processes offers design principles.

Copyright of Laboreal is the property of Laboreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Laboreal is the property of Laboreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Laboreal is the property of Laboreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Laboreal is the property of Laboreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Laboreal is the property of Laboreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Activités is the property of ARPACT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Activités is the property of ARPACT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Activités is the property of ARPACT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Activités is the property of ARPACT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Activités is the property of ARPACT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Activités is the property of ARPACT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Activités is the property of ARPACT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With future autonomous vehicles, drivers will have to regularly take over the control of a vehicle moving in traffic. This will mean not only taking over the driving but also reconstructing a suitable awareness of the situation (Situation Awareness - SA) that enables him/her to anticipate traffic evolution. Out of 15 participants in a study on the time needed to take over control, two were selected for an autoconfrontation interview. A detailed qualitative analysis of the driver's take over process was carried out, after they had been deeply engaged in a life-on-board task. The notion of engagement, from the Course of Action theory, shows how reengagement in driving is dynamically built. The case studies suggest that with time pressure, a novice driver is likely to be first oriented towards the immediacy of the environment, leading him to focus on the trajectory of the vehicle. Construction of situation awareness (SA) only takes place afterwards. This short instant of radical change in activity offers an ideal opportunity to observe this dynamic aspect of engagement. The articulation of Situated Cognition notions draws a picture of the reengagement process. The resulting typology of reengagement processes offers design principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents findings from a research study which examined organisational barriers to innovation and co-creation experienced during course of action formation processes in military operational planning. We investigated both classroom and practical experiences of courses of action brainstorm development when conducted as outlined in the NATO Comprehensive Operations Planning Directive. In-depth interviews were conducted and combined with one observational case study that involved continual dialogue with central actors involved. The findings indicate that there can be substantial differences between ideal types of brainstorming and the actual brainstorm processes that unfold during course of action development in teaching as well as in real planning situations. The article coins the term brickstorm to capture elements of this process.

This study focuses on collaborative pedagogical formats which are not widely used yet in secondary education. They are intended to be an alternative to class dialogues and seatwork, the two older and more widely spread educational formats. This study was conducted within the framework of situated cognitive anthropology. The results obtained show how the activity of three experienced teachers who have changed their teaching practices towards collaborative pedagogical formats (in history/geography, French and mathematics) tends to restructure in terms of: time and space organization; communication support and artifact utilization; and interaction modes among pupils as well as between the class and the teacher. Furthermore, this study reveals significant communication and relationship concerns on the teachers’ side, and a support approach rather than a teaching approach, which distance these teachers from the traditional school culture. In a French educational context where successive reforms lead to failures both in terms of improving student outcomes and well-being at school, understanding the reasons for these teachers’ actions and identifying the conditions that enabled them to make effective transformations of their class practices would appear to be very useful for nurturing initial training and continuing education.

We begin our article by placing various forms of trust distinguished by the literature along a continuum according to the truster's practical orientation toward the possibility of things not going as expected. We then present the ethnomethodological respecification of trust as an observable phenomenon of order involving continuous practical work, in situ and in real time. Conversation analysis provides tools for capturing how trust is accomplished as interlocutors rely on ordinary orders of practice to organize talk-in-interaction. Built on these bases, the term 'practical trust' points to the strong link between trust, the organization of courses of action and the production of their accountability. In conclusion, we suggest undertaking empirical research to identify the practices that make trust a specific phenomenon of interactional order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]