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L’état z’héros is a work in which Maurice Bandaman integrates the tale into the frame structure of the novel. Its discursivity is based on a number of oral intertexts including ritual songs, stanzas, opuses and references integrated in the form of a literary collage. At the narrative level, the voices of the narrators interact with those of the characters in dialogues and autonomous monologues by characters or narrators. These dialogic relationships highlight narrative metalepses that are polyphonic. It is one of the marks of literarity, the main driving force of stylistic analysis. The aims of this article are, firstly, to show that dialogism and intertextuality are two approaches echoing each other in the stylistic analysis of novelistic texts and, secondly, to prove that intertextual relations lead to polyphony and bring literarity to the fore. L’état z’héros est une œuvre dans laquelle Maurice Bandaman intègre le conte dans la structure du roman. Sa discursivité repose sur un certain nombre d’intertextes oraux dont les chants rituels, les stances, les opus et des références intégrées sous la forme d’un collage littéraire. Au niveau de la narration, la voix des narrateurs interagit avec celles des personnages dans les dialogues et les monologues autonomes des personnages ou des narrateurs. Ces relations dialogiques mettent en relief des métalepses narratives qui ressortent de la polyphonie. Celle-ci est l’une des marques de la littérarité, principal moteur de l’analyse stylistique. À travers un double objectif, primo, il s’agit de montrer que le dialogisme et l’intertextualité sont deux approches qui se font écho dans l’analyse stylistique des textes romanesques, en l’occurrence de ce texte de Maurice Bandaman. Secondo, il est question de prouver que les relations intertextuelles débouchent sur la polyphonie et mettent au premier plan la littérarité.

This study evaluates how the characteristics of daily rainfall and extreme events in Côte d’Ivoire changed during 1961–2015 using the rain gauge observation network of the National Meteorological Service (SODEXAM). The results indicate that the northern and southern parts of Cote d’Ivoire experienced a change from a wet to a dry period, with cut-offs in 1982 and 1983, respectively. In the northern part, this dry period was marked by a decrease in rainfall intensity, the length of wet spells, and the contribution of heavy and extreme rainfall, as well as an increase in the number of rainy days and a decrease in the length of dry spells. Over the southern part, this dry period was marked by an increase in the maximum length of dry spells associated with an increase in the maximum 1-day and 5-day precipitation events. The western part of Côte d’Ivoire experienced a late cut-off from the wet to dry period in 2000; the dry period was associated with a decrease in the number of rainy days, rainfall intensities, and maximum length of wet spells. Changes in the central part of Cote d’Ivoire presented high variability, and trends were less marked, even though a cut-off from a wet to dry period was detected in 1991. This study shows that Côte d’Ivoire, which is located in a subhumid and humid region and has an economy dependent on agriculture (especially cash crops, which comprise 60% of the GDP), is experiencing dry spells that are increasing in frequency and length. Combined with deforestation to increase production, this situation could lead to desertification and compromise the sustainable development goals of the country. The contribution of heavy rainfall was found to increase during the last 15 years, increasing the overall risk of floods, especially in urban areas where city authorities and populations are not prepared, thereby threatening infrastructure and human security.

Cette étude vise à dresser l’état de l’art des liens entre les données épidémiologiques et les réalités anthropologiques associées aux fractures ostéoporotiques. A cet effet, 41 documents ont été sélectionnés dans les bases de données Medline et Google Scholar. Ainsi, la prévalence et l’incidence des fractures, plus faibles chez le mélano-africain dont les os sont plus robustes et résistants, masquent d’une part les effets délétères du stress économique sur la santé osseuse, et d’autre part ceux de la solitude et l’isolement social simultanément sur la santé osseuse et le contrôle postural. En outre, le tourment et le chaos existentiels causés par les douleurs ainsi que les nombreuses failles dans la prise en charge médico-hospitalière, dégradent la santé mentale des patients tout en rallongeant les délais de leur rétablissement. Devant cette situation compromettante pour l’observance thérapeutique, une approche holistique de la prise en charge intégrant savoirs traditionnels et pharmacothérapie médicale est une piste de plus en plus privilégiée. L’épidémiologie et la prise en charge des fractures ostéoporotiques devraient donc être appréhendées à la lumière des considérations anthropologiques.

Background. The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) was established in 2012 to conduct coordinated worldwide influenza surveillance. In this study, we describe underlying comorbidities, symptoms, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with influenza. Methods. Between November 2018 and October 2019, GIHSN included 19 sites in 18 countries using a standardized surveillance protocol. Influenza infection was laboratory-confirmed with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. A multivariate logistic regression model was utilized to analyze the extent to which various risk factors predict severe outcomes. Results. Of 16 022 enrolled patients, 21.9% had laboratory-confirmed influenza; 49.2% of influenza cases were A/ H1N1pdm09. Fever and cough were the most common symptoms, although they decreased with age (P < .001). Shortness of breath was uncommon among those

Une enquête du ministère de la Famille a montré en 2018 l’importance des violences basées sur le genre (VBG) dans l’agglomération du Grand Abidjan (5 millions d’habitants). Les travailleurs sociaux employés pour ce travail ont été mobilisés lors de la pandémie de Covid-19 pour sensibiliser la population et l’aider dans la lutte contre le SARS-CoV-2 tout en poursuivant leur action contre les VBG. Ce sont les résultats recueillis qui font l’objet de cet article. Le nombre de viols est passé de 41 pour la période de janvier 2019 à février 2020 à 77 pour la période de mars 2020 à avril 2021, celui des agressions sexuelles de 4 à 7 et celui des agressions physiques de 139 à 171. Cette évolution n’est pas liée à celle de la Covid-19 ni à la commune concernée. Evolution of gender-based violence during the emergence of Covid-19 pandemic in Greater Abidjan (March 2020-May 2021) In Côte d’Ivoire, a country of 28 million inhabitants in West Africa, a survey conducted by the Ministry of the Family in 2018 showed the extent of gender-based violence (GBV) in the Greater Abidjan area (5 million inhabitants), the country’s economic capital. The social workers employed for this work were mobilized during the Covid-19 pandemic to raise awareness and help the population fight against SARS-CoV-2. The results collected by these workers during the first period (January 2019 - February 2020) and the second period (March 2020 - April 2021) are the subject of this article. From the first period to the second, the number of rapes increased from 41 to 77, sexual assaults from 4 to 7, physical assaults from 139 to 171, and forced marriages from 4 to 7. In total, the social workers helped 303 victims during the pre-pandemic period and 402 during the pandemic. This evolution varies from municipality to municipality in the Greater Abidjan area, and is not related to the number of inhabitants per municipality and without any link with the frequency of Covid-19 in each municipality. Despite possible biases, this study highlights a major health problem, GBV, and demonstrates the probable negative effects of the pandemic., MTSI, Vol. 2 No 2 (2022): MTSI-Revue

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Depuis plus de deux décennies, des enseignants-chercheurs et chercheurs anthropologues biologiques sont formés dans les universités ivoiriennes. Par conséquent, une étude relative aux sites archéologiques qui abritent des vestiges osseux anthropologiques et zoologiques. Elle a pour objectif principal la prospection, l’identification et la fouille à l’échelle nationale de ces sites. Aux termes des premiers résultats consécutifs à ces opérations de terrain, sept sites ont été identifiés. Il s’agit des sites de : Songon Kassemblé, Songon M’Braté, Dohouan, Daovogo, Poungbè, Nawavogo et Anda. Les analyses diachronique et synchronique ont permis d’apprécier leur état de préservation. Trois de ces sites, à savoir ceux de Songon Kassemblé, de Songon M’Braté et de Dohouan sont menacés de disparition. Sur l’ensemble de ces sites, ont été collectés des restes archéo-ostéologiques humains et fauniques associés à des artefacts. Au regard des destructions anthropiques observées, l’État Ivoirien se doit de protéger ce patrimoine archéo-ostéologique revêtant à la fois une dimension culturelle et scientifique, en faisant respecter les dispositions légales en la matière. Archaeologicals Sites And Osteologicals Remains In Côte D’ivoireAbstract For more than two decades, biologicals anthropologists teacher-researchers and researchers have been trained in Ivorians universities. Therefore, a study relating to archaeological sites that house anthropologicals and zoologicals bone remains. Its main objective is the prospecting, identification and excavation of these sites on a national scale. According to the first results following these field operations, seven sites have been identified. These are the sites of: Songon Kassemblé, Songon M'Braté, Dohouan, Daovogo, Poungbè, Nawavogo and Anda. The diachronic and synchronic analyzes made it possible to assess their state of preservation. Three of these sites, namely those of Songon Kassemblé, Songon M’Braté and Dohouan are threatened with disappearance. On all of these sites, humans and faunals archaeo-osteologicals remains associated with artefacts were collected. In view of the anthropogenic destruction observed, the Ivorian State must protect this archaeo-osteological heritage, which has both a cultural and scientific dimension, by enforcing the legal provisions in this area.Keywords: Humans and wildlifes archaeo-osteologicals remains, State of Preservation, Heritage Protection.

Influenza vaccination remains the most effective tool for reducing seasonal influenza disease burden. Few Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) have robust, sustainable annual influenza national vaccination programs. The Partnership for Influenza Vaccine Introduction (PIVI) was developed as a public-private partnership to support LMICs to develop and sustain national vaccination programs through time-limited vaccine donations and technical support. We review the first 5 years of experience with PIVI, including the concept, country progress toward sustainability, and lesson learned. Between 2013 and 2018, PIVI worked with Ministries of Health in 17 countries. Eight countries have received donated vaccines and technical support; of these, two have transitioned to sustained national support of influenza vaccination and six are increasing national support of the vaccine programs towards full transition to local vaccine program support by 2023. Nine additional countries have received technical support for building the evidence base for national policy development and/or program evaluation. PIVI has resulted in increased use of vaccines in partner countries, and early countries have demonstrated progress towards sustainability, suggesting that a model of vaccine and technical support can work in LMICs. PIVI expects to add new country partners as current countries transition to self-reliance.

Stylistics is a science born from the works of Charles Bally at the start of the 20thcentury. It centers on literary texts. To decipher them, stylistics focuses on methods and concepts from the language sciences. It is therefore effective in bringing to light the various subtleties of the African novel which continues to regenerate from the resources of African language and linguistic heritage. This regeneration results in an Africanization of the writing language. It follows that re-lexicalization is at the heart of verbal praxis. It is materialized by the embedding of oral ethno-texts in the novel. This creativity is a form of discursive subversion which is characterized by a polyphonic and transgeneric aesthetics. Le-fils-de-la-femme-mâle by Maurice Bandaman conforms to this standard. The typographical configuration shows that the enunciative foundations of the work rests on the structure of the traditional African tale. As a result, the novel resists the norms of traditional storytelling. Furthermore, the insertion of the African tale into the structure of the novel is not based on any stable rule. The discourse is based on an intertextual practice that upsets the architectonics of the classic novel. It breaks with the canon and imposes another reception modality which provides obvious enjoyment to the reader. This work highlights all of the enunciative, linguistic and discursive phenomena that contribute to the authenticity of this work., La stylistique est une science née des travaux de Charles Bally au début du XXèmesiècle. Elle a pour objet le texte littéraire. Pour le décrypter, la stylistique s’appuie sur des méthodes et des concepts issus des sciences du langage. Elle est donc efficace pour mettre au jour les différentes subtilités du roman africain qui ne cesse de se régénérer à partir des ressources de l’oralité et du patrimoine linguistique africain. Cette régénération se traduit par une africanisation de la langue d’écriture. La re-lexicalisation est au cœur de la praxis verbale. Elle se matérialise par l’enchâssement d’ethno-textes oraux dans le roman. Cette créativité est une forme de subversion discursive qui se caractérise par une esthétique polyphonique et transgénérique. Le-fils-de-la-femme-mâle de Maurice Bandaman est conforme à cette norme. La configuration typographique montre que les fondements énonciatifs de l’œuvre reposent sur la structure du conte traditionnel africain. De ce fait, le roman s’oppose à la narration traditionnelle. En outre, l’insertion du conte africain dans la structure du roman ne repose sur aucune règle stable. Le discours est fondé sur une pratique intertextuelle qui bouleverse l’architectonique du roman classique. Il rompt avec l’horizon d’attente et impose une autre modalité de réception qui procure de la jouissance au lecteur obvie. Ce travail met en évidence l’ensemble des phénomènes énonciatifs, linguistiques et discursifs qui participent à l’authenticité de cette œuvre.

The database of the Global Influenza B Study was created by collecting surveillance datasets from each of the participating countries. These national datasets are owned by the participating countries, and thus cannot be shared publicly. Researchers interested in obtaining the country-specific datasets may contact the individuals listed below for further details regarding data access.Argentina (Santa Fe Province): Gabriela Kusznierz (labconi@yahoo.com.ar)Australia: Kate Pennington (kate.pennington@health.gov.au)Bhutan: Sonam Wangchuk (swangchuk@health.gov.bt)Brazil: Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques (claudio.henriques@saude.gov.br)Cameroon: Guy Vernet (vernet@pasteur-yaounde.org)Chile: Rodrigo Fasce (rfasce@ispch.cl)China: Feng Luzhao (fenglz@chinacdc.cn)Costa Rica: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Ecuador: Alfredo Bruno (alfredobruno@yahoo.es)El Salvador: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)England: Maria Zambon (maria.zambon@phe.gov.uk)Guatemala: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Honduras: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Indonesia: Herman Kosasih (hermaninarespond@gmail.com)Italy: Caterina Rizzo (caterina.rizzo@iss.it)Ivory Coast: Herve A. Kadjo (hervekadjo@pasteur.ci)Kazakhstan: Gulzhan Muratbayeva (hnv2@cdc.gov)Kenya: Joshua Mott (zud9@cdc.gov)Madagascar: Jean-Michel Heraud (jmheraud@pasteur.mg)Morocco: Amal Barakat (amal.barakat@yahoo.fr)New Zealand: Sue Huang (sue.huang@esr.cri.nz)Nicaragua: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Panama: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Portugal: Ana Paula Rodrigues (ana.rodrigues@insa.min-saude.pt)Singapore: Vernon Lee (vernonljm@hotmail.com)South Africa: Cheryl Cohen (cherylc@nicd.ac.za)Turkey: Meral Akcay Ciblak (ciblakm@yahoo.com)Ukraine: Alla Mironenko (miralla@ukr.net)Viet Nam: Le Thi Quinh Mai (lom9@hotmail.com); International audience; BACKGROUND:Influenza disease burden varies by age and this has important public health implications. We compared the proportional distribution of different influenza virus types within age strata using surveillance data from twenty-nine countries during 1999-2014 (N=358,796 influenza cases).METHODS:For each virus, we calculated a Relative Illness Ratio (defined as the ratio of the percentage of cases in an age group to the percentage of the country population in the same age group) for young children (0-4 years), older children (5-17 years), young adults (18-39 years), older adults (40-64 years), and the elderly (65+ years). We used random-effects meta-analysis models to obtain summary relative illness ratios (sRIRs), and conducted meta-regression and sub-group analyses to explore causes of between-estimates heterogeneity.RESULTS:The influenza virus with highest sRIR was A(H1N1) for young children, B for older children, A(H1N1)pdm2009 for adults, and (A(H3N2) for the elderly. As expected, considering the diverse nature of the national surveillance datasets included in our analysis, between-estimates heterogeneity was high (I2>90%) for most sRIRs. The variations of countries' geographic, demographic and economic characteristics and the proportion of outpatients among reported influenza cases explained only part of the heterogeneity, suggesting that multiple factors were at play.CONCLUSIONS:These results highlight the importance of presenting burden of disease estimates by age group and virus (sub)type.