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3. Envisioning the Future of European Food Systems: Approaches and Research Priorities After COVID-19

Author

Matteo Vittuari, Giovanni Bazzocchi, Sonia Blasioli, Francesco Cirone, Albino Maggio, Francesco Orsini, Jerneja Penca, Mara Petruzzelli, Kathrin Specht, Samir Amghar, Aleksandar-Mihail Atanasov, Teresa Bastia, Inti Bertocchi, Antoine Coudard, Andrea Crepaldi, Adam Curtis, Runrid Fox-Kämper, Anca Elena Gheorghica, Agnès Lelièvre, Pere Muñoz, Erwin Nolde, Josè Pascual-Fernández, Giuseppina Pennisi, Bernd Pölling, Lèlia Reynaud-Desmet, Isabella Righini, Youssef Rouphael, Vèronique Saint-Ges, Antonella Samoggia, Shima Shaystej, Macu da Silva, Susana Toboso Chavero, Pietro Tonini, Gorazd Trušnovec, Benjamin L. Vidmar, Gara Villalba, and Fabio De Menna

Subjects
city/region food system, SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, sustainable food systems, food initiatives, food security, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic unveiled the fragility of food sovereignty in cities and confirmed the close connection urban dwellers have with food. Although the pandemic was not responsible for a systemic failure, it suggested how citizens would accept and indeed support a transition toward more localized food production systems. As this attitudinal shift is aligned with the sustainability literature, this work aims to explore the tools and actions needed for a policy framework transformation that recognizes the multiple benefits of food systems, while considering local needs and circumstances. This perspective paper reviews the trends in production and consumption, and systematizes several impacts emerged across European food systems in response to the first wave of pandemic emergency, with the final aim of identifying challenges and future strategies for research and innovation toward the creation of resilient and sustainable city/region food systems. The proposal does not support a return to traditional small-scale economies that might not cope with the growing global population. It instead stands to reconstruct and upscale such connections using a “think globally act locally” mind-set, engaging local communities, and making existing and future citizen-led food system initiatives more sustainable. The work outlines a set of recommended actions for policy-makers: support innovative and localized food production, training and use of information and communication technology for food production and distribution; promote cross-pollination among city/region food systems; empower schools as agents of change in food provision and education about food systems; and support the development of assessment methodologies and the application of policy tools to ensure that the different sustainability dimensions of the food chain are considered.

Published
2021
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4. Envisioning the future of European food systems: approaches and research priorities after COVID-19

Author

Mara Petruzzelli, Agnès Lelièvre, Antonella Samoggia, Fabio De Menna, Pere Muñoz, Kathrin Specht, Susana Toboso Chavero, Sonia Blasioli, Albino Maggio, Francesco Orsini, Benjamin L. Vidmar, Francesco Cirone, Andrea Crepaldi, Runrid Fox-Kämper, Gara Villalba, Isabella Righini, Jerneja Penca, Samir Amghar, Youssef Rouphael, Bernd Pölling, Erwin Nolde, Giovanni Giorgio Bazzocchi, Aleksandar Mihail Atanasov, Antoine Coudard, Inti Bertocchi, Adam Curtis, Lèlia Reynaud-Desmet, Giuseppina Pennisi, Macu da Silva, Vèronique Saint-Ges, Teresa Bastia, Gorazd Trušnovec, Pietro Tonini, José J. Pascual-Fernández, Anca Elena Gheorghica, Matteo Vittuari, Shima Shaystej, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (UNIBO), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Euro-Mediterranean University of Slovenia, ILS - Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development (ILS - Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development), ILS - Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development, Municipality of Lansingerland, Chercheur indépendant, Municipality of Bologna, Metabolic Institute, Flytech Srl, Nabolagshager AS, Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Nolde & Partner, UNIVERSITY OF LA LAGUNA, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences [Hagen], Ville de Romainville, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Organización de Productores de Túnidos y Pesca Fresca de la Isla de Tenerife (ISLATUNA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Polar Permaculture Solutions, AS, Frontiers, European Project: 862663,FoodE, Vittuari, M., Bazzocchi, G., Blasioli, S., Cirone, F., Maggio, A., Orsini, F., Penca, J., Petruzzelli, M., Specht, K., Amghar, S., Atanasov, A. -M., Bastia, T., Bertocchi, I., Coudard, A., Crepaldi, A., Curtis, A., Fox-Kamper, R., Gheorghica, A. E., Lelievre, A., Munoz, P., Nolde, E., Pascual-Fernandez, J., Pennisi, G., Polling, B., Reynaud-Desmet, L., Righini, I., Rouphael, Y., Saint-Ges, V., Samoggia, A., Shaystej, S., da Silva, M., Toboso Chavero, S., Tonini, P., Trusnovec, G., Vidmar, B. L., Villalba, G., De Menna, F., University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Vittuari, Matteo, Bazzocchi, Giovanni, Blasioli, Sonia, Cirone, Francesco, Maggio, Albino, Orsini, Francesco, Penca, Jerneja, Petruzzelli, Mara, Specht, Kathrin, Amghar, Samir, Atanasov, Aleksandar-Mihail, Bastia, Teresa, Bertocchi, Inti, Coudard, Antoine, Crepaldi, Andrea, Curtis, Adam, Fox-Kämper, Runrid, Gheorghica, Anca Elena, Lelièvre, Agnè, Muñoz, Pere, Nolde, Erwin, Pascual-Fernández, Josè, Pennisi, Giuseppina, Pölling, Bernd, Reynaud-Desmet, Lèlia, Righini, Isabella, Rouphael, Youssef, Saint-Ges, Vèronique, Samoggia, Antonella, Shaystej, Shima, da Silva, Macu, Toboso Chavero, Susana, Tonini, Pietro, Trušnovec, Gorazd, Vidmar, Benjamin L., Villalba, Gara, and De Menna, Fabio

Subjects
City/region food system, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, lcsh:TX341-641, 010501 environmental sciences, Horticulture, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, food initiatives, 12. Responsible consumption, city/region food system, SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, sustainable food systems, food initiatives, food security, 03 medical and health sciences, Food chain, 11. Sustainability, Environmental planning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Global and Planetary Change, Food security, Ecology, lcsh:TP368-456, business.industry, food initiative, Food initiatives, [SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, Food sovereignty, lcsh:Food processing and manufacture, Sustainable city, 13. Climate action, Information and Communications Technology, City/Region Food System, Sustainability, GTB Tuinbouw Technologie, Sustainable food systems, Food processing, Food systems, SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Food Science
Abstract

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M The COVID-19 pandemic unveiled the fragility of food sovereignty in cities and confirmed the close connection urban dwellers have with food. Although the pandemic was not responsible for a systemic failure, it suggested how citizens would accept and indeed support a transition toward more localized food production systems. As this attitudinal shift is aligned with the sustainability literature, this work aims to explore the tools and actions needed for a policy framework transformation that recognizes the multiple benefits of food systems, while considering local needs and circumstances. This perspective paper reviews the trends in production and consumption, and systematizes several impacts emerged across European food systems in response to the first wave of pandemic emergency, with the final aim of identifying challenges and future strategies for research and innovation toward the creation of resilient and sustainable city/region food systems. The proposal does not support a return to traditional small-scale economies that might not cope with the growing global population. It instead stands to reconstruct and upscale such connections using a "think globally act locally" mind-set, engaging local communities, and making existing and future citizen-led food system initiatives more sustainable. The work outlines a set of recommended actions for policy-makers: support innovative and localized food production, training and use of information and communication technology for food production and distribution; promote cross-pollination among city/region food systems; empower schools as agents of change in food provision and education about food systems; and support the development of assessment methodologies and the application of policy tools to ensure that the different sustainability dimensions of the food chain are considered.

Published
2021
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5. URBAN METABOLISM STRATEGY: FINAL REPORT

Author

Coudard, Antoine, Chatel, Elodie, Singh, Apurva, Corbin, Liz, Browne-Wilkinson, Savanna, Ritter, Frenzi, Streefland, Tamara, Miles, Vicky, Sood, Soumya, Bolumburu, Pilar, Garmulewicz, Alysia, and Smith, Charlene

Subjects
Urban metabolism, Circular strategies, Impact hotspots, Environmental impact assessment
Abstract

This report presents the methodology and results of WP 3, Task 3.4 Environmental Impact Assessment within the REFLOW project. Its aims to communicate the outcomes of each pilot city ’s circular interventions and strategies -including an environmental impact assessments, and a discussion on these interventions may affect the urban metabolism of each of the Pilot Cities.

Published
2022
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6. Global water and energy losses from consumer avoidable food waste

Author

José M Mogollón, J. de Koning, A. Coudard, Arnold Tukker, and E Corbin

Subjects
Consumption (economics), Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Resource-efficiency, Strategy and Management, Building and Construction, Food-energy-water nexus, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Food waste, Consumer food waste, Environmental protection, Food products, Sustainable food system, Food systems, Environmental science, Water footprint, Embodied energy, Regional differences, Water use, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Food products require significant amounts of energy and water throughout their lifecycle, yet humanity wastes 1.3e9 tons of food on a yearly basis. A large part of this waste occurs during the consumption (post-retail) phase of the food system as avoidable food waste, the discarded edible (parts of) food products. In this study, we explore the effects of avoidable food waste on the Food-Energy-Water nexus. We show that the 344 million tonnes of global avoidable food waste is responsible for squandering 4e18 J of energy and 82e9 m3 of water. While there are important regional differences in terms of avoidable food waste due to varying diets and waste incidences, these energy and water losses are rivaling the electricity and the blue water use of populous nations, and adding to needless pressures on the environment.

Published
2021

7. A new avirulence gene of Leptosphaeria maculans , AvrLm14 , identifies a resistance source in American broccoli ( Brassica oleracea ) genotypes

Author

Degrave, Alexandre, Wagner, Marine, George, Pierre, Coudard, Laurent, Pinochet, Xavier, Ermel, Magali, Gay, Elise, Fudal, Isabelle, Moreno‐Rico, Onesimo, Rouxel, Thierry, Balesdent, Marie‐Hélène, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), innolea, Terres Inovia, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, ANR-17-EURE-0007,SPS-GSR,Ecole Universitaire de Recherche de Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay(2017), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and ANR GPLA07‐024C, Agence Nationale de la Recherche

Subjects
Genotype, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Brassica napus, food and beverages, gene‐for‐gene, Original Articles, Brassica, stem canker, resistance introgression, Ascomycota, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, gene-for-gene, Original Article, Leptosphaeria, Plant Diseases
Abstract

In many cultivated crops, sources of resistance to diseases are sparse and rely on introgression from wild relatives. Agricultural crops often are allopolyploids resulting from interspecific crosses between related species, which are sources of diversity for resistance genes. This is the case for Brassica napus (oilseed rape, canola), an interspecific hybrid between Brassica rapa (turnip) and Brassica oleracea (cabbage). B. napus has a narrow genetic basis and few effective resistance genes against stem canker (blackleg) disease, caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans, are currently available. B. rapa diversity has proven to be a valuable source of resistance (Rlm, LepR) genes, while B. oleracea genotypes were mostly considered susceptible. Here we identified a new resistance source in B. oleracea genotypes from America, potentially effective against French L. maculans isolates under both controlled and field conditions. Genetic analysis of fungal avirulence and subsequent cloning and validation identified a new avirulence gene termed AvrLm14 and suggested a typical gene‐for‐gene interaction between AvrLm14 and the postulated Rlm14 gene. AvrLm14 shares all the usual characteristics of L. maculans avirulence genes: it is hosted in a genomic region enriched in transposable elements and heterochromatin marks H3K9me3, its expression is repressed during vegetative growth but shows a strong overexpression 5–9 days following cotyledon infection, and it encodes a small secreted protein enriched in cysteine residues with few matches in databases. Similar to the previously cloned AvrLm10‐A, AvrLm14 contributes to reduce lesion size on susceptible cotyledons, pointing to a complex interplay between effectors promoting or reducing lesion development., Cloning of avirulence gene AvrLm14 in Leptosphaeria maculans allowed us to identify the first resistance gene to the fungus in Brassica oleracea; therefore B. oleracea diversity may be exploited to find novel resistance to the disease.

Published
2021
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8. URBAN METABOLISM ANALYSIS: INITIAL ASSESSMENTS

Author

Corbin, Liz, Bichler, Tobias, Bolumburu, Pilar, Browne, Savanna, Chatel, Elodie, Coudard, Antoine, Garmulewicz, Alysia, Kamps, Martijn, Powell, Zoe, Ritter, Frenzi, Singh, Apurva, Smith, Charlene, Streefland, Tamara, and Thibault, Fanny

Abstract

This report presents the methodology and results of WP 3, Task 3.3 Environmental Systems Design within the REFLOW project. Its aims to communicate the outcomes of each pilot city ’s urban metabolism analysis -including the material flow analyses, initial impact assessments, and resulting recommended actions.

Published
2021
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9. REFLOW Circular Principles for Cities

Author

Bolumburu Pilar, Corbin Liz, Coudard Antoine, Garmulewicz Alysia, Powell Zoe, Singh Apurva, and Smith Charlene

Subjects
REFLOW project, Circular Economy, Regenerative City
Abstract

In this publication, we present a set of Circular Principles and Indicators that can help guide cities in the transition toward a regenerative circular economy. The circular economy has been widely employed to mean an economy where materials flow in loops or cycles, human activity runs on renewable energy, economic growth is decoupled from resource use, and natural capital is invested in. With the term regenerative circular economy, we aim to emphasize three main themes. First, we use the term regenerative to place emphasis on net-positive outcomes and expand beyond the narrow focus of system optimization towards more generative, creative system outcomes. Second, our vision of a regenerative circular economy also foregrounds the importance of place-based and context-specific analysis and action. Rather than a one-size-fits-all approach to circular economy principles, we emphasize principles that frame the economy as a nested system spanning local, regional, national, and global scales of production and consumption. In particular, local and regional scales are where latent regenerative potential can be found. Third, we take inspiration from living systems by foregrounding change and adaptive management of socio-ecological systems. We propose learning from the way resources in natural ecosystems flow. This leads us away from a mindset of engineering tightly controlled closed loops of materials that are isolated from living systems to designing our products to be nutrients for living systems at local and regional scales.

Published
2021
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10. REFLOW_D3.1_Circular Principles and Indicators

Author

Corbin, Liz, Coudard, Antoine, Garmulewicz, Alysia, Powell, Zoe, Singh, Apurva, Smith, Charlene, and Bolumburu, Pilar

Subjects
urban metabolism, circular economy, material flow analysis
Abstract

D3.1 Circular Principles and Indicators lays out the key concepts and components of WP3’s Circular Urban Metabolism framework - (1) Circular Principles, (2) principle-level and pilot-specific key performance indicators, and (3) urban metabolism assessments - as well as the methodologies undertaken to derive them and the resulting outcomes. In doing so, it chronicles the activities undertaken and results derived by WP 3 within the first year of the REFLOW project.

Published
2020
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11. Global water and energy losses from consumer avoidable food waste

Author

Coudard, A. (author), Corbin, E (author), de Koning, J.I.J.C. (author), Tukker, Arnold (author), Mogollón, José (author), Coudard, A. (author), Corbin, E (author), de Koning, J.I.J.C. (author), Tukker, Arnold (author), and Mogollón, José (author)

Abstract

Food products require significant amounts of energy and water throughout their lifecycle, yet humanity wastes 1.3e9 tons of food on a yearly basis. A large part of this waste occurs during the consumption (post-retail) phase of the food system as avoidable food waste, the discarded edible (parts of) food products. In this study, we explore the effects of avoidable food waste on the Food-Energy-Water nexus. We show that the 344 million tonnes of global avoidable food waste is responsible for squandering 4e18 J of energy and 82e9 m3 of water. While there are important regional differences in terms of avoidable food waste due to varying diets and waste incidences, these energy and water losses are rivaling the electricity and the blue water use of populous nations, and adding to needless pressures on the environment., Design for Sustainability

Published
2021
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12. Envisioning the Future of European Food Systems: Approaches and Research Priorities After COVID-19

Author

Vittuari, Matteo, Bazzocchi, Giovanni, Blasioli, Sonia, Cirone, Francesco, Maggio, Albino, Orsini, Francesco, Penca, Jerneja, Petruzzelli, Mara, Specht, Kathrin, Amghar, Samir, Atanasov, Aleksandar-Mihail, Bastia, Teresa, Bertocchi, Inti, Coudard, Antoine, Crepaldi, Andrea, Curtis, Adam, Fox-Kämper, Runrid, Gheorghica, Anca Elena, Lelièvre, Agnès, Muñoz, Pere, Nolde, Erwin, Pascual-Fernández, Josè, Pennisi, Giuseppina, Pölling, Bernd, Reynaud-Desmet, Lèlia, Righini, Isabella, Rouphael, Youssef, Saint-Ges, Vèronique, Samoggia, Antonella, Shaystej, Shima, Da Silva, Macu, Toboso Chavero, Susana, Tonini, Pietro, Trušnovec, Gorazd, Vidmar, Benjamin L., Villalba, Gara, De Menna, Fabio, Vittuari, Matteo, Bazzocchi, Giovanni, Blasioli, Sonia, Cirone, Francesco, Maggio, Albino, Orsini, Francesco, Penca, Jerneja, Petruzzelli, Mara, Specht, Kathrin, Amghar, Samir, Atanasov, Aleksandar-Mihail, Bastia, Teresa, Bertocchi, Inti, Coudard, Antoine, Crepaldi, Andrea, Curtis, Adam, Fox-Kämper, Runrid, Gheorghica, Anca Elena, Lelièvre, Agnès, Muñoz, Pere, Nolde, Erwin, Pascual-Fernández, Josè, Pennisi, Giuseppina, Pölling, Bernd, Reynaud-Desmet, Lèlia, Righini, Isabella, Rouphael, Youssef, Saint-Ges, Vèronique, Samoggia, Antonella, Shaystej, Shima, Da Silva, Macu, Toboso Chavero, Susana, Tonini, Pietro, Trušnovec, Gorazd, Vidmar, Benjamin L., Villalba, Gara, and De Menna, Fabio

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic unveiled the fragility of food sovereignty in cities and confirmed the close connection urban dwellers have with food. Although the pandemic was not responsible for a systemic failure, it suggested how citizens would accept and indeed support a transition toward more localized food production systems. As this attitudinal shift is aligned with the sustainability literature, this work aims to explore the tools and actions needed for a policy framework transformation that recognizes the multiple benefits of food systems, while considering local needs and circumstances. This perspective paper reviews the trends in production and consumption, and systematizes several impacts emerged across European food systems in response to the first wave of pandemic emergency, with the final aim of identifying challenges and future strategies for research and innovation toward the creation of resilient and sustainable city/region food systems. The proposal does not support a return to traditional small-scale economies that might not cope with the growing global population. It instead stands to reconstruct and upscale such connections using a “think globally act locally” mind-set, engaging local communities, and making existing and future citizen-led food system initiatives more sustainable. The work outlines a set of recommended actions for policy-makers: support innovative and localized food production, training and use of information and communication technology for food production and distribution; promote cross-pollination among city/region food systems; empower schools as agents of change in food provision and education about food systems; and support the development of assessment methodologies and the application of policy tools to ensure that the different sustainability dimensions of the food chain are considered.

Published
2021

13. Envisioning the Future of European Food Systems: Approaches and Research Priorities After COVID-19

Author

Vittuari, Matteo, primary, Bazzocchi, Giovanni, additional, Blasioli, Sonia, additional, Cirone, Francesco, additional, Maggio, Albino, additional, Orsini, Francesco, additional, Penca, Jerneja, additional, Petruzzelli, Mara, additional, Specht, Kathrin, additional, Amghar, Samir, additional, Atanasov, Aleksandar-Mihail, additional, Bastia, Teresa, additional, Bertocchi, Inti, additional, Coudard, Antoine, additional, Crepaldi, Andrea, additional, Curtis, Adam, additional, Fox-Kämper, Runrid, additional, Gheorghica, Anca Elena, additional, Lelièvre, Agnès, additional, Muñoz, Pere, additional, Nolde, Erwin, additional, Pascual-Fernández, Josè, additional, Pennisi, Giuseppina, additional, Pölling, Bernd, additional, Reynaud-Desmet, Lèlia, additional, Righini, Isabella, additional, Rouphael, Youssef, additional, Saint-Ges, Vèronique, additional, Samoggia, Antonella, additional, Shaystej, Shima, additional, da Silva, Macu, additional, Toboso Chavero, Susana, additional, Tonini, Pietro, additional, Trušnovec, Gorazd, additional, Vidmar, Benjamin L., additional, Villalba, Gara, additional, and De Menna, Fabio, additional

Published
2021
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16. Populations de phoma du colza : état des lieux des résistances

Author

Balesdent, Marie-Helene, COUDARD, Laurent, Pourcelot, Mickaël, Leflon, Martine, Delourme, Régine, Faure, Sébastien, Rouxel, Thierry, BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Agrosolutions, Terres Inovia, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), innolea, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy
Abstract

National audience

Published
2019

17. Evolution of populations of Leptosphaeria maculans, a fungal pathogen of oilseed rape, under resistance selection pressure: insights from two decades of surveys in France

Author

Balesdent, Marie-Helene, Plissonneau, Clémence, Carpentier, Florence, Coudard, Laurent, Touzeau, Suzanne, Leflon, Martine, Ermel, Magali, Delourme, Régine, Le Meur, Loïc, Rouxel, Thierry, BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biological control of artificial ecosystems (BIOCORE), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Terres Inovia, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, InVivo AgroSolutions (IAS), Groupe Roullier. FRA., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology
Abstract

National audience; Leptosphaeria maculans is responsible for the stem canker, a major disease of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Specific resistance genes are used in commercial varieties to control the disease. The effectiveness of a given resistance gene is a function of the frequency of the corresponding avirulent allele in field populations of the pathogen. After the release of the oilseed rape resistance gene Rlm1 in the 1990’s in France, a very rapid increase in the frequency of isolates virulent towards this gene was observed [1]. More recently, a new resistance gene, Rlm7, was introduced into commercial hybrid varieties, at a time when most (>99.5%) of the L. maculans isolates possessed the corresponding avirulent allele AvrLm7 [2]. Since 2000, the frequency of isolates virulent against Rlm7 has been monitored in populations of L. maculans in either experimental fields with increased selection pressure, or at a national scale in more standard agronomic situations. While a rapid increase in frequency of virulent isolates was observed in an experimental field at Grignon that had minimum tillage and continuous oilseed rape cropping (36% of isolates virulent after 3 years; [3]), the breakdown of the Rlm7 gene appeared much less rapid than that observed previously for Rlm1 at the national level in France (less than 20% of isolates virulent after 10 years of widespread use of Rlm7. Among the possible reasons for this unexpected durability of Rlm7, the role of the negative interaction between AvrLm7 and AvrLm3 [4] was explored here. A detailed knowledge of molecular mechanisms responsible for virulence against Rlm3 and Rlm7 was obtained and suggested that pyramiding of the two resistance genes could have a negative impact on Rlm7 durability while the use of both resistance genes in different varieties could have slowed down the breakdown. These population and molecular information are currently used in an epidemiological model to test our hypotheses. References [1] Rouxel T, et al (2003). Eur J Plant Pathol 109:871-881. [2] Balesdent MH, et al (2006). Eur J Plant Pathol 114:53-65. [3] Daverdin G, et al (2012).. PLoS Pathog 8: e1003020. [4] Plissonneau C, et al (2016) New Phytol 209:1613-1624

Published
2018

18. Food Waste through the Food-Water-Energy Nexus Lenses: A Case Study of Amsterdam

Author

Coudard, Antoine (author) and Coudard, Antoine (author)

Abstract

Food waste is a global issue that causes various but significant global impacts, wasting millions of hectares of arable land, 0.75 to 1.25 trillion of cubic meter of water per year, and about 1.5% of the global energy production. In developed nations, food waste occurs mainly at the retail and consumer stage. By 2050, 80% of the global food consumption will take place within cities. Cities are also a key nexus of energy, water, and food flows. Amsterdam offers an interesting case study as the city does not have any comprehensive strategy to tackle the food waste produced within its boundaries. Yet, the city has shown ambitions in transforming itself into a sustainable metropolis with strong renewable energy and circular strategies. This study uses the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus approach, particularly suited to understand the interactions and interconnections between Amsterdam’s food flows and the energy and water systems. This study performs a Material Flow Analysis to quantify the different food waste (FW) flows and their origins. It finds that households are the main producers of food waste compared to FW-producing businesses in Amsterdam. Bread, dairy, vegetables, and fruits are the largest avoidable FW, while vegetable peels, fruits peels, coffee grounds, and potatoes peels constitute the bulk of unavoidable food waste. It then quantifies the embedded energy and water present within these food flows. Using the latest developments in the field of bio-based economy regarding food waste valorization, it provides an inventory of the potential technologies available to valorize Amsterdam’s FW. The study then quantifies the energy and water inputs of 12 of these food waste-valorizing technologies. This step confirms the large knowledge gap regarding the water and energy intensities of the latest bio-based technologies. The type and amount of recovered resources through these technologies are also quantified. In addition, this study provides a review of the current, Industrial Ecology

Published
2019

19. Food Waste through the Food-Water-Energy Nexus Lenses : A Case Study of Amsterdam : An Industrial Ecology Approach

Author

Coudard, A. and Coudard, A.

Abstract

This study performs a Material Flow Analysis to quantify the different food waste (FW) flows and their origins. It finds that households are the main producers of food waste compared to FW-producing businesses in Amsterdam. Bread, dairy, vegetables, and fruits are the largest avoidable FW, while vegetable peels, fruits peels, coffee grounds, and potatoes peels constitute the bulk of unavoidable food waste. It then quantifies the embedded energy and water present within these food flows. Using the latest developments in the field of bio-based economy regarding food waste valorization, it provides an inventory of the potential technologies available to valorize Amsterdam’s FW. The study then quantifies the energy and water inputs of 12 of these food waste-valorizing technologies. This step confirms the large knowledge gap regarding the water and energy intensities of the latest bio-based technologies. The type and amount of recovered resources through these technologies are also quantified. In addition, this study provides a review of the current social and commercial initiatives based in Amsterdam tackling this issue of food waste. It offers a six-category qualitative framework to assess their food waste rescue potential. Then, a new food waste management and valorization framework is proposed, based on the Value Pyramid model from the bio-based economy, the Food Waste Management Hierarchy framework, and the FEW nexus insights developed in this study. This new framework enables to outline strategies for both Amsterdam’s avoidable and unavoidable food waste flows. It suggests anaerobic digestion, Black Soldier Fly bioconversion, and composting as potential FEW-efficient solutions for Amsterdam’s unavoidable FW. Last, Amsterdam’s FW stakeholders are analyzed through their importance, interests, and potential roles in a future FW scheme. It suggests that the municipality and AEB, Amsterdam’s Waste-to-Energy plant should be at the center of a future FW valorization schem

Published
2019

20. Clonal populations ofLeptosphaeria maculanscontaminating cabbage in Mexico

Author

J. S. Dias, Azita Dilmaghani, M. H. Balesdent, Laurent Coudard, Onésimo Moreno-Rico, N. Castillo-Torres, Thierry Rouxel, and Lilian Gout

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, Linkage disequilibrium, Veterinary medicine, education.field_of_study, biology, Population, Plant Science, Horticulture, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Race (biology), Minisatellite, Leptosphaeria maculans, Genotype, Botany, Genetics, Phoma, Brassica oleracea, education, Agronomy and Crop Science, 030304 developmental biology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The race structure and genotypic diversity of four Leptosphaeria maculans populations isolated from Brassica oleracea (broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, etc.) in central Mexico (Aguascalientes, Guanajuato and Zacatecas states) were analysed. Race structure was characterized by an unusually low diversity at three locations out of four. Fourteen minisatellite markers revealed a high proportion of repeated multilocus genotypes in these populations, combined with a significant linkage disequilibrium and strong clonal fraction (65‐87%). The occurrence of the mating-type idiomorphs always significantly departed from the 1:1 proportion expected in the case of random mating. Each population thus consists of a few (four to nine) multilocus genotypes which are specific to each location. These data strongly support the hypothesis of exclusive, or a high rate of, clonal multiplication. Comparison of cropping practices between B. oleracea and B. napus indicate that the shift in reproductive behaviour of the fungus is chiefly man-mediated.

Published
2012
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21. Phoma du colza : recyclage du gène de résistance Rlm3

Author

Plissonneau, Clémence, Daverdin, Guillaume, Coudard, Laurent, Ollivier, Bénédicte, Rouxel, Thierry, Balesdent, Marie-Helene, BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, and Cprojet CTPS ICOSCOP, Métaprogramme INRA SMaCh 'K-Masstec'

Subjects
virulence, Leptosphaeria maculans, colza, phoma, Phoma lingam, résistance, gène Rlm3, gène Rlm7, interaction négative, avirulence, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

National audience

Published
2015

22. Résistance du colza au phoma : où en est l'efficacité de Rlm7 ?

Author

Balesdent, Marie-Helene, Plissonneau, Clémence, Coudard, Laurent, Daverdin, Guillaume, Le Meur, Loïc, Carpezat, Julien, Leflon, Martine, Pinochet, Xavier, Ermel, Magali, Brun, Hortense, Rouxel, Thierry, BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), In Vivo Agrosolutions, Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Oléagineux Métropolitains (CETIOM), Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Oléagineux, des Protéagineux et du Chanvre (CETIOM), Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Biologie des organismes et des populations appliquées à la protection des plantes (BIO3P), ANR Gester, projets CTPS EVOLEP et ICOSCOP, métaprogramme SMaCH 'K-Masstec', Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Terres Inovia, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Leptosphaeria maculans, contournement, durabilité, Phoma lingam, résistance, colza, phoma, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, gène Rlm7
Abstract

National audience; absent

Published
2015

23. Résistance du colza au phoma : où en est l'éfficacité de Rlm7 ?

Author

Plissonneau, Clémence, Coudard, Laurent, Daverdin, Guillaume, Le Meur, Loïc, Carpezat, Julien, Leflon, Martine, Pinochet, Xavier, Ermel, Magali, Brun, Hortense, Rouxel, Thierry, and Balesdent, Marie-Helene

Subjects
maladie cryptogamique, résistance aux maladies, caractérisation phénotypique, Biodiversité et Ecologie, nécrose du collet, leptosphaeria maculans, gène de résistance, Agricultural sciences, Biodiversity and Ecology, colza, phoma, Phoma lingam, Leptosphaeria maculans, résistance, gène Rlm7, durabilité, contournement, épidémiologie, phoma du colza, colza d'hiver, Sciences agricoles
Published
2015

24. Evolultion des populations de Leptosphaeria maculans sur les sites d'évaluation variétale du CTPS

Author

Pinochet, X, Balesdent, Marie-Helene, Bichot, S., Coudard, Laurent, Rouxel, Thierry, Leflon, Martine, Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Oléagineux Métropolitains (CETIOM), BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
virulence, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, évaluation variétale, Leptosphaeria maculans, nécrose du collet, colza
Abstract

absent

Published
2012

25. Evolution des populations de Leptosphaeria maculans en France en relation avec le déploiement de résistances spécifiques chez le colza

Author

Balesdent, Marie-Helene, Bichot, S., Coudard, Laurent, Leflon, M., Rouxel, Thierry, Pinochet, X., BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, CETIOM Paris-Grignon, and Saisissez le nom du laboratoire, du service ou du département., Ville service.

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Leptosphaeria maculans, population, France, colza
Abstract

absent

Published
2012

26. Evolution moléculaire du gène d'avirulence de Leptosphaeria maculans AvrLm4-7 sous pression de sélection

Author

Daverdin, Guillaume, Coudard, Laurent, Rouxel, Thierry, Balesdent, Marie-Helene, BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech

Subjects
évolution moléculaire, gène d'avirulence, rip, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], leptosphaeria maculans, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

National audience

Published
2010

29. Réactions d'une série monosomique de blé à la contamination des feuilles et des épis par deux souches de Septoria nodorum Berk. (= Leptosphaeria nodorum Mull.)

Author

Philippe Auriau, Bruno Letarnec, Frantz Rapilly, Camille Depatureaux, Laurent Coudard, Hervé Richard, and Revues Inra, Import

Subjects
Genetics, Monosomy, [SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, [SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, biology, medicine, Aneuploidy, Chromosome, Fungi imperfecti, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Agronomy and Crop Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Published
1988

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