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The Deliverable 7.2 “Full Project Knowledge Integration Report with Results, Procedures and Recommendations” aims to present the operational process of knowledge integration and key project results and recommendations on Social-Ecological Tipping Points (SETPs) to accelerate low-carbon, clean energy transitions in CCIRs.

Background Clinical coordination mechanisms (CCM) can play an important role in improving clinical coordination between primary (PC) and secondary care (SC) doctors, being necessary to understand the reasons hindering their use. The aim is to analyse the level of use of CCM, and the difficulties and factors associated to it. Methods Cross-sectional study based on an online survey using the COORDENA-CAT questionnaire (October-December 2017). Sample: 3308 doctors of the Catalan national health system. Outcome variables: frequent use of six CCM and difficulties in their use. Explanatory variables: sociodemographic, labour characteristics, organizational and interactional factors. Stratification variable: level of care. Analysis: descriptive bivariate and multivariate by logistic regression. Results The level of use differed according to the CCM and level of care, being lower for the different cross-level consultations (via electronic medical record -EMR: 52.36%, email: 26.11% and phone: 21.73%). Shared EMR of the organisation (81.27%) and of the region (65.89%), and joint clinical case conferences (63.28%) were the most frequently used, especially by PC doctors, and the ones presenting more difficulties in use. While the difficulties pointed to organizational problems, mostly related to computer and schedule problems, the analysis of factors pointed also to some individual factors. Working in integrated areas or with local hospitals were factors positively associated with the use of CCM. Interactional factors, such as personally knowing the other level doctor, were associated among SC doctors. Conclusions The use of CCM differed across mechanisms and level of care, and was clearly improvable. Difficulties and factors affecting their use were mostly organizational, so managerial support is required to create the appropriate conditions for their use. It is also important to strengthen interaction between doctors of different care levels to improve the use of CCM. Key messages The level of use of CCM differed according to the mechanism and level of care, and was clearly improvable. This study identifies difficulties and factors affecting their use, mainly organizational. These results are useful for managers promoting strategies to improve clinical coordination by the effective implementation of CCM, which require managerial support and interaction between doctors.

Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia y los costes de los eventos adversos presentes en el Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos (CMBD) en los hospitales españoles en el período 2008-2010. Método: Estudio retrospectivo que estima el coste incremental por episodio, según la presencia de eventos adversos. El coste se obtiene de la Red Española de Costes Hospitalarios (RECH), creada a partir de los registros de costes por paciente basados en actividades y CMBD. Los eventos adversos se han identificado mediante Indicadores de Seguridad del Paciente (validados en el Sistema Sanitario español) de la Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality, junto a indicadores del proyecto europeo EuroDRG. Resultados: Se incluyen 245.320 episodios, con un coste de 1.308.791.871 €. Aproximadamente 17.000 episodios (6,8%) sufrieron un evento adverso, lo que representa un 16,2% del coste total. Los eventos adversos, ajustados por el Grupo Relacionado por el Diagnóstico, añaden un coste incremental medio que oscila entre 5.260 € y 11.905 €. Seis de los diez eventos adversos con mayor coste incremental son posteriores a intervenciones quirúrgicas. El coste incremental total de los eventos adversos es de 88.268.906€, un 6,7% adicional del total del gasto sanitario. Conclusiones: Valorando su impacto, los eventos adversos representan relevantes costes que pueden revertirse en mejora de la calidad y la seguridad del sistema de salud. Objective: To evaluate the incidence and costs of adverse events registered in an administrative dataset in Spanish hospitals from 2008 to 2010. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out that estimated the incremental cost per episode, depending on the presence of adverse events. Costs were obtained from the database of the Spanish Network of Hospital Costs. This database contains data from 12 hospitals that have costs per patient records based on activities and clinical records. Adverse events were identified through the Patient Safety Indicators (validated in the Spanish Health System) created by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality together with indicators of the EuroDRG European project. Results: This study included 245,320 episodes with a total cost of 1,308,791,871€. Approximately 17,000 patients (6.8%) experienced an adverse event, representing 16.2% of the total cost. Adverse events, adjusted by diagnosis-related groups, added a mean incremental cost of between €5,260 and €11,905. Six of the 10 adverse events with the highest incremental cost were related to surgical interventions. The total incremental cost of adverse events was € 88,268,906, amounting to an additional 6.7% of total health expenditure. Conclusions: Assessment of the impact of adverse events revealed that these episodes represent significant costs that could be reduced by improving the quality and safety of the Spanish Health System.

Whereas the literature on adaptation is rich in detail on impacts, vulnerability and constraints to climate adaptation, less is known about the conditions that facilitate adaptation in practice. We examined the constraints and opportunities for adaptation in water and land use planning in three regions: the Guadiana River Basin in Spain and Portugal, the Tisza River Basin in Hungary and western Inner Mongolia in China. We analysed the conditions that either facilitate or constrain adaptation in relation to 1) adaptation actors, 2) adaptation strategies and 3) adaptation objectives. Many adaptation assessments concentrate on climate impacts and the potential of adaptation strategies. The conditions that enable people to act on adaptation are studied less. Yet, these have been identified as particularly important for successfully implementing adaptation. We find that adaptation is enhanced by pilot projects that test and debate new ideas through collaboration between recognised actors from civil society, policy and science. Promising for adaptation is the integration of (traditional) agro-environmental land use systems that regulate regional climate impacts with new technologies, organisational responsibilities and financial instruments. A key challenge is to create flexible and equitable financial instruments that facilitate benefit- and burden-sharing, social learning and that support a diverse set of potentially better-adapted new activities rather than compensate for climate impacts on existing activities.

This deliverable reports on the work done in ADAM work package P3d. It examines the constraints and opportunities for mainstreaming adaptation to climate change in land use and water management in three study regions: the Guadiana River Basin in Spain and Portugal, the Tisza River Basin in Hungary and the Alxa region in western Inner Mongolia, China

In the EU, regions are acquiring greater decisional powers in the recent years. However, the ‘new regions’ do not longer correspond to the divisions that once were useful to the particular goals of the old nation-states, but are now created upon other new cooperation goals, including environment and sustainability, that transcend country borders. The mainstreaming of climate change into regional development goals and processes, including the adoption of new forms of governance and resource management related to adaptive management of shared resources such as transboundary river basins, entail the need to find new ways of cooperation and collaboration capable to erode existing regional divisions while at the same time developing new ones. We look at the role played by ‘atypical’ bridging organisations in the case of the Guadiana river basin, in Iberia, and to the extent that the new emerging cross-border institutional arrangements can be seen as an effective adaptive management response to mounting environmental threats such as climate change and water scarcity.

Objetivo: A pesar de que en los últimos 5 años la población inmigrante se ha triplicado en ciudades como Barcelona, hasta el momento no se ha evaluado de forma rigurosa el impacto de este colectivo en el sistema sanitario. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido comparar el perfil de la hospitalización de la población inmigrante con la autóctona, desde el punto de vista de la casuística, gravedad, características demográficas y consumo de estancias. Material y métodos: Se han analizado las 15.057 altas del Hospital del Mar de Barcelona en el año 2000. Este hospital asiste el 60% de los ingresos hospitalarios del distrito de Ciutat Vella, distrito que presentaba en el año 2000 un porcentaje de inmigrantes residentes del 21%. Se han comparado las características sociodemográficas y de casuística de los pacientes en razón de ser o no inmigrantes. También se ha comparado el consumo de recursos hospitalarios teniendo en cuenta la edad, la casuística (grupos relacionados por el diagnóstico) y la gravedad (severidad, complicaciones y comorbilidades) de la patología atendida. Resultados: La población inmigrante ha presentado una casuística distinta de la autóctona por la marcada diferencia en la edad y por su mayor tasa de fecundidad. El 33% de los ingresos de inmigrantes han sido partos. El coste medio de las altas de inmigrantes de países de renta baja valorado en consumo de estancias hospitalarias, ha sido un 30% menor que el del resto de las altas. Una vez ajustadas la edad, la casuística y la severidad, el consumo de estancias hospitalarias en la población inmigrante ha sido significativamente menor. La diferencia se ha cifrado en un 5% cuando sólo se ha ajustado por patología y en un 10% cuando han sido considerados todos los factores. Conclusiones: Las diferencias en la casuística vienen marcadas por la edad y por las diferencias socioculturales. La pirámide de edad de la población hospitalaria inmigrante recompone la envejecida estructura de edad de los pacientes autóctonos y plantea la necesidad de recuperar el mayor peso de los servicios de ginecología-obstetricia y pediatría. El hecho de que exista menor consumo de recursos por alta hospitalaria en la población inmigrante de países de renta baja contradice la relación esperada de inmigrante-peor situación socioeconómica-mayor intensidad de consumo de recursos por alta hospitalaria. Deben proponerse nuevas hipótesis de trabajo y análisis que permitan explicar esta realidad. Objective: Although the immigrant population in cities such as Barcelona has tripled in the last five years, until now the impact of this group on the health system has not been rigorously evaluated. The aim of this study was to compare hospital resource utilization among the immigrant population with that among the native population through case mix, demographic characteristics and hospital day use. Material and methods: We analyzed 15,057 discharges from Hospital del Mar in Barcelona in 2000. This hospital attends 60% of admissions from the Ciutat Vella district. In 2000, 21% of the population of this district were immigrants. Socio-demographic patient characteristics and case mix were compared between the immigrant and the native population. Hospital resource use was compared according to age, case mix (diagnosis related groups) and seriousness (severity, complications and comorbidities) of the events requiring medical care. Results: The case mix of the immigrant population differed from that of the autochthonous population due to pronounced ge differences and a higher fertility rate. Thirty-three percent of immigrant admissions were for deliveries. The mean cost of discharge of immigrants from low-income countries was 30% lower than that for the remaining discharges. After adjusting for age, case mix and severity, length of stay among the immigrant population was significantly shorter. A 5% reduction was found after adjusting for case mix and a 10% reduction was found when all the factors were considered. Conclusions: Case mix differences are due to age and socio-cultural factors. Immigrants are rejuvenating the ageing native population and the role of gynecology-obstetrics and pediatrics needs to be increased. The finding that resource use per discharge is lower among immigrants from low-income countries contradicts the expectation that lower socioeconomic status leads to higher hospital resource use intensity. Therefore, new hypotheses and analyses that explain this situation should be put forward.

La encina (Q. rontundifolia) y el alcornoque (Q. súber) junto con el roble rojo americano (Q. rubra) son especies sensibles a Phytophthora cinnamomi. Este hongo esta asociado a la "seca" (oak decline), que es la principal enfermedad que los afecta desde comienzos de los años 80, tanto en árboles aislados como en grupo. La infección de este hongo se produce principalmente por las zoosporas. Con el fin de determinar las menores suspensiones de estas que producen infección a través del sistema radical de las plantas de Quercus, en nuestra experiencia hemos empleado las siguientes: 104; 2,5xlO4; 5X104; 105 zoosporas/ml, utilizando tres aislados de P. cinnamomi procedentes de Q. súber (IVIA-1), Q. rotundifolia (IVIA-2) y de Q. rubra (IVIA-7). El sistema radical de las plántulas de las cinco especies de Quercus (Q. rotundifolia, Q. súber, Q. faginea, Q. petraea y Q. pyrenaica) se dispuso en las suspensiones de zoosporas, realizando el control de los síntomas de la enfermedad, tanto en la parte aérea como en el sistema radical, a los 50 días. Esta metodología proporciona una buena motilidad de las zoosporas y una evidente atracción de los tejidos radicales. De las cinco especies, Q. rotundifolia se ha comportado como las más sensible, necesitando Q. súber, Q. faginea y Q. petraea suspensiones diez veces superiores (105 zoosporas/ml) para mostrar afección. En el caso de Q. pyrenaica una suspensión de 5x104 causó claramente la enfermedad. Sin embargo, los niveles de afección fueron similares en los tres aislados del hongo para cada especie de Quercus, lo que demuestra que P. cinnamomi posee una escasa o nula especificidad así como una gran polifagia.

Las epidemias de gripe son causa de morbi-mortalidad y tienen un gran impacto socio-económico. Ocasionalmente, los brotes de gripe generan pandemias. La última originada por el virus de la Gripe (H1N1)2009. Teniendo en cuenta la evidencia actualmente disponible y siendo la gripe una de las enfermedades de mayor impacto epidemiológico y máxima relevancia en la gestión de los servicios sanitarios, la evaluación de la utilización de recursos socio-sanitarios y sus costes asociados debería ser prioritaria. Con el objetivo de dar respuesta a esta necesidad se puso en marcha este estudio, cuyo protocolo de investigación se detalla en este manuscrito. Se trata de un estudio observacional, longitudinal y multicéntrico que pretende comparar los costes sanitarios con los derivados de la pérdida de productividad, así como estimar los costes incrementales y el coste-utilidad de las intervenciones de prevención y tratamiento, todo ello en pacientes hospitalizados y ambulatorios. Se recogerá (evaluación basal y seguimiento) información sociodemográfica, clínica, de utilización de recursos socio-sanitarios y estado de salud. Los análisis se realizarán bajo la perspectiva de la sociedad y el enfoque de la incidencia. Para la valoración monetaria se imputará el coste unitario a la frecuencia de utilización. Se calcularán los costes incrementales de las estrategias de prevención y tratamiento. El coste-utilidad se estimará a partir de la pérdida de utilidad y se analizará la pérdida global de años de vida ajustados por calidad. Nuestro estudio aportará información original que permitirá estimar el impacto económico de la gripe y ayudará en la toma de decisiones en la gestión sanitaria. Influenza epidemics cause not only both morbidity and mortality but also have a great socio-economic impact. Occasionally, influenza infections become pandemics, such as the case of the last influenza (H1N1) 2009 virus outbreak. Taking into account the current available evidence, and being the flu syndrome a main cause of epidemiologic impact of maximum relevance for health services managers, the evaluation of health and social resources use and its associated costs should be a priority. With the objective of addressing that need, this study was set in motion. Its research protocol is presented in this manuscript. It is an observational, longitudinal and multicentric study, that aims to compare the sanitary costs with those derived from loss of productivity; as well as to estimate the incremental costs and cost-utility of prevention and treatments interventions; in both hospitalized and outpatients. Socio-demographic and clinical variables, use of resources and health status of patients will be collected (baseline and follow-up evaluations). Analyses will be conducted from the society prospective, and incidence approach. Unitary costs will be imputed to the use frequency for the monetary assessment. Incremental costs of prevention strategies and treatments will also be calculated. Cost-utility will be estimated from the loss of utility; and also loss of quality-adjusted life years will be analyzed. Our study will contribute with original information for estimating the economic impact of flu, and help health management decision making.