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Les fouilles à la grotte de l’Uzzo ont mis en évidence une séquence comprise entre la moitié du IXe et le début du Ve millénaire avant J.C. qui commence avec une intense fréquentation mésolithique matérialisée entre autre par des structures d’habitat et de nombreuses sépultures.D’importantes modifications paléoéconomiques (début d’une activité de pêche régulière et capture récurrente des cétacés) et technologiques (apparition des tranchants transversaux) sont réalisées entre la fin de l’occupation mésolithique et les premiers témoignages relatifs à l’installation néolithique.C’est dans cette dernière période, avec une céramique qui précède la phase de Stentinello et une technologie lithique caractérisée par une production laminaire et par de nombreux tranchants transversaux, que l’on assiste à la diffusion de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et à un très fort développement de la pêche. Excavations at Uzzo Cave have brought to light a sequence comprised between the half of the IX,n and the beginning of the Vth millennium B.C., which starts with an intense mesolithic occupation documented, among other things, by some structures and several graves.Some important paleoeconomical changes (starting of a regular fishing activity with recurrent captures of ceta-ceans) and technological innovations (appearence of transverse arrowheads) took place between the end of mesolithic times and the beginning of the first documentation concerning the neolithic presence at Uzzo bay. During this last period, we do absist to the diffusion of farming and breeding together with a strong expansion of fishing activity, within a cultural background characterized by a pottery style preceding the Stentinello one’s and a lithic technology with blades and transverse arrowheads production.

L’habitat de plein air de Ripa Tetta près de Lucera (Pouilles, Italie) appartient à une phase évoluée de la céramique imprimée, qui présente de nombreuses ressemblances avec la phase de Guadone et avec le niveau supérieur du village de Rendina, datés de la fin du VIe millénaire et du commencement du Ve.Sur la poterie prédomine le décor imprimé et incisé, mais 4 ou 5 % des tessons montrent aussi une décoration peinte et des gravures géométriques.L’industrie lithique est très riche en burins, en denticulés, en lames retouchées et en racloirs ; des éléments de faucilles et des rares géométriques (trapèzes) sont aussi présents.L’économie est axée sur la culture des céréales (Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum, T. aestivum-durum, Hordeum vulgare) et sur l’élevage des ovicapridés et du bœuf ; la chasse au cerf, au chevreuil et, peut-être, au sanglier joue un rôle très secondaire. L’association faunistique des mollusques terrestres montre l’existence aux alentours du village d’un environnement très ouvert et aride. The open air site of Ripa Tetta near Lucera (Apulia, Italy) belongs to a developed phase of the Impressed Ware Culture, which presents strict resemblances to the Guadone phase and to the upper level of Rendina village, dated at the end of the 5th millennium and at the beginning of the 6th.The impressed and incised decoration predominates but 4-5 % of the pottery sherds shows a painted or a scrat-ched geometrical decoration. The lithic industry is rich in burins, denticulates, retouched blades and side-scrapers ; some sickle blades and rare geometrics (trapezia) are also present.The economy of the site is based on cereals cultivation (Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum, T. aestivum-durum, Hordeum vulgare) and on sheep/goat and cattle breeding. Red deer, roe-deer and, maybe, wild boar hunting plays a secondary role. The faunistic association of terrestrial molluscs indicates the existence of an open and dry land around the village.

3. Odontholariopsis Audisio & Cline, gen. nov. (Figs. 3 a–h) Type species. Meligethes nebulosus Reitter, 1872: 247 (by present designation) [= Odontholariopsis nebulosus (Reitter, 1872) comb. nov.]. Generic description and diagnosis. Inclusive species vary greatly in size (1.4–2.8 mm length), and share the following combination of characters. Body color and pubescence: pubescence golden to silvery-whitish or brownish, short and fine, recumbent, sparse, never obscuring the variably colored (reddish, brown, blackish, or brown with yellowish elytra: Figs. 3a; Figs. 129–130 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO (1995)) dorsal body surface; pronotal and elytral sides narrowly flattened, typically the same color as disk. Lateral margin of pronutum and elytra with a series of usually distinct setae, each seta 0.7–0.8× as long as those on elytral disc; posterior margin of pronotum comprising moderately long, distally trifid or tetrafid microsetae, microsetae uniformly also along middle region anterior to scutellum (Fig. 3e). Dorsal habitus: body moderately convex, variably shaped, usually moderately short and wide, oval, in some species exceptionally short and wide (Figs. 3a; Figs. 6–9 and 129–130 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995); dorsal punctures on discal portion of pronotum as large as or larger than eye facets, shallowly impressed and densely distributed; anterior margin of clypeus slightly arcuately emarginate, simple, i.e. always without small distinct medial bulge, and not distinctly bordered (Fig. 3b), with circum-ocular furrows (occipital sulci) on dorsal side of head absent (Fig. 3b); eyes large and usually moderately projecting laterally (Figs. 3a, b); pronotum with faintly distinct posterior angles, rounded to obtuse and never directed posteriorly (Fig. 3a); scutellum regularly punctured in most of exposed portion; elytra with simple punctation, never transversely strigose; elytral humeral angle moderately distinct, not protruding laterally (Fig. 3a); elytral humeral striae usually not distinct; elytral pre-sutural striae visible, originating at scutellar vertex, terminating at elytral apex, and delimiting a faintly distinct, flat, not raised sutural border on each elytron, border widest at posterior third, slightly narrower than proximal width of 3 rd antennomere; elytral apices truncately rounded in both sexes (Fig. 3a); pygidium partially exposed, moderately convex, apically rounded in both sexes (Fig. 3a; Figs. 6–9 and 129–130 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995). Ventral habitus: antennal furrows markedly delimited, nearly parallel-sided, or slightly divergent posteriorly; mentum subpentagonal (Fig. 3c); prosternal antennal furrows of anterior margin of prosternum scarcely raised and short, but distinct (Fig. 3c); prosternal process relatively narrow, but with strongly dilated subapical portion 2.3–2.5× as wide as maximum width of 1 st antennomere, apex blunt (Fig. 3f); lateral borders of prosternal process delimiting shallowly impressed but distinct furrows, distally terminating before predistal lateral expansions (Fig. 3f); posterior margin of mesoventrite simple, never medially incised (Fig. 3f); moderately expressed sexual dimorphism on metaventrite, with variably developed impressions; first two visible abdominal ventrites simple in both sexes, without tufts of setae; caudal marginal lines of metacoxal cavities simple, parallel and contiguous to posterior margin of metacoxal cavities, without arched impression of outer ‘axillary’ line (as in Fig. 4k); ‘axillary’ space on first abdominal ventrite moderately developed, ‘axillary’ angle widely obtuse (as in Fig. 4k); small, short, and shallowly impressed arched impressions on basal portion of last visible abdominal ventrite mostly concealed by distal portion of penultimate visible abdominal ventrite (Fig. 3h). Appendages: male 1 st antennomere 0.8–1.0× as long as protibial width excluding distal teeth (Figs. 3a, c); 3 rd antennomere in both sexes peculiarly short, usually only 1.7–1.8× as long as wide, and nearly 0.7× as long as but distinctly thinner than 2 nd antennomere (Figs. 3a, c); 4 th and 5 th antennomeres in both sexes subequal, short, nearly as long as wide; antennal club compact, small, simple, comprising last 3 antennomeres in both sexes (8 th antennomere moderately widened, nearly 0.7× as wide as 9 th antennomere) (Figs. 3a, c), much narrower than width of protibiae, not sexually dimorphic; labial palpi short in both sexes (Fig. 3c), terminal segment 1.4–1.5× as long as wide; maxillary palpi moderately long and slender in both sexes (Fig. 3c), terminal segment 1.9–2.0× as long as wide; mandible small-sized (Fig. 3c), apex typically acuminate, not sexually dimorphic; tarsal claws simple, never toothed at base (Fig. 3d); tarsi of normal size and shape, 0.6–0.7× as long as corresponding tibiae (Figs. 3a, d); protibiae with a series of usually moderately large, uneven, scarcely acuminate teeth on lateral margin (Figs. 3a; Figs. 78–80 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995); meso- and metatibiae on lateral margin bearing an apparently simple and usually even row of large and robust spurs, with peculiar U-shaped sinuosity at distal third, usually armed by additional outer spur (Fig. 3d; Figs. 91–92 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995); meso- and metatibiae of variable width, usually moderately wide and flat (Fig. 3a; Figs. 6–9 and 91–92 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995), never distinctly subtrapezoidal or axe-shaped; tarsal plates of prolegs moderately wider in males; strongly manifested sexual dimorphism in meso- and metafemoral shape, metafemoral margins in males bearing a single large, triangular or finger-like projection, reduced to a faintly distinct gibbosity in females (Fig. 3g; Figs. 100, 102– 104 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995). Male genitalia: processes along inner side of parameres absent (Figs. 25–26 and 39 –44 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995), usually with shallow excision along distal margin, without deep median longitudinal desclerotization from proximal portion of tegmen and extending to medial distal V-shaped excision; median lobe of aedeagus variable, without lateral emargination, rounded, subtruncate to obtusely emarginate distally. Female genitalia (ovipositor): variably shaped, usually small; styli usually long and relatively large, simple, cylindrical, moderately pigmented, inserted close to apex of contiguous gonostyloids; each gonostyloid lightly sclerotized and more darkly pigmented distally, with a simple, never indentate outer portion of basicoxites (Figs. 48–51 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995), and a single, variably shaped, pigmented and moderately sclerotized arcuate area along outer subdistal portion of gonostyloids. ‘Central point’ of ovipositor usually centrally located, without proximad directed spicule. Etymology. The generic name is derived from a combination of the Greek ‘οδούς, οδοντος’ (= tooth), and Lariopsis, to emphasize the peculiarly shaped and toothed posterior margin of meso- and metafemora in males, and its placement within the Lariopsis generic complex. Gender masculine. Biology. All species strictly associated for larval development with inflorescences of Mesembryanthemaceae, especially Carpobrotus N. E. Br., Cephalophyllum (Haw.) N. E. Br., Ruschia Schwant., Lampranthus N. E. Br., Delosperma N. E. Br., and allied genera (KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995, and unpublished data). Phylogenetic position. Odontholariopsis gen. nov. is likely more closely related to Asterogethes gen. nov., and less so to Lariopsis and Neolariopsis gen. nov., but forming with them the newly defined Lariopsis generic complex, which is supported with evidence from both adult morphology and molecular datasets (TRIZZINO et al. 2009). Phylogenetic relationships of Odontholariopsis gen. nov. with Acanthogethes, Clypeogethes, and other ancestral Meligethinae genera remain unclear, and are only weakly supported by molecular data. Taxonomy and geographic distribution. Odontholariopsis gen. nov. includes four described species distributed in Southern Africa (KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995). Odontholariopsis aurimaculatus (Kirejtshuk & Audisio, 1995) comb. nov. South Africa: W Cape Odontholariopsis haagii (Reitter, 1872) comb. nov. South Africa: W Cape, S Namibia Odontholariopsis nebulosus (Reitter, 1872) comb. nov. South Africa: W Cape Odontholariopsis sphaeroideus (Kirejtshuk & Easton, 1988) comb. nov. South Africa: W and E Cape

2. Asterogethes Audisio & Cline, gen. nov. (Figs. 2 a–n) Type species. Meligethes arcuatus Reitter, 1872: 252 (by present designation) [= Asterogethes arcuatus (Reitter, 1872) comb. nov.]. Generic description and diagnosis. Inclusive species vary greatly in size (1.7–3.6 mm length), and share the following combination of characters. Body color and pubescence: pubescence golden to silvery-whitish, moderately elongate, suberect, partially obscuring the variably colored (yellowish, reddish, brown, blackish-brown, or brown with yellow spots on elytra: Figs. 2a, b) dorsal body surface; pronotal and elytral sides strongly narrowed and flat, yellowish and frequently paler than pronotal disk. Lateral margin of pronotum and elytra with series of long, erect setae (Fig. 2d), each seta usually as long as those on elytral disc; posterior margin of pronotum comprising moderately long, usually distally trifid or tetrafid microsetae (Fig. 2m), microsetae also uniformly distributed on middle region anterior to scutellum. Dorsal habitus: body moderately convex, variably shaped, moderately short and wide, oval, or more narrow and parallel-sided (Figs. 2a, b); dorsal punctures on pronotal disc larger than eye facets, usually deeply impressed and densely distributed; anterior margin of clypeus moderately arcuately emarginate, simple, i.e. without small distinct bulge at middle, and not bordered (Figs. 2a, b, c), with circum-ocular furrows (occipital sulci) on dorsal side of head absent (Fig. 2c); eyes large and usually moderately projecting laterally (Figs. 2a, b, c); pronotum with faintly distinct posterior angles, rounded to obtuse and never directed posteriorly (Figs. 2a, b); scutellum regularly punctate in most of exposed region; elytra with simple punctation, never transversely strigose; elytral humeral angle faintly distinct, not protruding laterally (Figs. 2a, b); elytral humeral striae not distinct; elytral pre-sutural striae visible, originating at scutellar vertex, terminating at elytral apex, and delimiting a faintly distinct, flat, not raised sutural border on each elytron, border widest at posterior third, slightly narrower than proximal width of 3 rd antennomere; elytral apices truncately rounded in both sexes (Fig. 2a); pygidium partially exposed, moderately convex, apically rounded in both sexes (Figs. 2a, b). Ventral habitus: antennal furrows distinctly delimited, nearly parallel-sided, or slightly diverging posteriorly; mentum subpentagonal (Fig. 2d); antennal prosternal furrows on anterior margin of prosternum nearly obliterated (Fig. 2d); prosternal process relatively narrow, but subapical portion strongly dilated, 2.4–2.6× as wide as maximum width of 1 st antennomere, with arcuately convex apex (Fig. 2n); posterior margin of mesoventrite simple, never incised at middle (Fig. 2n); lateral borders of prosternal process not delimiting furrows, terminating at base of prosternal process (Fig. 2n); sexual dimorphism variable but usually distinctly manifested, frequently with more or less distinct impressions on metaventrite in males; first two visible abdominal ventrites simple in both sexes, without tufts of setae; caudal marginal lines of metacoxal cavities always simple, parallel and contiguous to posterior margin of metacoxal cavities, without deep arched impression of outer ‘axillary’ line (Fig. 2f); ‘axillary’ space on first abdominal ventrite moderately developed, ‘axillary’ angle widely obtuse (Fig. 2f); small, short, and shallowly impressed arched impressions on basal portion of last visible abdominal ventrite, frequently covered by distal portion of penultimate visible abdominal ventrite (Fig. 2g). Appendages: male 1 st antennomere 0.7–0.9× as long as width of protibiae, excluding distal teeth (Figs. 2a, b, d); 3 rd antennomere in both sexes usually only 1.9–2.0× as long as wide, 0.7–0.8× as long but distinctly thinner than 2 nd antennomere (Fig. 2d); 4 th and 5 th antennomeres in both sexes subequal, short, nearly as long as wide; antennal club compact, small, simple, no sexual dimorphism present, comprising last 3 antennomeres in both sexes (8 th antennomere moderately widened, 0.6–0.7× as wide as 9 th antennomere) (Fig. 2k), much narrower than width of protibiae; labial palpi moderately long in both sexes (Fig. 2d), terminal segment 1.8–1.9× as long as wide; maxillary palpi moderately long and slender in both sexes (Fig. 2d), terminal segment 2.2–2.3× as long as wide; mandible usually small (Figs. 2a, b), ~1.2–1.3× longer than wide, comprising moderately acuminate apex, no sexual dimorphism present; tarsal claws simple, never toothed at base (as in Fig. 3d); tarsi of variable size and shape, 0.6–0.8× as long as corresponding tibiae (Figs. 2a, b); protibiae with a series of usually large, basally widened, uneven, more or less sharp teeth on lateral margin (Figs. 2a, b; Figs. 126 a–e in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995); meso- and metatibiae with lateral margin bearing a nearly double and usually uneven row of large and robust spurs (Fig. 2h), without U-shaped sinuosity at distal third; meso- and metatibiae moderately slender, flat (Figs. 2a, b), never distinctly subtrapezoidal or axe-shaped; sexual dimorphism variably expressed in metatibiae, i.e. simple or distinctly sinuate in males (Figs. 2a, b; Figs. 87–90 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995), and with tarsal plates of prolegs slightly wider in males; posterior margin of male metafemora with 2–3 minute tubercles (Fig. 2e; Figs. 101, 105 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995). Male genitalia: processes along inner side of parameres absent (Figs. 21–24 and 27–28 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995), distal margin nearly transversely truncate, and without deep median longitudinal desclerotization from proximal portion of tegmen to medial distal Vshaped excision; median lobe of aedeagus without lateral emargination, bluntly acuminate anteriorly, without distal minute emargination. Female genitalia (ovipositor): variably shaped, usually small; styli usually short but distinct, simple, cylindrical, subtruncate, not distinctly pigmented, inserted at apex of nearly contiguous gonostyloids; lateral portion of basicoxites simple, never indentate (Figs. 52–54 in KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995), and faintly distinct arcuate area along lateral subdistal portion of gonostyloids. ‘Central point’ of ovipositor centrally located, proximally directed spicule absent. Etymology. The generic name is derived from the host-plant family of all inclusive species, i.e. Asteraceae, and from ‘- gethes ’, emphasizing the association with this botanical family as well as its phylogenetic relationship with Meligethes. Gender masculine. Biology. The three inclusive species are strictly associated for larval development with inflorescences (capitula) of Asteraceae, in particular Arctotis L., Osteospermum L., Dimorphoteca Vaill. ex Moench, Othonna L., and allied genera (KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995; AUDISIO unpublished data). Phylogenetic position. Asterogethes gen. nov. is closely related to Odontholariopsis gen. nov., Neolariopsis gen. nov., and Lariopsis, with which it forms the newly circumscribed Lariopsis - complex of genera. This complex is supported by evidence from both adult morphology and molecular data (TRIZZINO et al. 2009). But phylogenetic relationships of Asterogethes gen. nov. with Acanthogethes, Clypeogethes, and other ancestral Meligethinae remain unclear. Taxonomy and geographic distribution. Asterogethes gen. nov. includes three species with the following restricted distributions in Southern Africa (KIREJTSHUK & AUDISIO 1995). Asterogethes arcuatus (Reitter, 1872) comb. nov. South Africa: W Cape Asterogethes endroedyi (Kirejtshuk & Audisio, 1995) comb. nov. South Africa: W Cape, S Namibia Asterogethes rufiventris (Reitter, 1872) comb. nov. South Africa: W Cape

6. Clypeogethes Scholz, 1932 stat. nov. (Figs. 6 a���e, k���n) Clypeogethes Scholz, 1932: 97 (described as a subgenus of Meligethes Stephens, 1830). Type species. Meligethes (Clypeogethes) leonhardi Scholz, 1932: 97 (by monotypy) [= Meligethes elongatus (Rosenhauer, 1856: 98) = Clypeogethes elongatus (Rosenhauer, 1856) comb. nov.]. Generic redescription and diagnosis. Inclusive species vary greatly in size (1.2���3.3 mm length), and share the following combination of characters. Body color and pubescence: pubescence usually short and fine, recumbent, golden to silvery-whitish or leaden-brown, never obscuring the variably colored dorsal body surface (brown, blackish, reddish, dull bluish or blackish, in a few cases with orange spots on elytra) (Fig. 6a); pronotal and elytral sides narrowly flattened, typically the same color as disc. Lateral margin of pronutum and elytra with a series of faintly distinct, small and short setae, each seta usually 0.3���0.5�� as long as those on elytral disc; posterior margin of pronotum with long, usually distally bifid or rarely trifid microsetae, microsetae uniformly distributed on middle region anterior to scutellum (as in Fig. 7g). Dorsal habitus: body moderately convex, elongate, oval (Fig. 6a); dorsal punctures on discal portion of pronotum usually fine, nearly as large as eye facets, shallowly impressed and more or less densely distributed; anterior margin of clypeus more or less deeply sinuately emarginate, simple, i.e. without small distinct bulge medially, and distinctly bordered; circum-ocular furrows (occipital sulci) on dorsal side of head complete, fine but distinct (Fig. 6m); eyes large and usually moderately projected laterally (Figs. 6a, m); pronotum with faintly distinct posterior angles, rounded to obtuse and never directed posteriorly (Fig. 6a); scutellum regularly punctured in most of exposed portion; elytra with simple and fine punctation, never transversely strigose, occasionally with faint traces of orange peel-like rugosity; elytral humeral angle narrowly rounded, faintly distinct, not protruding laterally (Fig. 6a); elytral humeral striae usually indistinct; elytral pre-sutural striae visible, originating at scutellar vertex or slightly posterior to apex, terminating at elytral apex, and delimiting on each elytron a faintly distinct, flat, unraised sutural border; border widest at posterior third, usually distinctly narrower than proximal width of 3 rd antennomere; elytral apices truncately rounded in both sexes (Fig. 6a); pygidium partially exposed, moderately convex, apically rounded in both sexes (Fig. 6a). Ventral habitus: antennal furrows markedly delimited, nearly parallel-sided, or slightly divergent posteriorly; mentum subpentagonal (Fig. 6n); prosternal antennal furrows on anterior margin of prosternum moderately raised and short (Fig. 6n); prosternal process relatively narrow, subapical dilated portion 2.1���2.2�� as wide as maximum width of 1 st antennomere, apex usually bluntly acuminate (as in Fig. 7d); lateral borders of prosternal process delimiting shallowly impressed but distinct furrows, distally terminating over predistal lateral expansions; posterior margin of mesoventrite simple, never incised medially (as in Fig. 7d); male impressions on metaventrite moderately developed; first two visible abdominal ventrites usually simple in both sexes, without tufts of setae; caudal marginal lines of metacoxal cavities always simple, parallel and contiguous to posterior margin of metacoxal cavities, without deep arched impression of outer ���axillary��� line (as in Fig. 7f); ���axillary��� space on first abdominal ventrite moderately developed, ���axillary��� angle obtuse (as in Fig. 7f); large and moderately deeply impressed arched impressions on basal portion of last visible abdominal ventrite, frequently partially covered by distal portion of penultimate visible abdominal ventrite (Fig. 6k). Appendages: male 1 st antennomere 0.8���1.0�� as long as width of protibiae excluding distal teeth; 3 rd antennomere in both sexes usually 1.9���2.1�� as long as wide, only 0.8���0.9�� as long as but distinctly thinner than 2 nd antennomere (Figs. 6a, m, n); 4 th and 5 th antennomeres in both sexes subequal, short, slightly longer than wide; antennal club compact, small, simple, comprising last 3 antennomeres in both sexes, sexual dimorphism absent (Figs. 6a, n), distinctly narrower than width of protibiae; labial palpi relatively short in both sexes (as in Fig. 7c), terminal segment 1.7���1.8�� as long as wide; maxillary palpi moderately long and slender in both sexes (as in Fig. 7c), terminal segment 2.4���2.7�� as long as wide; mandible usually mid-sized (Fig. 6a), apex moderately acuminate, no sexual dimorphism; tarsal claws never toothed at base (as in Fig. 5e); tarsi of normal size and shape, 0.6���0.7�� as long as corresponding tibiae (Fig. 6a); protibiae with a series of usually small, even, sharp teeth on lateral margin (Figs. 6a, n; Figs. 127 d-f in AUDISIO 1993b); meso- and metatibiae on lateral margin bearing a moderately even row of fine pegs (Fig. 6a), without U-shaped sinuosity at distal third; meso- and metatibiae of variable width, usually moderately flat, but narrow and slender (Fig. 6a), never distinctly subtrapezoidal or axe-shaped; no sexual dimorphism in tibial shape; tarsal plates of prolegs sligthly wider in males; posterior margin of metafemora simple in both sexes, without tubercles or projections. Male genitalia: processes along inner side of parameres absent (Figs. 6d, e; Fig. 136 in AUDISIO 1993b), usually with arcuately emarginate distal margin, without deep median longitudinal desclerotization from proximal portion of tegmen extending to medial distal Vshaped excision; median lobe of aedeagus variable, without emargination laterally, rounded, subtruncate to acuminate distally, without distal minute excision or emargination. Female genitalia (ovipositor): variably shaped, usually small; styli usually short but distinct, simple, cylindrical, frequently distinctly pigmented, inserted close to apex of contiguous gonostyloids; each gonostyloid lightly sclerotized and distally pigmented, with a simple, never indentate outer portion of basicoxites (Figs. 6b, c; Figs. 155 a���g in AUDISIO 1993b), and a single, narrow, scarcely pigmented and sclerotized arcuate area along outer subdistal portion of gonostyloids. ���Central point��� of ovipositor usually centrally located, with or without proximad directed spicule. Etymology. The generic name is derived from ���clypeus���, to emphasize the markedly arcuately emarginate anterior margin of the clypeus, and from ���- gethes ���, to emphasize its phylogenetic relationship with Meligethes. Gender masculine. Biology. All species are strictly associated for larval development with flowers of Brassicaceae, especially Alyssum L., Aurinia Desv., Moricandia DC., Hesperis L., and Matthiola R.Br. (EASTON 1957a; AUDISIO 1993b, and unpublished data; AUDISIO et al. 2000). Phylogenetic position. Available molecular and morphological datasets suggest a clearly monophyletic clade including Clypeogethes and Xerogethes gen. nov. (both genera developing on Brassicaceae). See comments within Acanthogethes, for possible relationships of Clypeogethes and Xerogethes gen. nov. with members of the Lariopsis generic complex and Acanthogethes. Taxonomy and geographic distribution. Herein, Clypeogethes includes seven described species distributed from western Europe and North Africa to Middle Asia. Most known species are distributed in eastern Mediterranean countries (AUDISIO 1993b; AUDISIO et al. 2000; JEL��NEK & AUDISIO 2007). Clypeogethes chlorocyaneus (Jel��nek & Audisio, 1977) comb. nov. N Balkans, W and E Alps Clypeogethes coerulescens (Kraatz, 1858) comb. nov. Greece Clypeogethes elongatus (Rosenhauer, 1856) comb. nov. Iberian Peninsula, N Africa, Middle East Clypeogethes lepidii (Miller, 1851) comb. nov. S Palaearctic Region, excluding N Africa Clypeogethes mithra (Jel��nek, 1978) comb. nov. Near East Clypeogethes tener (Reitter, 1873) comb. nov. NE Mediterranean areas, Caucasus Clypeogethes wittmeri (Jel��nek & Audisio, 1977) comb. nov. N Turkey, Armenia, Published as part of Audisio, Paolo, Cline, Andrew Richard, Biase, Alessio De, Antonini, Gloria, Mancini, Emiliano, Trizzino, Marco, Costantini, Lorenzo, Strika, Sirio, Lamanna, Francesco & Cerretti, Pierfilippo, 2009, Preliminary re-examination of genus-level taxonomy of the pollen beetle subfamily Meligethinae (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), pp. 341-504 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 49 (2) on pages 363-366, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5319334, {"references":["SCHOLZ M. F. R. 1932: Ein neuer Meligethes aus Sudeuropa und Bemerkungen zu einigen Arten. Entomologische Blatter 28: 97 - 100.","STEPHENS J. F. 1830: Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a Synopsis of Indigenous Insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable. Mandibulata, vol. III. Baldwin and Craddock, London, 379 pp, pls. 16 - 19.","ROSENHAUER W. G. 1856: Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultate einer Reise zusammengestellt, nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetz noch unbeschriebenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing Verlag, Erlangen, 429 pp.","AUDISIO P. 1993 b: Coleoptera Nitidulidae - Kateretidae. Fauna d'Italia. Vol. 32. Calderini Edizione, Bologna, xvi + 971 pp.","JELINEK J. & AUDISIO P. 1977: Tassonomia e distribuzione geografica di Meligethes coerulescens Kraatz e specie correlate (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae). Bollettino del Museo di Zoologia dell'Universita di Torino 1977 (1): 1 - 14.","AUDISIO P., JELINEK J., MARIOTTI A. & DE BIASE A. 2000: The Coleoptera Nitidulidae and Kateretidae from Anatolian, Caucasian and Middle East regions. Biogeographia, Lavori della Societa italiana di Biogeografia, Nuova Serie 21: 241 - 354.","BRISOUT DE BARNEVILLE C. N. F. 1863: [new taxa]. In: GRENIER A. (ed.): Catalogue des Coleopteres de France, et materiaux pour servir a la faune des Coleopteres Francais. A. Grenier, Paris, iv + 9 - 79 + 1 - 135 pp.","EASTON A. M. 1957 a: A revision of the rotundicollis and lepidii species-groups in the genus Meligethes Stephens (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12 10: 85 - 96.","JELINEK J. & AUDISIO P. 2007: Family Nitidulidae. Pp. 459 - 491. In: LOBL I. & SMETANA A. (eds): Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 4: Elateroidea - Derodontoidea - Bostrichoidea - Lymexyloidea - Cleroidea - Cucujoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 935 pp."]}

35. Horakia Jel��nek, 2000 (Figs. 35 a���p) Horakia Jel��nek, 2000: 413. Type species. Horakia kubani Jel��nek, 2000: 414 (by original designation). Generic redescription and diagnosis. The single known species (2.5���2.6 mm length; 1.5 mm width) exhibits the following combination of characters. Body color and pubescence: pubescence moderately long and fine, recumbent, golden on head and pronotum, darker on elytra, not obscuring the variably colored dorsal body surface (head and pronotal disk dark brown; elytra, pygidium and metaventrite blackish with faint metallic greenish iridescence on pronotal disc and pygidium), flattened sides of frons, and two diverging spots on posterior half of elytra (Fig. 35a) yellowish-brown; pronotal and elytral sides relatively widely flattened. SEM observations of microsetae on lateral margins of elytra and posterior margin of pronotum are unavailable. Dorsal habitus: body slightly convex, wide and oval (Fig. 35a); dorsal punctures on discal portion of pronotum smaller than eye facet, shallowly impressed and sparsely distributed; anterior margin of clypeus emarginate, simple, i.e. without small distinct medial bulge, fused with frons; frons with lateral margins moderately bulging over antennal insertions (Fig. 35a); circum-ocular furrows (occipital sulci) on dorsal side of head (occipital sulci) absent; eyes small-sized and moderately projecting laterally (Fig. 35a), pronotum with markedly distinct posterior angles, subrectangular to slightly acute, slightly directed posteriorly (Fig. 35a); scutellum densely punctate on most of exposed portion; elytral punctation almost completely finely transversely strigose; elytral humeral angle obtuse, not protruding laterally; elytral humeral striae indistinct; elytra apically truncately rounded in males (Fig. 35a), female unknown; pygidium partially exposed, moderately convex, apically rounded in males (Fig. 35a). Ventral habitus: antennal furrows delimited by moderately bulged genae, arcuately convergent posteriorly (Fig. 35b); mentum subpentagonal; prosternal antennal furrows on anterior margin of prosternum absent (Fig. 35b); prosternal process flat, moderately narrow, shallowly arcuately emarginate apically (Fig. 35d), subapical dilated portion ~1.5�� as wide as maximum width of 1 st antennomere; lateral borders of prosternal process not delimiting impressed furrows, distally terminating at predistal lateral expansions (Fig. 35d); posterior margin of mesoventrite simple, not medially incised; sexual dimorphism likely absent in impressions on metaventrite, absent in males; first two visible abdominal ventrites simple in males, without tufts of setae; caudal marginal lines of metacoxal cavities simple, parallel and contiguous to posterior margin of metacoxal cavities; arched impressions on basal portion of last visible abdominal ventrite absent. Appendages: male 1 st antennomere ~1.0�� as long as width of protibiae (Fig. 35a); 3 rd antennomere long and thin in males, ~5�� longer than wide, 3.5�� longer and much thinner than 2 nd antennomere (Fig. 35p); 4 th antennomere relatively short, 2�� longer than wide, 5 th antennomere long and thin in males, ~4�� longer than wide; antennal club compact, long, moderately loose, comprising last 4 antennomeres in males (unknown, but presumably 3- segmented in females), wider than protibiae; labial palpi long and slender in both sexes (Fig. 35b), terminal segment ~2.7�� as long as wide; maxillary palpi long and slender in both sexes (Fig. 35b), terminal segment ~3.4�� as long as wide; mandibles mid-sized, apex arcuate and acuminate with subapical tooth; tarsal claws simple, not toothed at base; tarsi of normal size and shape, 0.6���0.7�� as long as corresponding tibiae (Fig. 35a); protibiae with a series of small, fine, sharp teeth on apical portion of lateral margin (Fig. 35k), almost rectilinear outer margins and flatly arcuate inner margins; lateral margin of meso- and metatibiae bearing a single and regular row of long thin pegs (Figs. 35m, n), without U-shaped sinuosity at distal third; meso- and metatibiae moderately long and slender, not markedly subtrapezoidal or axeshaped; tarsal plates of prolegs moderately wide in males; posterior margins of metafemora simple in males, without tubercles or projections. Male genitalia: processes along inner side of parameres absent (Figs. 35e���f), with deep and wide V-shaped excision along distal margin, without deep median longitudinal desclerotization from proximal portion of tegmen extending to medial distal V-shaped excision; median lobe of aedeagus long, without lateral emargination, sharply acuminate distally, without distal minute excision or emargination; main sclerites of internal sac small, narrow, lyriform, moderately sclerotized, ~4���5�� shorter than aedeagus (Fig. 35g). Female genitalia (ovipositor): unknown. Etymology. Horakia was named for a Czech entomologist, Jan Hor��k (Prague), who collected the type specimens in Thailand (JEL��NEK 2000a). Gender feminine. Biology. The biology of the single inclusive species is unknown (JEL��NEK 2000a). Both specimens in the type series were collected in indigenous mountain forests of northern Thailand on inflorescences of large trees of a local species of Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach (Fagaceae), which is attractive to beetles in general. Horakia larvae may be associated with male inflorescences of a mountain forest palm (Arecaceae), as analogously observed in the two related genera Kabakovia and Cryptarchopria known from the region. The specific host is probably the Mountain fishtail palm, Caryota gigas W. J. Hahn ex Hodel, which is a large, endangered species that inhabits middle altitude (1200���1800 m a.s.l.) indigenous forests of northern Thailand and northeastern India, Myanmar (Burma), southern China, and Laos (RIFFLE 2008). However this assumption is speculative and requires further fieldwork to substantiate. Phylogenetic position. Available morphological data provide good evidence of a sister-group relationship of Horakia and Cryptarchopria, with Kabakovia being likely sister to this clade (JEL��NEK 2000a). A weaker relationship to members of Meligethinus could also be postulated. No molecular data is currently available. Taxonomy and geographic distribution. This genus includes a single species from northernwestern Thailand (JEL��NEK 2000a). Horakia kubani Jel��nek, 2000 NW Thailand, Published as part of Audisio, Paolo, Cline, Andrew Richard, Biase, Alessio De, Antonini, Gloria, Mancini, Emiliano, Trizzino, Marco, Costantini, Lorenzo, Strika, Sirio, Lamanna, Francesco & Cerretti, Pierfilippo, 2009, Preliminary re-examination of genus-level taxonomy of the pollen beetle subfamily Meligethinae (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), pp. 341-504 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 49 (2) on pages 467-469, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5319334, {"references":["JELINEK J. 2000 a: New genus and species of Oriental Meligethinae with new observations on the genera Cryptarchopria and Kabakovia (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). European Journal of Entomology 97: 413 - 418.","RIFFLE L. R. 2008: Timber Press Pocket Guide to Palms. Timber Press, Portland, USA, 237 pp."]}