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International audience; Two well-characterized carbohydrate epitopes are absent in humans but present in other mammals. These are galactose-α1,3-galactose (αGal) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) which are introduced by the activities of two enzymes including α(1,3) galactosyltransferase (encoded by the GGTA1 gene) and CMP-Neu5Gc hydroxylase (encoded by the CMAH gene) that are inactive in humans but present in cattle. Hence, bovine-derived products are antigenic in humans who receive bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) or those that suffer from red meat syndrome. Using programmable nucleases, we disrupted (knockout, KO) GGTA1 and CMAH genes encoding for the enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of αGal and Neu5Gc, respectively, in both male and female bovine fibroblasts. The KO in clonally selected fibroblasts was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Selected fibroblasts colonies were used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to produce cloned embryos that were implanted in surrogate recipient heifers. Fifty-three embryos were implanted in 33 recipients heifers; 3 pregnancies were carried to term and delivered 3 live calves. Primary cell cultures were established from the 3 calves and following molecular analyses confirmed the genetic deletions. FACS analysis showed the double-KO phenotype for both antigens confirming the mutated genotypes. Availability of such cattle double-KO model lacking both αGal and Neu5Gc offers a unique opportunity to study the functionality of BHV manufactured with tissues of potentially lower immunogenicity, as well as a possible new clinical approaches to help patients with red meat allergy syndrome due to the presence of these xenoantigens in the diet.

A case of distal renal tubular acidosis occurring as a transient complication in a 13-year-old female greyhound dog with gastric-dilatation-volvulus was diagnosed. The acute renal ischemia and inflammatory condition associated with this syndrome could be considered the main underlying mechanisms responsible for the acute, severe, and complicating renal tubular dysfunction.

La hipoxemia, la hipotensión y la hipercapnia son las complicaciones anestésicas más frecuentes en caballos con enfermedad gastrointestinal aguda (cólico) que se operan de urgencia. La posición de decúbito dorsal, necesaria para la realización de la laparotomía media ventral, y la dificultad para ventilar, debido al aumento de la presión intra-abdominal que suelen presentar estos animales, son dos de los factores que favorecen la aparición de complicaciones, tanto del sistema respiratorio como del cardiovascular. La hipovolemia y la endotoxemia son otras alteraciones habituales en algunos caballos con cólico, especialmente en aquellos con compromiso vascular del intestino afectado, que exacerban todavía más el deterioro de la función cardiovascular y respiratoria. Por todas estas razones muchos autores consideran que los caballos con cólico tienen mayor riesgo de sufrir hipoxemia durante la anestesia, aunque ningún estudio ha comparado su incidencia en relación con la gravedad de la patología intestinal, ni con la incidencia de hipoxemia en caballos sin enfermedad sistémica operados bajo las mismas condiciones anestésicas. Los tratamientos que han demostrado ser efectivos para aumentar la presión arterial de oxígeno en caballos anestesiados, como la ventilación selectiva o la administración de oxido nítrico, son terapias técnicamente difíciles de aplicar en condiciones clínicas. Se ha demsotrado que la administración endotraqueal de salbutamol en aerosol consigue aumentar la presión arterial de oxígeno en caballos hipoxémicos, siendo hasta el momento el único tratamiento efectivo que al mismo tiempo es de fácil aplicación. La administración pre-anestésica de salbutamol, practicada habitualmente en pacientes humanos con asma o con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, no ha sido evaluada en caballos. La relación existente entre diferentes actos y complicaciones perioperatorias con la evolución postoperatoria de los pacientes ha sido ampliamente investigada en la especie humana. Sin embargo, la relación entre la hipoxemia intraoperatoria y la aparición de complicaciones post-operatorias no ha sido evaluada en caballos. Este trabajo de investigación se basó en la realización de tres estudios prospectivos. La primera parte se destinó a determinar la incidencia de hipoxemia en caballos con cólico en relación con la de caballos sanos o sin enfermedad sistémica, así como la repercusión del tipo de lesión intestinal sobre la aparición de esta complicación. Para ello se diseñó un estudio en el que se estandarizaron el protocolo anestésico, el momento de determinación de la gasometría, el uso de ventilación mecánica y la estabilización de las variables cardiovasculares. La segunda parte consistió en valorar el efecto del salbutamol inhalado administrado antes de la anestesia con el fin de evitar la aparición de hipoxemia en caballos con patologías intestinales obstructivas simples y patologías intestinales isquémicas. La tercera parte consistió en determinar la posible relación entre la hipoxemia intra-operatoria y el desarrollo de drenaje o infección de la herida quirúrgica en el periodo post-operatorio. Para ello se analizaron los siguientes factores de riesgo: la hipoxemia, variables intrínsecas del paciente y variables de tipo quirúrgico. Los resultados del primer estudio evidenciaron que la incidencia de hipoxemia es más elevada en caballos con cólico, a pesar de la estabilización de la función cardiovascular y del uso de ventilación mecánica, siendo los caballos operados por patologías de tipo isquémico los que tienen mayor riesgo de presentar esta complicación. Los resultados del segundo estudio demostraron que el salbutamol ejerce un efecto preventivo únicamente en caballos con patologías intestinales de tipo isquémico. Finalmente los resultados del tercer estudio confirmaron que la hipoxemia intra-operatoria es un factor de riesgo para el posterior desarrollo de infección de la incisión quirúrgica en caballos operados de cólico., Hypoxaemia, hypotension and hypercapnia are the most common anaesthetic complications in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease (colic) during emergency exploratory laparotomies. Dorsal recumbency is required for this surgery and increased intrabdominal pressure is often present in these patients with the subsequent development of respiratory and cardiovascular complications. Furthermore, hypovolaemia and endotoxaemia conditions which are frequently present in horses with severe intestinal disease, worsen cardiovascular and respiratory function even more. Most authors consider horses with colic at a higher risk to develop intraoperative hypoxaemia, although no study has investigated its incidence compared to anaesthetized horses without systemic disease, or determined its relation with the severity of gastrointestinal disease. Selective mechanical ventilation or pulsed delivery of nitric oxide are effective treatments to improve arterial oxygenation in anaesthetized horses, but are technically difficult to carry out. Tracheal administration of aerosolized salbutamol has been shown to increase arterial partial pressure of oxygen in hypoxaemic anaesthetized horses, and thus becoming the only technique reported feasible in a clinical setting. Preanaesthetic administration of salbutamol in risk patients (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a common practice in human anaesthesia, but has not been evaluated in horses. The relationship between perioperative management or complications and postoperative outcome has been extensively investigated in human medicine, but the relationship between hypoxaemia and postoperative complications has not been investigated in horses. This research project was based on three prospective studies. The purpose of the first one was to determine the incidence of hypoxaemia in colic horses compared with horses without systemic disease and the relationship of its appearance with the severity of gastrointestinal disease. In the design of the study factors such as anaesthetic protocol, anaesthetic time of blood gas determination, use of mechanical ventilation and stabilization of cardiovascular function were standardized. The purpose of the second study was to determine the effect of inhaled salbutamol administration before anaesthesia to prevent the development of intraoperative hypoxaemia in horses with strangulating and non-strangulating intestinal obstructions. The purpose of the third study was to establish the relationship between intraoperative hypoxaemia and the development of post-operative surgical wound drainage or infection. In this study the following risk factors were analyzed: hypoxaemia, patient-related factors and surgical factors. The results of the first study showed that the incidence of hypoxaemia is higher in colic horses, especially in those with strangulating intestinal obstructions, despite restoration of cardiovascular function and the use of mechanical ventilation. The results of the second study demonstrated the preventive effect of salbutamol only in horses with strangulating intestinal obstructions. Finally the results of the third study confirmed that intraoperative hypoxaemia is a risk factor of post-operative surgical wound infection after exploratory laparotomies in horses.

Se describe un caso clínico de enteritis necrotizante, debida a liberación de enterotoxinas por sobrecrecimiento de Clostridium perfringes, en un perro. Tras diversos tratamientos médicos y quirúrgicos, las lesiones intestinales involucionaron y el paciente se recuperó completamente..