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1. Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Extraversion: Findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium

Author

Berg, S.M. van den, Moor, M.H. de, Verweij, K.J., Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Matteson, L.K., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Amin, N., Gordon, S.D., Hansell, N.K., Hart, A.B., Seppala, I., Huffman, J.E., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Lee (Helen Dowling Instituut), M. van der, Miller, M., Nutile, T., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Wedenoja, J., Abdellaoui, A., Abecasis, G.R., Adkins, D.E., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Appel, K., Bigdeli, T.B., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Costa, P.T., Smith, G.D., Davies, G., Wit, H. de, Ding, J., Engelhardt, B.E., Eriksson, J.G., Fedko, I.O., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Giegling, I., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heinonen, K., Henders, A.K., Homuth, G., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J.G., Jokela, M., Karlsson, R., Kemp, J.P., Kirkpatrick, M.G., Latvala, A., Lehtimaki, T., Liewald, D.C., Madden, P.A., Magri, C., Magnusson, P.K., Marten, J., Maschio, A., Mbarek, H., Medland, S.E., Mihailov, E., Milaneschi, Y., Montgomery, G.W., Nauck, M., Nivard, M.G., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pettersson, E., Polasek, O., Qian, Y., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O., Slutske, W.S., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Pourcain, B. St, Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J., Trochet, H., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Wouda, J., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Porteous, D., Minelli, A., Palmer, A.A., Rujescu, D., et al., Berg, S.M. van den, Moor, M.H. de, Verweij, K.J., Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Matteson, L.K., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Amin, N., Gordon, S.D., Hansell, N.K., Hart, A.B., Seppala, I., Huffman, J.E., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Lee (Helen Dowling Instituut), M. van der, Miller, M., Nutile, T., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Wedenoja, J., Abdellaoui, A., Abecasis, G.R., Adkins, D.E., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Appel, K., Bigdeli, T.B., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Costa, P.T., Smith, G.D., Davies, G., Wit, H. de, Ding, J., Engelhardt, B.E., Eriksson, J.G., Fedko, I.O., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Giegling, I., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heinonen, K., Henders, A.K., Homuth, G., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J.G., Jokela, M., Karlsson, R., Kemp, J.P., Kirkpatrick, M.G., Latvala, A., Lehtimaki, T., Liewald, D.C., Madden, P.A., Magri, C., Magnusson, P.K., Marten, J., Maschio, A., Mbarek, H., Medland, S.E., Mihailov, E., Milaneschi, Y., Montgomery, G.W., Nauck, M., Nivard, M.G., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pettersson, E., Polasek, O., Qian, Y., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O., Slutske, W.S., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Pourcain, B. St, Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J., Trochet, H., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Wouda, J., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Porteous, D., Minelli, A., Palmer, A.A., Rujescu, D., and et al.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 166013.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Extraversion is a relatively stable and heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. Despite its substantial heritability, no genetic variants have been detected in previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which may be due to relatively small sample sizes of those studies. Here, we report on a large meta-analysis of GWA studies for extraversion in 63,030 subjects in 29 cohorts. Extraversion item data from multiple personality inventories were harmonized across inventories and cohorts. No genome-wide significant associations were found at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level but there was one significant hit at the gene level for a long non-coding RNA site (LOC101928162). Genome-wide complex trait analysis in two large cohorts showed that the additive variance explained by common SNPs was not significantly different from zero, but polygenic risk scores, weighted using linkage information, significantly predicted extraversion scores in an independent cohort. These results show that extraversion is a highly polygenic personality trait, with an architecture possibly different from other complex human traits, including other personality traits. Future studies are required to further determine which genetic variants, by what modes of gene action, constitute the heritable nature of extraversion.

Published
2016

2. Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Extraversion: Findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium

Author

Berg, S.M. (Stéphanie) van den, Moor, M.H.M. de, Verweij, K.J.H. (Karin J.), Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M. (Michelle), Arias-Vásquez, A. (Alejandro), Matteson, L.K. (Lindsay), Derringer, J., Esko, T. (Tõnu), Amin, N. (Najaf), Gordon, S.D. (Scott D.), Hansell, N.K. (Narelle), Hart, A.B. (Amy B.), Seppälä, I. (Ilkka), Huffman, J.E. (Jennifer), Konte, B., Lahti, J. (Jari), Lee, M. (Minyoung), Miller, M. (Mike), Nutile, T., Tanaka, T. (Toshiko), Teumer, A. (Alexander), Viktorin, A. (Alexander), Wedenoja, J. (Juho), Abdellaoui, A. (Abdel), Abecasis, G.R. (Gonçalo), Adkins, D.E. (Daniel), Agrawal, A. (Arpana), Allik, J., Appel, K. (Katja), Bigdeli, T.B. (Tim), Busonero, F., Campbell, H. (Harry), Costa, P.T. (Paul), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Davies, G. (Gail), de Wit, H. (Harriet), Ding, J. (Jun), Engelhardt, B.E. (Barbara E.), Eriksson, J.G. (Johan G.), Fedko, I. (Iryna), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Franke, B. (Barbara), Giegling, I. (Ina), Grucza, R., Hartmann, A.M. (Annette M), Heath, A.C. (Andrew C.), Heinonen, K. (Kati), Henders, A.K. (Anjali), Homuth, G. (Georg), Hottenga, J.J. (Jouke Jan), Iacono, W.G. (William), Janzing, J.G.E. (Joost), Jokela, M. (Markus), Karlsson, R. (Robert), Kemp, J.P. (John), Kirkpatrick, M.G. (Matthew G.), Latvala, A. (Antti), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Liewald, D.C.M. (David), Madden, P.A. (Pamela), Magri, C. (Chiara), Magnusson, P.K.E. (Patrik K. E.), Marten, J. (Jonathan), Maschio, A., Mbarek, H., Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Mihailov, E. (Evelin), Milaneschi, Y. (Yuri), Montgomery, G.W. (Grant W.), Nauck, M. (Matthias), Nivard, M. (Michel), Ouwens, K.G. (Klaasjan), Palotie, A. (Aarno), Pettersson, E. (Erik), Polasek, O. (Ozren), Qian, Y. (Yong), Pulkki-Råback, L. (Laura), Raitakari, O.T. (Olli T.), Realo, A. (Anu), Rose, R.J. (Richard J.), Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O. (Carsten Oliver), Slutske, W.S. (Wendy), Sorice, R., Starr, J.M. (John), St Pourcain, B. (Beate), Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J. (Nicholas), Trochet, H. (Holly), Vermeulen, S.H.H.M. (Sita), Vuoksimaa, E. (Eero), Widen, E. (Elisabeth), Wouda, J. (Jasper), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Zgaga, L. (Lina), Generation Scotland, Porteous, D.J. (David J.), Minelli, A. (Alessandra), Palmer, A.A. (Abraham A.), Rujescu, D. (Dan), Ciullo, M., Hayward, C. (Caroline), Rudan, I. (Igor), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Kaprio, J. (Jaakko), Deary, I.J. (Ian), Räikkönen, K. (Katri), Wilson, J.F. (James F), Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (Liisa), Bierut, L.J. (Laura J.), Hettema, J.M. (John M.), Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Evans, D.M. (David M.), Schlessinger, D. (David), Pedersen, N.L. (Nancy L.), Terracciano, A., McGue, M. (Matt), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret), Berg, S.M. (Stéphanie) van den, Moor, M.H.M. de, Verweij, K.J.H. (Karin J.), Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M. (Michelle), Arias-Vásquez, A. (Alejandro), Matteson, L.K. (Lindsay), Derringer, J., Esko, T. (Tõnu), Amin, N. (Najaf), Gordon, S.D. (Scott D.), Hansell, N.K. (Narelle), Hart, A.B. (Amy B.), Seppälä, I. (Ilkka), Huffman, J.E. (Jennifer), Konte, B., Lahti, J. (Jari), Lee, M. (Minyoung), Miller, M. (Mike), Nutile, T., Tanaka, T. (Toshiko), Teumer, A. (Alexander), Viktorin, A. (Alexander), Wedenoja, J. (Juho), Abdellaoui, A. (Abdel), Abecasis, G.R. (Gonçalo), Adkins, D.E. (Daniel), Agrawal, A. (Arpana), Allik, J., Appel, K. (Katja), Bigdeli, T.B. (Tim), Busonero, F., Campbell, H. (Harry), Costa, P.T. (Paul), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Davies, G. (Gail), de Wit, H. (Harriet), Ding, J. (Jun), Engelhardt, B.E. (Barbara E.), Eriksson, J.G. (Johan G.), Fedko, I. (Iryna), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Franke, B. (Barbara), Giegling, I. (Ina), Grucza, R., Hartmann, A.M. (Annette M), Heath, A.C. (Andrew C.), Heinonen, K. (Kati), Henders, A.K. (Anjali), Homuth, G. (Georg), Hottenga, J.J. (Jouke Jan), Iacono, W.G. (William), Janzing, J.G.E. (Joost), Jokela, M. (Markus), Karlsson, R. (Robert), Kemp, J.P. (John), Kirkpatrick, M.G. (Matthew G.), Latvala, A. (Antti), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Liewald, D.C.M. (David), Madden, P.A. (Pamela), Magri, C. (Chiara), Magnusson, P.K.E. (Patrik K. E.), Marten, J. (Jonathan), Maschio, A., Mbarek, H., Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Mihailov, E. (Evelin), Milaneschi, Y. (Yuri), Montgomery, G.W. (Grant W.), Nauck, M. (Matthias), Nivard, M. (Michel), Ouwens, K.G. (Klaasjan), Palotie, A. (Aarno), Pettersson, E. (Erik), Polasek, O. (Ozren), Qian, Y. (Yong), Pulkki-Råback, L. (Laura), Raitakari, O.T. (Olli T.), Realo, A. (Anu), Rose, R.J. (Richard J.), Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O. (Carsten Oliver), Slutske, W.S. (Wendy), Sorice, R., Starr, J.M. (John), St Pourcain, B. (Beate), Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J. (Nicholas), Trochet, H. (Holly), Vermeulen, S.H.H.M. (Sita), Vuoksimaa, E. (Eero), Widen, E. (Elisabeth), Wouda, J. (Jasper), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Zgaga, L. (Lina), Generation Scotland, Porteous, D.J. (David J.), Minelli, A. (Alessandra), Palmer, A.A. (Abraham A.), Rujescu, D. (Dan), Ciullo, M., Hayward, C. (Caroline), Rudan, I. (Igor), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Kaprio, J. (Jaakko), Deary, I.J. (Ian), Räikkönen, K. (Katri), Wilson, J.F. (James F), Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (Liisa), Bierut, L.J. (Laura J.), Hettema, J.M. (John M.), Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Evans, D.M. (David M.), Schlessinger, D. (David), Pedersen, N.L. (Nancy L.), Terracciano, A., McGue, M. (Matt), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), and Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret)

Abstract

Extraversion is a relatively stable and heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. Despite its substantial heritability, no genetic variants have been detected in previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which may be due to relatively small sample sizes of those studies. Here, we report on a large meta-analysis of GWA studies for extraversion in 63,030 subjects in 29 cohorts. Extraversion item data from multiple personality inventories were harmonized across inventories and cohorts. No genome-wide significant associations were found at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level but there was one significant hit at the gene level for a long non-coding RNA site (LOC101928162). Genome-wide complex trait analysis in two large cohorts showed that the additive variance explained by common SNPs was not significantly different from zero, but polygenic risk scores, weighted using linkage information, significantly predicted extraversion scores in an independent cohort. These results show that extraversion is a highly polygenic personality trait, with an architecture possibly different from other complex human traits, including other personality traits. Future studies are required to further determine which genetic variants, by what modes of gene action, constitute the heritable nature of extraversion.

Published
2016
Full Text
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3. Harmonization of Neuroticism and Extraversion phenotypes across inventories and cohorts in the Genetics of Personality Consortium: an application of Item Response Theory

Author

van den Berg, S.M., de Moor, M.H.M., McGue, M., Pettersson, E., Terracciano, A., Verweij, C.J.H., Amin, N., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Grootheest, G., Hansell, N.K., Huffman, J., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Luciano, M., Matteson, L.K., Viktorin, A., Wouda, J., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Bierut, L.J., Broms, U., Campbell, H., Smith, G.D., Eriksson, J.G., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Fox, J.P., de Geus, E.J.C., Giegling, I., Gow, A. J., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heikkilä, K., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J., Jokela, M, Kiemeney, L., Lehtimäki, T., Madden, P.A.F., Magnusson, P.K.E., Northstone, K., Nutile, T., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pattie, A., Pesonen, A.K., Pulkki-Råback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Seppälä, I., Slutske, W.S., Smyth, D.C., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Sutin, A.R., Tanaka, T., Verhagen, J, Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Willemsen, G., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Rujescu, D., Metspalu, A., Wilson, J.F., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., Deary, I.J., Räikkönen, K., Arias-Vasquez, A., Costa, P.T., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., van Duijn, C.M., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Krueger, R.F., Evans, D.M., Kaprio, J., Pedersen, N.L., Martin, N.G., Boomsma, D.I., Biological Psychology, Clinical Child and Family Studies, EMGO+ - Mental Health, Psychiatry, and EMGO - Mental health

Subjects
Netherlands Twin Register (NTR)
Abstract

Mega- or meta-analytic studies (e.g. genome-wide association studies) are increasingly used in behavior genetics. An issue in such studies is that phenotypes are often measured by different instruments across study cohorts, requiring harmonization of measures so that more powerful fixed effect meta-analyses can be employed. Within the Genetics of Personality Consortium, we demonstrate for two clinically relevant personality traits, Neuroticism and Extraversion, how Item-Response Theory (IRT) can be applied to map item data from different inventories to the same underlying constructs. Personality item data were analyzed in >160,000 individuals from 23 cohorts across Europe, USA and Australia in which Neuroticism and Extraversion were assessed by nine different personality inventories. Results showed that harmonization was very successful for most personality inventories and moderately successful for some. Neuroticism and Extraversion inventories were largely measurement invariant across cohorts, in particular when comparing cohorts from countries where the same language is spoken. The IRT-based scores for Neuroticism and Extraversion were heritable (48 and 49 %, respectively, based on a meta-analysis of six twin cohorts, total N = 29,496 and 29,501 twin pairs, respectively) with a significant part of the heritability due to non-additive genetic factors. For Extraversion, these genetic factors qualitatively differ across sexes. We showed that our IRT method can lead to a large increase in sample size and therefore statistical power. The IRT approach may be applied to any mega- or meta-analytic study in which item-based behavioral measures need to be harmonized. © 2014 The Author(s).

Published
2014

4. Meta-analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Neuroticism, and the Polygenic Association With Major Depressive Disorder

Author

Moor, M.H. de, Berg, S.M. van den, Verweij, K.J., Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Matteson, L.K., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Amin, N., Gordon, S.D., Hansell, N.K., Hart, A.B., Seppala, I., Huffman, J.E., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Lee (Helen Dowling Instituut), M. van der, Miller, M., Nutile, T., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Wedenoja, J., Abecasis, G.R., Adkins, D.E., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Appel, K., Bigdeli, T.B., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Costa, P.T., Smith, G., Davies, G., Wit, H. de, Ding, J., Engelhardt, B.E., Eriksson, J.G., Fedko, I.O., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Giegling, I., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heinonen, K., Henders, A.K., Homuth, G., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J., Jokela, M., Karlsson, R., Kemp, J.P., Kirkpatrick, M.G., Latvala, A., Lehtimaki, T., Liewald, D.C., Madden, P.A., Magri, C., Magnusson, P.K., Marten, J., Maschio, A., Medland, S.E., Mihailov, E., Milaneschi, Y., Montgomery, G.W., Nauck, M., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pettersson, E., Polasek, O., Qian, Y., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O., Slutske, W.S., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Pourcain, B. St, Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J., Trochet, H., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Wouda, J., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Porteous, D., Minelli, A., Palmer, A.A., Rujescu, D., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., et al., Moor, M.H. de, Berg, S.M. van den, Verweij, K.J., Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Matteson, L.K., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Amin, N., Gordon, S.D., Hansell, N.K., Hart, A.B., Seppala, I., Huffman, J.E., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Lee (Helen Dowling Instituut), M. van der, Miller, M., Nutile, T., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Viktorin, A., Wedenoja, J., Abecasis, G.R., Adkins, D.E., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Appel, K., Bigdeli, T.B., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Costa, P.T., Smith, G., Davies, G., Wit, H. de, Ding, J., Engelhardt, B.E., Eriksson, J.G., Fedko, I.O., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Giegling, I., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heinonen, K., Henders, A.K., Homuth, G., Hottenga, J.J., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J., Jokela, M., Karlsson, R., Kemp, J.P., Kirkpatrick, M.G., Latvala, A., Lehtimaki, T., Liewald, D.C., Madden, P.A., Magri, C., Magnusson, P.K., Marten, J., Maschio, A., Medland, S.E., Mihailov, E., Milaneschi, Y., Montgomery, G.W., Nauck, M., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pettersson, E., Polasek, O., Qian, Y., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O., Slutske, W.S., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Pourcain, B. St, Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J., Trochet, H., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Wouda, J., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Porteous, D., Minelli, A., Palmer, A.A., Rujescu, D., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., and et al.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 153372.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), IMPORTANCE: Neuroticism is a pervasive risk factor for psychiatric conditions. It genetically overlaps with major depressive disorder (MDD) and is therefore an important phenotype for psychiatric genetics. The Genetics of Personality Consortium has created a resource for genome-wide association analyses of personality traits in more than 63,000 participants (including MDD cases). OBJECTIVES: To identify genetic variants associated with neuroticism by performing a meta-analysis of genome-wide association results based on 1000 Genomes imputation; to evaluate whether common genetic variants as assessed by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explain variation in neuroticism by estimating SNP-based heritability; and to examine whether SNPs that predict neuroticism also predict MDD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 30 cohorts with genome-wide genotype, personality, and MDD data from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. The study included 63,661 participants from 29 discovery cohorts and 9786 participants from a replication cohort. Participants came from Europe, the United States, or Australia. Analyses were conducted between 2012 and 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Neuroticism scores harmonized across all 29 discovery cohorts by item response theory analysis, and clinical MDD case-control status in 2 of the cohorts. RESULTS: A genome-wide significant SNP was found on 3p14 in MAGI1 (rs35855737; P = 9.26 x 10-9 in the discovery meta-analysis). This association was not replicated (P = .32), but the SNP was still genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis of all 30 cohorts (P = 2.38 x 10-8). Common genetic variants explain 15% of the variance in neuroticism. Polygenic scores based on the meta-analysis of neuroticism in 27 cohorts significantly predicted neuroticism (1.09 x 10-12 < P < .05) and MDD (4.02 x 10-9 < P < .05) in the 2 other cohorts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study identifies a novel locus for neuroticism.

Published
2015

5. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism, and the polygenic association with major depressive disorder

Author

Moor, M.H.M. de, Berg, S.M. (Stéphanie) van den, Verweij, K.J.H. (Karin J.), Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M. (Michelle), Arias-Vásquez, A. (Alejandro), Matteson, L.K. (Lindsay), Derringer, J., Esko, T. (Tõnu), Amin, N. (Najaf), Gordon, S.D. (Scott D.), Hansell, N.K. (Narelle), Hart, A.B. (Amy B.), Seppälä, I. (Ilkka), Huffman, J.E. (Jennifer), Konte, B., Lahti, J. (Jari), Lee, M. (Minyoung), Miller, M. (Mike), Nutile, T., Tanaka, T. (Toshiko), Teumer, A. (Alexander), Viktorin, A. (Alexander), Wedenoja, J. (Juho), Abecasis, G.R. (Gonçalo), Adkins, D.E. (Daniel), Agrawal, A. (Arpana), Allik, J., Appel, K. (Katja), Bigdeli, T.B. (Tim), Busonero, F., Campbell, H. (Harry), Costa, P.T. (Paul), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Davies, G. (Gail), de Wit, H. (Harriet), Ding, J. (Jun), Engelhardt, B.E. (Barbara E.), Eriksson, J.G. (Johan G.), Fedko, I. (Iryna), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Franke, B. (Barbara), Giegling, I. (Ina), Grucza, R., Hartmann, A.M. (Annette M), Heath, A.C. (Andrew), Heinonen, K. (Kati), Henders, A.K. (Anjali), Homuth, G. (Georg), Hottenga, J.J. (Jouke Jan), Iacono, W.G. (William), Janzing, J.G.E. (Joost), Jokela, M. (Markus), Karlsson, R. (Robert), Kemp, J.P. (John), Kirkpatrick, M.G. (Matthew G.), Latvala, A. (Antti), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Liewald, D.C. (David C.), Madden, P.A. (Pamela), Magri, C. (Chiara), Magnusson, P.K.E. (Patrik K. E.), Marten, J. (Jonathan), Maschio, A., Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Mihailov, E. (Evelin), Milaneschi, Y. (Yuri), Montgomery, G.W. (Grant W.), Nauck, M. (Matthias), Ouwens, K.G. (Klaasjan), Palotie, A. (Aarno), Pettersson, E. (Erik), Polasek, O. (Ozren), Qian, Y. (Yong), Pulkki-Råback, L. (Laura), Raitakari, O.T. (Olli T.), Realo, A. (Anu), Rose, R.J. (Richard J.), Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O. (Carsten Oliver), Slutske, W.S. (Wendy), Sorice, R., Starr, J.M. (John), St Pourcain, B. (Beate), Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J. (Nicholas), Trochet, H. (Holly), Vermeulen, S.H.H.M. (Sita), Vuoksimaa, E. (Eero), Widen, E. (Elisabeth), Wouda, J. (Jasper), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Zgaga, L. (Lina), Porteous, D.J. (David J.), Minelli, A. (Alessandra), Palmer, A.A. (Abraham A.), Rujescu, D. (Dan), Ciullo, M., Hayward, C. (Caroline), Rudan, I. (Igor), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Kaprio, J. (Jaakko), Deary, I.J. (Ian), Räikkönen, K. (Katri), Wilson, J.F. (James F), Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (Liisa), Bierut, L.J. (Laura), Hettema, J.M. (John M.), Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Evans, D.M. (David M.), Schlessinger, D. (David), Pedersen, N.L. (Nancy), Terracciano, A., McGue, M. (Matt), Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret), Moor, M.H.M. de, Berg, S.M. (Stéphanie) van den, Verweij, K.J.H. (Karin J.), Krueger, R.F., Luciano, M. (Michelle), Arias-Vásquez, A. (Alejandro), Matteson, L.K. (Lindsay), Derringer, J., Esko, T. (Tõnu), Amin, N. (Najaf), Gordon, S.D. (Scott D.), Hansell, N.K. (Narelle), Hart, A.B. (Amy B.), Seppälä, I. (Ilkka), Huffman, J.E. (Jennifer), Konte, B., Lahti, J. (Jari), Lee, M. (Minyoung), Miller, M. (Mike), Nutile, T., Tanaka, T. (Toshiko), Teumer, A. (Alexander), Viktorin, A. (Alexander), Wedenoja, J. (Juho), Abecasis, G.R. (Gonçalo), Adkins, D.E. (Daniel), Agrawal, A. (Arpana), Allik, J., Appel, K. (Katja), Bigdeli, T.B. (Tim), Busonero, F., Campbell, H. (Harry), Costa, P.T. (Paul), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Davies, G. (Gail), de Wit, H. (Harriet), Ding, J. (Jun), Engelhardt, B.E. (Barbara E.), Eriksson, J.G. (Johan G.), Fedko, I. (Iryna), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Franke, B. (Barbara), Giegling, I. (Ina), Grucza, R., Hartmann, A.M. (Annette M), Heath, A.C. (Andrew), Heinonen, K. (Kati), Henders, A.K. (Anjali), Homuth, G. (Georg), Hottenga, J.J. (Jouke Jan), Iacono, W.G. (William), Janzing, J.G.E. (Joost), Jokela, M. (Markus), Karlsson, R. (Robert), Kemp, J.P. (John), Kirkpatrick, M.G. (Matthew G.), Latvala, A. (Antti), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Liewald, D.C. (David C.), Madden, P.A. (Pamela), Magri, C. (Chiara), Magnusson, P.K.E. (Patrik K. E.), Marten, J. (Jonathan), Maschio, A., Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Mihailov, E. (Evelin), Milaneschi, Y. (Yuri), Montgomery, G.W. (Grant W.), Nauck, M. (Matthias), Ouwens, K.G. (Klaasjan), Palotie, A. (Aarno), Pettersson, E. (Erik), Polasek, O. (Ozren), Qian, Y. (Yong), Pulkki-Råback, L. (Laura), Raitakari, O.T. (Olli T.), Realo, A. (Anu), Rose, R.J. (Richard J.), Ruggiero, D., Schmidt, C.O. (Carsten Oliver), Slutske, W.S. (Wendy), Sorice, R., Starr, J.M. (John), St Pourcain, B. (Beate), Sutin, A.R., Timpson, N.J. (Nicholas), Trochet, H. (Holly), Vermeulen, S.H.H.M. (Sita), Vuoksimaa, E. (Eero), Widen, E. (Elisabeth), Wouda, J. (Jasper), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Zgaga, L. (Lina), Porteous, D.J. (David J.), Minelli, A. (Alessandra), Palmer, A.A. (Abraham A.), Rujescu, D. (Dan), Ciullo, M., Hayward, C. (Caroline), Rudan, I. (Igor), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Kaprio, J. (Jaakko), Deary, I.J. (Ian), Räikkönen, K. (Katri), Wilson, J.F. (James F), Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (Liisa), Bierut, L.J. (Laura), Hettema, J.M. (John M.), Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Evans, D.M. (David M.), Schlessinger, D. (David), Pedersen, N.L. (Nancy), Terracciano, A., McGue, M. (Matt), Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), and Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret)

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Neuroticism is a pervasive risk factor for psychiatric conditions. It genetically overlaps with major depressive disorder (MDD) and is therefore an important phenotype for psychiatric genetics. The Genetics of Personality Consortium has created a resource for genome-wide association analyses of personality traits in more than 63 000 participants (including MDD cases). OBJECTIVES To identify genetic variants associated with neuroticism by performing a meta-analysis of genome-wide association results based on 1000 Genomes imputation; to evaluate whether common genetic variants as assessed by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explain variation in neuroticism by estimating SNP-based heritability; and to examine whether SNPs that predict neuroticism also predict MDD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 30 cohorts with genome-wide genotype, personality, and MDD data from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. The study included 63 661 participants from 29 discovery cohorts and 9786 participants from a replication cohort. Participants came from Europe, the United States, or Australia. Analyses were conducted between 2012 and 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Neuroticism scores harmonized across all 29 discovery cohorts by item response theory analysis, and clinical MDD case-control status in 2 of the cohorts. RESULTS A genome-wide significant SNP was found on 3p14 in MAGI1 (rs35855737; P = 9.26 × 10-9 in the discovery meta-analysis). This association was not replicated (P = .32), but the SNP was still genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis of all 30 cohorts (P = 2.38 × 10-8). Common genetic variants explain 15%of the variance in neuroticism. Polygenic scores based on the meta-analysis of neuroticism in 27 cohorts significantly predicted neuroticism (1.09 × 10-12 < P <.05) and MDD (4.02 × 10-9 < P < .05) in the 2 other cohorts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study identi

Published
2015
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6. Stereotypes of age differences in personality traits : universal and accurate?

Author

Chan, W., McCrae, R.R., De Fruyt, F., Jussim, L., Löckenhoff, C.E., De Bolle, M., Costa, P.T., Sutin, A.R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., Hřebíčková, M., Kourilova, S., Yik, M., Ficková, E., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Leibovich de Figueora, N., Schmidt, V., Ahn, C., Ahn, H., Aguilar-Vafaie, M.E., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Cain, T.R., Crawford, J.T., Mastor, K.A., Rolland, J.P., Nansubuga, F., Miramontez, D.R., Benet-Martínez, V., Rossier, J., Bratko, D., Marusić, I., Halberstadt, J., Yamaguchi, M., Knezević, G., Martin, T.A., Gheorghiu, M., Smith, P.B., Barbaranelli, C., Wang, L., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Lima, M.P., Klinkosz, W., Sekowski, A., Alcalay, L., Simonetti, F., Avdeyeva, T.V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, A., Department of psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), University of Sussex, and Peking University [Beijing]

Subjects
Male, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#5.01.01 [https], stereotypes, Sociology and Political Science, Personality Inventory, five-factor model, 050109 social psychology, personality perception, Developmental psychology, cross-cultural, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young adult, Big Five personality traits, media_common, Aged, 80 and over, Social perception, 05 social sciences, Age Factors, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Emotion Cognition et Comportement, Middle Aged, Social Perception, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, Female, medicine.symptom, Personality Assessment Inventory, Psychology, Social psychology, Personality, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, aging, five factor model, Social Psychology, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, Impulsivity, 050105 experimental psychology, Young Adult, Openness to experience, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Aged, Stereotyping, Reproducibility of Results, Cross-cultural studies, Five Factor Model, Aged 80 and over
Abstract

Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups. This is the peer reviewed version of the article: Chan, W.; McCrae, R. R.; De Fruyt, F.; Jussim, L.; Loeckenhoff, C. E.; De Bolle, M.; Costa, P. T.; Sutin, A. R.; Realo, A.; Allik, J.; Nakazato, K.; Shimonaka, Y.; Hrebickova, M.; Graf, S.; Yik, M.; Brunner-Sciarra, M.; de Figueora, N. L.; Schmidt, V.; Ahn, C.-K.; Ahn, H.; Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E.; Siuta, J.; Szmigielska, B.; Cain, T. R.; Crawford, J. T.; Mastor, K. A.; Rolland, J.-P.; Nansubuga, F.; Miramontez, D. R.; Benet-Martinez, V.; Rossier, J.; Bratko, D.; Marušić, I.; Halberstadt, J.; Yamaguchi, M.; Knežević, G.; Martin, T. A.; Gheorghiu, M.; Smith, P. B.; Barbaranelli, C.; Wang, L.; Shakespeare-Finch, J.; Lima, M. P.; Klinkosz, W.; Sekowski, A.; Alcalay, L.; Simonetti, F.; Avdeyeva, T. V.; Pramila, V. S.; Terracciano, A. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2012, 103 (6), 1050–1066. [https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029712]

Published
2012

7. Harmonization of Neuroticism and Extraversion phenotypes across inventories and cohorts in the Genetics of Personality Consortium: an application of Item Response Theory

Author

Berg, S.M. van den, Moor, M.H. de, McGue, M., Pettersson, E., Terracciano, A., Verweij, K.J., Amin, N., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Grootheest, G. van, Hansell, N.K., Huffman, J., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Luciano, M., Matteson, L.K., Viktorin, A., Wouda, J., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Bierut, L.J., Broms, U., Campbell, H., Smith, G.D., Eriksson, J.G., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Fox, J.P., Geus, E.J. de, Giegling, I., Gow, A.J., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heikkila, K., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J.G., Jokela, M., Kiemeney, B., Lehtimaki, T., Madden, P.A.F., Magnusson, P.K., Northstone, K., Nutile, T., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pattie, A., Pesonen, A.K., Polasek, O., Pulkkinen, L., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Seppala, I., Slutske, W.S., Smyth, D.C., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Sutin, A.R., Tanaka, T., Verhagen, J., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Willemsen, G., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Rujescu, D., Metspalu, A., Wilson, J.F., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., Deary, I.J., Raikkonen, K., Arias Vasquez, A., Costa, P.T., Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L., Duijn, C.M. van, Penninx, B.W.J.H., Krueger, R.F., Evans, D.M., Kaprio, J., Pedersen, N.L., Martin, N.G., Boomsma, D.I., Berg, S.M. van den, Moor, M.H. de, McGue, M., Pettersson, E., Terracciano, A., Verweij, K.J., Amin, N., Derringer, J., Esko, T., Grootheest, G. van, Hansell, N.K., Huffman, J., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Luciano, M., Matteson, L.K., Viktorin, A., Wouda, J., Agrawal, A., Allik, J., Bierut, L.J., Broms, U., Campbell, H., Smith, G.D., Eriksson, J.G., Ferrucci, L., Franke, B., Fox, J.P., Geus, E.J. de, Giegling, I., Gow, A.J., Grucza, R.A., Hartmann, A.M., Heath, A.C., Heikkila, K., Iacono, W.G., Janzing, J.G., Jokela, M., Kiemeney, B., Lehtimaki, T., Madden, P.A.F., Magnusson, P.K., Northstone, K., Nutile, T., Ouwens, K.G., Palotie, A., Pattie, A., Pesonen, A.K., Polasek, O., Pulkkinen, L., Pulkki-Raback, L., Raitakari, O.T., Realo, A., Rose, R.J., Ruggiero, D., Seppala, I., Slutske, W.S., Smyth, D.C., Sorice, R., Starr, J.M., Sutin, A.R., Tanaka, T., Verhagen, J., Vermeulen, S., Vuoksimaa, E., Widen, E., Willemsen, G., Wright, M.J., Zgaga, L., Rujescu, D., Metspalu, A., Wilson, J.F., Ciullo, M., Hayward, C., Rudan, I., Deary, I.J., Raikkonen, K., Arias Vasquez, A., Costa, P.T., Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L., Duijn, C.M. van, Penninx, B.W.J.H., Krueger, R.F., Evans, D.M., Kaprio, J., Pedersen, N.L., Martin, N.G., and Boomsma, D.I.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 135909.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Mega- or meta-analytic studies (e.g. genome-wide association studies) are increasingly used in behavior genetics. An issue in such studies is that phenotypes are often measured by different instruments across study cohorts, requiring harmonization of measures so that more powerful fixed effect meta-analyses can be employed. Within the Genetics of Personality Consortium, we demonstrate for two clinically relevant personality traits, Neuroticism and Extraversion, how Item-Response Theory (IRT) can be applied to map item data from different inventories to the same underlying constructs. Personality item data were analyzed in >160,000 individuals from 23 cohorts across Europe, USA and Australia in which Neuroticism and Extraversion were assessed by nine different personality inventories. Results showed that harmonization was very successful for most personality inventories and moderately successful for some. Neuroticism and Extraversion inventories were largely measurement invariant across cohorts, in particular when comparing cohorts from countries where the same language is spoken. The IRT-based scores for Neuroticism and Extraversion were heritable (48 and 49 %, respectively, based on a meta-analysis of six twin cohorts, total N = 29,496 and 29,501 twin pairs, respectively) with a significant part of the heritability due to non-additive genetic factors. For Extraversion, these genetic factors qualitatively differ across sexes. We showed that our IRT method can lead to a large increase in sample size and therefore statistical power. The IRT approach may be applied to any mega- or meta-analytic study in which item-based behavioral measures need to be harmonized.

Published
2014

8. Gender Stereotypes of Personality: Universal and Accurate?

Author

Löckenhoff, C.E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, R.R., De Fruyt, F., Jussim, L., De Bolle, M., Costa, P.T., Sutin, A.R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., Hřebíčková, M., Graf, S., Yik, M., Ficková, E., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Leibovich de Figueora, N., Schmidt, V., Ahn, C.K., Ahn, H.N., Aguilar-Vafaie, M.E., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Cain, T.R., Crawford, J.T., Mastor, K.A., Rolland, J.P., Nansubuga, F., Miramontez, D.R., Benet-Martínez, V., Rossier, J., Bratko, D., Marušić, I., Halberstadt, J., Yamaguchi, M., Knežević, G., Martin, T.A., Gheorghiu, M., Smith, P.B., Barbaranelli, C., Wang, L., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Lima, Margarida Pedroso, Klinkosz, W., Sekowski, A., Alcalay, L., Simonetti, F., Avdeyeva, T.V., Pramila, V.S.S., Terracciano, A., Löckenhoff, C.E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, R.R., De Fruyt, F., Jussim, L., De Bolle, M., Costa, P.T., Sutin, A.R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., Hřebíčková, M., Graf, S., Yik, M., Ficková, E., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Leibovich de Figueora, N., Schmidt, V., Ahn, C.K., Ahn, H.N., Aguilar-Vafaie, M.E., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Cain, T.R., Crawford, J.T., Mastor, K.A., Rolland, J.P., Nansubuga, F., Miramontez, D.R., Benet-Martínez, V., Rossier, J., Bratko, D., Marušić, I., Halberstadt, J., Yamaguchi, M., Knežević, G., Martin, T.A., Gheorghiu, M., Smith, P.B., Barbaranelli, C., Wang, L., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Lima, Margarida Pedroso, Klinkosz, W., Sekowski, A., Alcalay, L., Simonetti, F., Avdeyeva, T.V., Pramila, V.S.S., and Terracciano, A.

Abstract

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes. © The Author(s) 2014.

Published
2014

9. Harmonization of neuroticism and extraversion phenotypes across inventories and cohorts in the Genetics of Personality Consortium: An application of item response theory

Author

Berg, S.M. (Stéphanie) van den, Moor, M.H.M. de, McGue, M. (Matt), Pettersson, E. (Erik), Terracciano, A., Verweij, K.J.H. (Karin J.), Amin, N. (Najaf), Derringer, J., Esko, T. (Tõnu), Grootheest, G. (Gerard) van, Hansell, N.K. (Narelle), Huffman, J.E. (Jennifer), Konte, B., Lahti, J. (Jari), Luciano, M. (Michelle), Matteson, L.K. (Lindsay), Viktorin, A. (Alexander), Wouda, J. (Jasper), Agrawal, A. (Arpana), Allik, J., Bierut, L.J. (Laura), Broms, U. (Ulla), Campbell, H. (Harry), Smith, G.D. (George Davey), Hagen, K. (Knut), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Franke, B. (Barbara), Fox, J.P. (Jean-Paul), Geus, E.J.C. (Eco) de, Giegling, I. (Ina), Gow, A.J. (Alan J.), Grucza, R., Hartmann, A.M. (Annette M), Heath, A.C. (Andrew), Heikkilä, K. (Kauko), Iacono, W.G. (William), Janzing, J.G.E. (Joost), Jokela, M. (Markus), Kiemeney, L.A.L.M. (Bart), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Madden, P.A.F. (Pamela), Magnusson, P.K. (Patrik), Northstone, K. (Kate), Nutile, T., Ouwens, K.G. (Klaasjan), Palotie, A. (Aarno), Pattie, A. (Alison), Pesonen, A.-K. (Anu-Katriina), Polasek, O. (Ozren), Pulkkinen, L. (Lea), Pulkki-Råback, L. (Laura), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Realo, A. (Anu), Rose, R.J. (Richard), Ruggiero, D., Seppälä, I. (Ilkka), Slutske, W.S. (Wendy), Smyth, D.C. (David), Sorice, R., Starr, J.M. (John), Sutin, A.R., Tanaka, T. (Toshiko), Verhagen, J. (Josine), Vermeulen, S.H.H.M. (Sita), Vuoksimaa, E. (Eero), Widen, E. (Elisabeth), Willemsen, G.A.H.M. (Gonneke), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Zgaga, L. (Lina), Rujescu, D. (Dan), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Wilson, J.F. (James F), Ciullo, M., Hayward, C. (Caroline), Rudan, I. (Igor), Deary, I.J. (Ian), Räikkönen, K. (Katri), Arias-Vásquez, A. (Alejandro), Costa, P.T. (Paul), Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (Liisa), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Krueger, R.F., Evans, D.M. (David), Kaprio, J. (Jaakko), Pedersen, N.L. (Nancy), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret), Berg, S.M. (Stéphanie) van den, Moor, M.H.M. de, McGue, M. (Matt), Pettersson, E. (Erik), Terracciano, A., Verweij, K.J.H. (Karin J.), Amin, N. (Najaf), Derringer, J., Esko, T. (Tõnu), Grootheest, G. (Gerard) van, Hansell, N.K. (Narelle), Huffman, J.E. (Jennifer), Konte, B., Lahti, J. (Jari), Luciano, M. (Michelle), Matteson, L.K. (Lindsay), Viktorin, A. (Alexander), Wouda, J. (Jasper), Agrawal, A. (Arpana), Allik, J., Bierut, L.J. (Laura), Broms, U. (Ulla), Campbell, H. (Harry), Smith, G.D. (George Davey), Hagen, K. (Knut), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Franke, B. (Barbara), Fox, J.P. (Jean-Paul), Geus, E.J.C. (Eco) de, Giegling, I. (Ina), Gow, A.J. (Alan J.), Grucza, R., Hartmann, A.M. (Annette M), Heath, A.C. (Andrew), Heikkilä, K. (Kauko), Iacono, W.G. (William), Janzing, J.G.E. (Joost), Jokela, M. (Markus), Kiemeney, L.A.L.M. (Bart), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Madden, P.A.F. (Pamela), Magnusson, P.K. (Patrik), Northstone, K. (Kate), Nutile, T., Ouwens, K.G. (Klaasjan), Palotie, A. (Aarno), Pattie, A. (Alison), Pesonen, A.-K. (Anu-Katriina), Polasek, O. (Ozren), Pulkkinen, L. (Lea), Pulkki-Råback, L. (Laura), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Realo, A. (Anu), Rose, R.J. (Richard), Ruggiero, D., Seppälä, I. (Ilkka), Slutske, W.S. (Wendy), Smyth, D.C. (David), Sorice, R., Starr, J.M. (John), Sutin, A.R., Tanaka, T. (Toshiko), Verhagen, J. (Josine), Vermeulen, S.H.H.M. (Sita), Vuoksimaa, E. (Eero), Widen, E. (Elisabeth), Willemsen, G.A.H.M. (Gonneke), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Zgaga, L. (Lina), Rujescu, D. (Dan), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Wilson, J.F. (James F), Ciullo, M., Hayward, C. (Caroline), Rudan, I. (Igor), Deary, I.J. (Ian), Räikkönen, K. (Katri), Arias-Vásquez, A. (Alejandro), Costa, P.T. (Paul), Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (Liisa), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Krueger, R.F., Evans, D.M. (David), Kaprio, J. (Jaakko), Pedersen, N.L. (Nancy), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), and Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret)

Abstract

Mega- or meta-analytic studies (e.g. genome-wide association studies) are increasingly used in behavior genetics. An issue in such studies is that phenotypes are often measured by different instruments across study cohorts, requiring harmonization of measures so that more powerful fixed effect meta-analyses can be employed. Within the Genetics of Personality Consortium, we demonstrate for two clinically relevant personality traits, Neuroticism and Extraversion, how Item-Response Theory (IRT) can be applied to map item data from different inventories to the same underlying constructs. Personality item data were analyzed in >160,000 individuals from 23 cohorts across Europe, USA and Australia in which Neuroticism and Extraversion were assessed by nine different personality inventories. Results showed that harmonization was very successful for most personality inventories and moderately successful for some. Neuroticism and Extraversion inventories were largely measurement invariant across cohorts, in particular when comparing cohorts from countries where the same language is spoken. The IRT-based scores for Neuroticism and Extraversion were heritable (48 and 49 %, respectively, based on a meta-analysis of six twin cohorts, total N = 29,496 and 29,501 twin pairs, respectively) with a significant part of the heritability due to non-additive genetic factors. For Extraversion, these genetic factors qualitatively differ across sexes. We showed that our IRT method can lead to a large increase in sample size and therefore statistical power. The IRT approach may be applied to any mega- or meta-analytic study in which item-based behavioral measures need to be harmonized.

Published
2014
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10. Gender Stereotypes of Personality: Universal and Accurate?

Author

Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, Mccrae, R.R., De fruyt, F., Jussim, L., De bolle, M., Costa, P.T., Sutin, A.R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., Hřebíčková, M., Graf, S., Yik, Michelle, Ficková, E., Brunner-sciarra, M., Leibovich de figueora, N., Schmidt, V., Ahn, C.K., Ahn, H.N., Aguilar-vafaie, M.E., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Cain, T.R., Crawford, J.T., Mastor, K.A., Rolland, J.P., Nansubuga, F., Miramontez, D.R., Benet-martínez, V., Rossier, J., Bratko, D., Marušić, I., Halberstadt, J., Yamaguchi, M., Knežević, G., Martin, T.A., Gheorghiu, M., Smith, P.B., Barbaranelli, C., Wang, L., Shakespeare-finch, J., Lima, Margarida Pedroso, Klinkosz, W., Sekowski, A., Alcalay, L., Simonetti, F., Avdeyeva, T.V., Pramila, V.S.S., Terracciano, A., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, Mccrae, R.R., De fruyt, F., Jussim, L., De bolle, M., Costa, P.T., Sutin, A.R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., Hřebíčková, M., Graf, S., Yik, Michelle, Ficková, E., Brunner-sciarra, M., Leibovich de figueora, N., Schmidt, V., Ahn, C.K., Ahn, H.N., Aguilar-vafaie, M.E., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Cain, T.R., Crawford, J.T., Mastor, K.A., Rolland, J.P., Nansubuga, F., Miramontez, D.R., Benet-martínez, V., Rossier, J., Bratko, D., Marušić, I., Halberstadt, J., Yamaguchi, M., Knežević, G., Martin, T.A., Gheorghiu, M., Smith, P.B., Barbaranelli, C., Wang, L., Shakespeare-finch, J., Lima, Margarida Pedroso, Klinkosz, W., Sekowski, A., Alcalay, L., Simonetti, F., Avdeyeva, T.V., Pramila, V.S.S., and Terracciano, A.

Abstract

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes. © The Author(s) 2014.

Published
2014

11. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association results in >10.000 individuals for the big five personality traits

Author

de Moor, M.H.M., Boomsma, D.I., de Geus, E.J.C., Willemsen, G., Hottenga, J.J., Distel, M.A., Abecasis, G.R., Terracciano, A., McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Hartman, C.A., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Esko, T., Allik, J., Realo, A., Metspalu, A., Hansell, N., Medland, S.E., Wray, N.R., Wright, M.J., Martin, N.G., Amin, N., Aulchenko, Y.S., Janssens, A., Oostra, B.A., and van Duijn, C.M.

Subjects
Netherlands Twin Register (NTR)
Published
2009

12. Refining genome-wide linkage intervals using a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies loci influencing personality dimensions

Author

Amin, N. (Najaf), Hottenga, J.J. (Jouke Jan), Hansell, N.K. (Narelle), Janssens, A.C.J.W. (Cécile), Moor, M.H.M. de, Madden, P.A.F. (Pamela), Zorkoltseva, I.V. (Irina), Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Terracciano, A., Uda, M. (Manuela), Tanaka, T. (Toshiko), Esko, T. (Tõnu), Realo, A. (Anu), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Luciano, M. (Michelle), Davies, G. (Gail), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Abecasis, G.R. (Gonçalo), Deary, I.J. (Ian), Raikkonen, K. (Katri), Bierut, L.J. (Laura), Costa, P.T. (P.), Saviouk, V. (Viatcheslav), Zhu, G. (Gu), Kirichenko, A.V. (Anatoly), Isaacs, A.J. (Aaron), Aulchenko, Y.S. (Yurii), Willemsen, G.A.H.M. (Gonneke), Heath, A.C. (Andrew), Pergadia, M.L. (Michele), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Axenovich, T.I. (Tatiana), Geus, E.J.C. (Eco) de, Montgomery, G.W. (Grant), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Oostra, B.A. (Ben), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Amin, N. (Najaf), Hottenga, J.J. (Jouke Jan), Hansell, N.K. (Narelle), Janssens, A.C.J.W. (Cécile), Moor, M.H.M. de, Madden, P.A.F. (Pamela), Zorkoltseva, I.V. (Irina), Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Terracciano, A., Uda, M. (Manuela), Tanaka, T. (Toshiko), Esko, T. (Tõnu), Realo, A. (Anu), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Luciano, M. (Michelle), Davies, G. (Gail), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Abecasis, G.R. (Gonçalo), Deary, I.J. (Ian), Raikkonen, K. (Katri), Bierut, L.J. (Laura), Costa, P.T. (P.), Saviouk, V. (Viatcheslav), Zhu, G. (Gu), Kirichenko, A.V. (Anatoly), Isaacs, A.J. (Aaron), Aulchenko, Y.S. (Yurii), Willemsen, G.A.H.M. (Gonneke), Heath, A.C. (Andrew), Pergadia, M.L. (Michele), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Axenovich, T.I. (Tatiana), Geus, E.J.C. (Eco) de, Montgomery, G.W. (Grant), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Oostra, B.A. (Ben), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret), and Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van

Abstract

Personality traits are complex phenotypes related to psychosomatic health. Individually, various gene finding methods have not achieved much success in finding genetic variants associated with personality traits. We performed a meta-analysis of four genome-wide linkage scans (N=6149 subjects) of five basic personality traits assessed with the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. We compared the significant regions from the meta-analysis of linkage scans with the results of a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (N∼17 000). We found significant evidence of linkage of neuroticism to chromosome 3p14 (rs1490265, LOD=4.67) and to chromosome 19q13 (rs628604, LOD=3.55); of extraversion to 14q32 (ATGG002, LOD=3.3); and of agreeableness to 3p25 (rs709160, LOD=3.67) and to two adjacent regions on chromosome 15, including 15q13 (rs970408, LOD=4.07) and 15q14 (rs1055356, LOD=3.52) in the individual scans. In the meta-analysis, we found strong evidence of linkage of extraversion to 4q34, 9q34, 10q24 and 11q22, openness to 2p25, 3q26, 9p21, 11q24, 15q26 and 19q13 and agreeableness to 4q34 and 19p13. Significant evidence of association in the GWAS was detected between openness and rs677035 at 11q24 (P-value=2.6 × 10 -06, KCNJ1). The findings of our linkage meta-analysis and those of the GWAS suggest that 11q24 is a susceptible locus for openness, with KCNJ1 as the possible candidate gene.

Published
2013
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13. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies common variants in CTNNA2 associated with Excitement-Seeking

Author

Terracciano, A., Esko, T., Sutin, A.R., de Moor, M.H.M., Meirelles, O., Zhu, G., Tanaka, T., Giegling, I., Nutile, T., Realo, A., Allik, J., Hansell, N.K., Wright, M.J., Montgomery, G.W., Willemsen, G., Hottenga, J.J., Friedl, M., Ruggiero, D., Sorice, R., Sanna, S., Deiana, B., Cucca, F., Krueger, R.F., Lahti, A., Luciano, M., Smoller, J.W., van Duijn, C.M., Abecasis, G.R., Boomsma, D.I., Ciullo, M., Costa, P.T., Ferrucci, L., Martin, N.G., Metspalu, A., Rujescu, D., Schlessinger, D., Uda, M., Terracciano, A., Esko, T., Sutin, A.R., de Moor, M.H.M., Meirelles, O., Zhu, G., Tanaka, T., Giegling, I., Nutile, T., Realo, A., Allik, J., Hansell, N.K., Wright, M.J., Montgomery, G.W., Willemsen, G., Hottenga, J.J., Friedl, M., Ruggiero, D., Sorice, R., Sanna, S., Deiana, B., Cucca, F., Krueger, R.F., Lahti, A., Luciano, M., Smoller, J.W., van Duijn, C.M., Abecasis, G.R., Boomsma, D.I., Ciullo, M., Costa, P.T., Ferrucci, L., Martin, N.G., Metspalu, A., Rujescu, D., Schlessinger, D., and Uda, M.

Abstract

The tendency to seek stimulating activities and intense sensations define excitement-seeking, a personality trait akin to some aspects of sensation-seeking. This trait is a central feature of extraversion and is a component of the multifaceted impulsivity construct. Those who score high on measures of excitement-seeking are more likely to smoke, use other drugs, gamble, drive recklessly, have unsafe/unprotected sex and engage in other risky behaviors of clinical and social relevance. To identify common genetic variants associated with the Excitement-Seeking scale of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, we performed genome-wide association studies in six samples of European ancestry (N=7860), and combined the results in a meta-analysis. We identified a genome-wide significant association between the Excitement-Seeking scale and rs7600563 (P=2 × 10

Published
2011
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14. The genetic association between personality and major depression or bipolar disorder. A polygenic score analysis using genome-wide association data

Author

Middeldorp, C.M., de Moor, M.H.M., McGrath, L.M., Gordon, S.D., Blackwood, D.H., Costa, P.T., Terracciano, A., Krueger, R.F., de Geus, E.J.C., Nyholt, DR, Tanaka, T., Esko, T., Madden, P.A.F., Derringer, J., Amin, N., Willemsen, G., Hottenga, J.J., Distel, M.A., Uda, M., Sanna, S., Spinhoven, P., Hartman, C.A., Ripke, S., Sullivan, P.F., Realo, A., Allik, J., Heath, A.C., Pergadia, M.L., Agrawal, A., Lin, P., Grucza, R.A., Widen, E., Cousminer, D.L., Eriksson, J.G., Palotie, A., Barnett, J.H., Lee, P.H., Luciano, M, Tenesa, A., Davies, G., Lopez, L.M., Hansell, N.K., Medland, S.E., Ferrucci, L., Schlessinger, D., Montgomery, GW, Wright, M.J., Aulchenko, Y.S., Janssens, A.C.J.W., Oostra, B.A., Metspalu, A., Abecasis, G.R., Deary, I.J., Räikkönen, K., Bierut, L.J., Martin, N.G., Wray, N.R., van Duijn, C.M., Smoller, J.W., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Boomsma, D.I., Middeldorp, C.M., de Moor, M.H.M., McGrath, L.M., Gordon, S.D., Blackwood, D.H., Costa, P.T., Terracciano, A., Krueger, R.F., de Geus, E.J.C., Nyholt, DR, Tanaka, T., Esko, T., Madden, P.A.F., Derringer, J., Amin, N., Willemsen, G., Hottenga, J.J., Distel, M.A., Uda, M., Sanna, S., Spinhoven, P., Hartman, C.A., Ripke, S., Sullivan, P.F., Realo, A., Allik, J., Heath, A.C., Pergadia, M.L., Agrawal, A., Lin, P., Grucza, R.A., Widen, E., Cousminer, D.L., Eriksson, J.G., Palotie, A., Barnett, J.H., Lee, P.H., Luciano, M, Tenesa, A., Davies, G., Lopez, L.M., Hansell, N.K., Medland, S.E., Ferrucci, L., Schlessinger, D., Montgomery, GW, Wright, M.J., Aulchenko, Y.S., Janssens, A.C.J.W., Oostra, B.A., Metspalu, A., Abecasis, G.R., Deary, I.J., Räikkönen, K., Bierut, L.J., Martin, N.G., Wray, N.R., van Duijn, C.M., Smoller, J.W., Penninx, B.W.J.H., and Boomsma, D.I.

Abstract

The relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) remains controversial. Previous research has reported differences and similarities in risk factors for MDD and BD, such as predisposing personality traits. For example, high neuroticism is related to both disorders, whereas openness to experience is specific for BD. This study examined the genetic association between personality and MDD and BD by applying polygenic scores for neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness to both disorders. Polygenic scores reflect the weighted sum of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphism alleles associated with the trait for an individual and were based on a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for personality traits including 13 835 subjects. Polygenic scores were tested for MDD in the combined Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN-MDD) and MDD2000 samples (N=8921) and for BD in the combined Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder and Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium samples (N=6329) using logistic regression analyses. At the phenotypic level, personality dimensions were associated with MDD and BD. Polygenic neuroticism scores were significantly positively associated with MDD, whereas polygenic extraversion scores were significantly positively associated with BD. The explained variance of MDD and BD, ∼0.1%, was highly comparable to the variance explained by the polygenic personality scores in the corresponding personality traits themselves (between 0.1 and 0.4%). This indicates that the proportions of variance explained in mood disorders are at the upper limit of what could have been expected. This study suggests shared genetic risk factors for neuroticism and MDD on the one hand and for extraversion and BD on the other. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.

Published
2011
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15. Personality development from college to midlife: A cross-cultural comparison

Author

McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Piedmont, R.L., Chae, J.H., Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., Marušić, Iris, Bratko, Denis, and The Gerontological Society of America

Subjects
personality development, age differences, five-factor model, cross-cultural study
Abstract

Although personality is generally stable after age 30, both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the United States have shown consistent changes between college age and middle adulthood. There appear to be declines in three of the Big Five factors of personality - Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness- and increases in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. These changes might be unique to the experience of late adolescence in the United States. To examine cross-cultural generalizability of these findings, the Revised NEO Personality Inventory was administered to samples in Korea, Italy, and Croatia (Ns = 448 -716). The same general pattern of age differences was seen in each country, for both males and females. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that these are universal maturational changes in personality.

Published
1997

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