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The Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) damone (Eversmann, 1841) species complex comprises from 5 to 8 species distributed in southeastern Europe and southern Siberia. Here we used chromosomal and DNA-barcode markers in order to test the taxonomic hypotheses previously suggested for this complex. We revealed that all taxa within this group demonstrate chromosomal stasis and share the same or very similar haploid chromosome number (n = 66 or n = 67). This finding is unexpected since the karyotypes are known to be very diverse and species-specific within the other taxa of the subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822. Analysis of the mitochondrial gene COI revealed six diverged clusters of individuals within the complex. Each cluster has a specific geographic distribution and is characterized by distinct morphological features in the wing pattern. The clusters mostly (but not always) correlate with traditionally recognized species. As a result of our study, we describe a new subspecies P. (A.) iphigenides zarmitanussubsp. nov. from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and show that the taxon originally described as Lycaena kindermanni var. melania Staudinger, 1886 represents a subspecies P. (A.) iphigenides melanius (Staudinger, 1886). Polyommatus (A.) samusi Korb, 2017 (syn. nov.) and P. (A.) melanius komarovi Korb, 2017 (syn. nov.) are considered here as junior subjective synonyms of P. (A.) iphigenides iphigenides (Staudinger, 1886).

In this paper, four species of the genus Diduga Moore, [1887] from China (Chongqing and Guangdong) and Malaysia (Borneo, Sabah) are described as new to science, namely D. simianshanasp. nov., D. chebalingasp. nov., D. chewisp. nov., and D. hollowayisp. nov. Adults of these species are illustrated in color, and images of the male and female genitalia are provided. A distribution map of the new species is provided, together with an updated checklist of all species of Diduga.

Southern Africa hosts a high diversity of ecosystems and habitats with a tremendous diversity of Lepidoptera. Although it is one of the most studied parts of the Afrotropics, the knowledge on diversity and distribution of south African moth fauna remains insufficient. To partly fill this gap, we surveyed macromoths by automatic light traps in five localities in two relatively less sampled south African countries. We reported six species and one genus (Remigioides) of moths which had not yet been recorded in Namibia or Zimbabwe. Although none of these records broadened the known distribution of individual species to a new biogeographical region, they still fill important gaps in their distributions. The known distributional ranges of two species have been substantially extended, although they are still within the same biogeographical regions: ca. 800 km southwards for Remigioides remigina (Mabille, 1884) and ca. 600 km westwards for Haplopacha cinerea Aurivillius, 1905.

Celaenorrhinus pyrrha de Nicéville, 1889, a rare species of Hesperiidae previously known to be distributed from northeastern India to Indochina, is reported from southwestern Yunnan and southwestern Chongqing, China. A 658 bp COI gene sequence of this species is published for the first time. Although Chongqing is obviously isolated from the main distribution range, morphological characters of the specimens from this locality do not indicate a subspecies differentiation. Another rare taxon, C. munda munda (Moore, 1884), is also recorded from China for the first time based upon a male specimen from Cuona County in the Tibet Autonomous Region. This is the second specimen of C. munda from China, over 100 years after the holotype of C. munda joka Evans, 1949. The genitalia of both species are illustrated and described. Some taxonomic notes and a distribution map are provided as well.

Chromosomal and molecular analyses of rapidly evolving organisms such as Polyommatus Latreille, 1804 blue butterflies are essential for understanding their taxonomy and evolutionary history, and the studies of populations from their type localities are crucially important for resolving problems of nomenclature and species identity. Here we present data on the topotypical population of the blue butterfly species described as Lycaena damone var. cyanea Staudinger, 1899. This taxon was described from Khankendi (Nagorno-Karabakh, Caucasus), and rediscovered at the type locality for the first time since it was collected there in 1869. The specimens were found on dry stony meadows with a predominance of Onobrychis radiata Bieberstein, 1810, on upper border of oak forests. Their haploid chromosome number (n) was established as n = 17. Chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA barcode analyses of the studied samples from type-locality provided an opportunity for the critical taxonomic re-examination of Caucasian species of the subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822 of the genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804. The obtained data support the interpretation of the P. (A.) cyaneus (Staudinger, 1899) and P. (A.) carmon (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) as two different, not closely related species complexes as previously hypothesized by Hugo de Lesse. On the contrary, the treatment by Walter Forster who considered these taxa as two groups of conspecific populations was not supported by our data.

The endemic Neotropical genus Gaujonia Dognin is revised. Morphological characters and a phylogenetic analysis demonstrate paraphyletic relationships among the species. Four different groups are interpreted to represent four different genera. The G. arbosi group is the only remaining clade in the genus Gaujonia, and the other groups have been arranged into three new genera: Milleranagen. nov., Oculicattusgen. nov., and Cicadoformagen. nov. Additionally, two other genera Cicadomorphusgen. nov., and Gaujopteragen. nov. were found using morphological and molecular analyses based on some specimens that were misidentified as Gaujonia spp. A total of five new genera, three new combinations (Cicadoforma vau-nigrum Hampson, comb. nov., Oculicattus renifera Hampson, comb. nov., and Millerana arbosioides Dognin, comb. nov.) and 21 new species (Cicadoforma ocelotussp. nov., Cicadomorphus chicharrasp. nov., Cicadomorphus chuyasp. nov., Cicadomorphus falkasiskasp. nov., Cicadomorphus lilianaesp. nov., Gaujonia bichusp. nov., Gaujonia chiqyaqsp. nov., Gaujonia kanakusikasp. nov., Gaujonia sourakovisp. nov., Gaujoptera amsasp. nov., Millerana austinisp. nov., Millerana cajassp. nov., Millerana cundinamarquensissp. nov., Millerana matthewsaesp. nov., Millerana tigrinasp. nov., Oculicattus bolivianasp. nov., Oculicattus brehmisp. nov., Oculicattus incasp. nov., Oculicattus raizaesp. nov., Oculicattus schmidtisp. nov., and Oculicattus uturunkusp. nov.) are established.

Lycaena nisa Wallace, 1866 was described from Formosa (Taiwan) and is here recognized as a senior subjective synonym of Lycaena alsulus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869. It is resurrected to serve as the valid name, Famegana nisa (Wallace, 1866), comb nov. of the species commonly known as Famegana alsulus. The name Zizera taiwana Sonan, 1938 (syn. nov.), also described from Formosa, is recognized as a junior subjective synonym of L. nisa. Another name, Zizeeria alsulus eggletoni Corbet, 1941 (syn. nov.), described from Hong Kong is also considered a junior subjective synonym of L. nisa. Moreover, all former synonyms of alsulus automatically become new junior synonyms for nisa. This species occurs in the Oriental and Australian regions and western Pacific.

In order to provide information about the diversity and distribution of Eudocima species in Colombia, 261 specimens deposited in entomological collections were examined and identified. We found seven of the eight species of Eudocima recorded in the Neotropics: E. anguina, E. colubra, E. collusoria, E. memorans and E. serpentifera, all being recorded for the first time from the country. We provide a list of the species, comments on the biology and distribution data, illustrations of the adults, and keys for species identification.

We sequenced multiple genes from the enigmatic genera Bhagadatta Moore, 1898, Kumothales Overlaet, 1940 and Harmilla Aurivillius, 1892 (Nymphalidae, Limenitidinae) and analysed them together with a large published dataset. We find that Bhagadatta is sister to the genera Cymothoe Hübner, 1819+Harma Doubleday, 1848, and that Kumothales is sister to these three. Harmilla is nested within the genus Euriphene Boisduval, 1847. We thus transfer Kumothales and Bhagadatta to the tribe Cymothoini, and we synonymise Harmillasyn. nov. with Euriphene.

We submitted first results of the DNA studies of the Central Asiatic owlet moths of the genus Euchalcia. Standard cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragments were sequenced for DNA barcoding of six specimens belonging to Euchalcia herrichi and Euchalcia gyulai. We compared the received sequences between discussed species and with two European Euchalcia species (E. variabilis and E. consona). We found no variability within the COI sequences of the samples collected in the same locality (Alai Mts., Kyrgyzstan), whereas the difference in COI sequences between two populations (Ketmen Mts., Kazakhstan and Alai Mts., Kyrgyzstan) was 0.005.

The taxonomic status of the European Hoplodrina octogenaria (Goeze, 1781) is discussed and its partly sympatric sister species, Hoplodrina alsinides (Costantini, 1922) sp. rev., is separated and re-described based on morphological and molecular taxonomic evidence. The adults and their genitalia are illustrated and DNA barcodes, as well as genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data collected by fractional genome sequencing (ddRAD), of the two species are provided.

Stamnodes fergusonisp. nov. occurs from extreme southeastern Arizona through southern New Mexico east into western Texas, USA. Identity of the new species can be reliably determined by external features, genitalic characters, and COI haplotypes. Larvae are believed to be specialists on Salvia pinguifolia and S. ballotiflora. The adult and larval stages and male and female genitalia are illustrated, available DNA barcode data that support the recognition of the new Stamnodes are reviewed, and its life history briefly characterized.

A new Orthosia species, O. habelerisp. nov., is described from Iran (Kerman, SE Zagros Mts), and compared with the allopatric, closely related species, O. manfredi Hreblay, 1994. The subgenus Orthosia and its three main lineages are characterised; the primary types of the taxa described by Staudinger and Hreblay & Plante are illustrated; the photographs of the male genitalia of the holotypes of O. manfredi Hreblay, 1994, O. ariuna Hreblay, 1991, O. faqiri Hreblay & Plante, 1994 and O. feda Hreblay & Plante, 1994, and the lectotype of O. incerta var. pallida Staudinger, 1888 are illustrated for the first time.

Se seleccionó la licencia Creative Commons para este envío. El documento trae lo siguiente:Copyright E. Meléndez-Jaramillo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. (En caso de duda consultar a Meilyn Garro). Butterflies are one of the most recognized and useful groups for the monitoring and establishment of important conservation areas and management policies. In the present study, we estimate the richness and diversity, as well as the association value of submontane scrub, oak forest, and cloud forest species at Cerro Bufa El Diente, within the Sierra de San Carlos priority land region, located in the Central-western region of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Three sampling sites were established based on criteria of vegetation distribution per altitudinal floor. One site for each altitudinal floor and vegetation type. Sampling was carried out in permanent transects on a monthly basis at each site, using an aerial entomological net and ten Van Someren-Rydon traps, during four sampling periods: early dry season, late dry season, early wet season and late wet season. In total, 7,611 specimens belonging to six families, 20 subfamilies, 32 tribes, 148 genera and 243 species of the study area were collected. Nymphalidae was the most abundant family with 3,454 specimens, representing 45.38% of total abundance in the study area. Lower abundance was recorded in Hesperiidae (19.17%), Pieridae (16.41%), Lycaenidae (10.17%), Papilionidae (5.12%), and finally Riodinidae (3.74%). The highest species richness was presented in the family Hesperiidae with 34.57% of the total obtained species followed by Nymphalidae (30.45%), Lycaenidae (15.23%), Pieridae (9.88%), Papilionidae (5.76%), and Riodinidae (4.12%). Twenty-seven species were categorized as abundant, these species, Anaea aidea (Guérin-Méneville, 1844), Libytheana carinenta larvata (Strecker, 1878), Pyrgus oileus (Linnaeus, 1767), Mestra amymone (Ménétriés, 1857) and Phoebis agarithe agarithe (Boisduval, 1836) presented the highest number of specimens. Sixty-five species were considered common, constituting 41.73% of the total number of butterflies, 63 frequent (9.76% of the total abundance), 55 limited (2.54%) and 33 rare (0.43%). The greatest number of specimens and species, as well as alpha diversity, were presented on the lowest altitudinal floor, made up of submontane scrub, and decreased significantly with increasing altitude. According to the cluster analysis, low and intermediate altitude sites constitute an area of distribution of species that prefer tropical conditions, while the third-floor site forms an independent group of high mountain species. The greatest abundance and richness of species, as well as alpha diversity, was obtained during the last wet season, decreasing significantly towards the early dry season. Moreover, through the use of the association value, 19 species were designated as indicators, three for the last altitudinal floor, three for the intermediate and 13 for the first. The present work represents the first report of the altitudinal variation in richness, abundance and diversity of butterflies in the northeast of Mexico. These results highlight the importance of the conservation of this heterogeneous habitat and establish reference data for the diurnal Lepidoptera fauna of the region. © E. Meléndez-Jaramillo et al. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ap. Postal 41, Linares, Nuevo León C. P. 67700, Mexico Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Cd, Victoria. Boulevard Emilio Portes Gil No.1301, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas C.P. 87010, Mexico Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Cd, Victoria. Boulevard Emilio Portes Gil No.1301, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas C.P. 87010, Mexico Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcánica Central (Fundecor), Costa Rica e Instituto Internacional para la Conservación y Manejo de la Vida Silvestre (Icomvis), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcánica Central (Fundecor), Costa Rica e Instituto Internacional para la Conservación y Manejo de la Vida Silvestre (Icomvis), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica

The karyotype of the blue butterflies from the Angarskiy Pass (Crimea), previously attributed to Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) poseidon (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851), was re-examined. In all 19 studied individuals, we found the haploid chromosome number n = 26, including 7 pairs of relatively large and 19 pairs of relatively small chromosomes. According to the chromosome number and karyotype structure, the studied population does not differ from P. (A.) damocles krymaeus (Sheljuzhko, 1928) from the eastern part of the Crimean Mountains. This result does not confirm the previously formulated hypotheses, according to which (1) two morphologically similar but karyologically different species, P. (A.) poseidon and P. (A.) damocles krymaeus, occur sympatrically in the Crimea and (2) there is hybridization between these taxa on the Angarskiy Pass. Thus, only three species of the subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822 have been reliably established for the Crimea: P. (A.) damone pljushtchi Lukhtanov & Budashkin, 1993, P. (A.) damocles krymaeus (Sheljuzhko, 1928) and P. (A.) ripartii budashkini Kolev & de Prins, 1995.

The genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Geometridae: Larentiinae: Xanthorhoini), endemic to the South Island of New Zealand, is revised. Four species are recognised, including two new species, as follows: Arctesthescatapyrrha (Butler, 1877), A.siris (Hudson, 1908), A.titanicasp. nov. and A.avatarsp. nov. All except A.catapyrrha are restricted to subalpine and alpine localities. Adults and genitalia are fully described and illustrated for all species; larvae of A.catapyrrha are also briefly described and illustrated. Only Arctesthescatapyrrha is widespread; A.siris is restricted to a few mountain ranges of Central Otago; A.titanica is only known from two wetland localities in the Von Valley of the Otago Lakes district, and A.avatar is only known from a few wetlands in a restricted area of north-west Nelson. The two new species are considered of very high priority for conservation.

The Chinese species of the genusTimandraDuponchel, 1829 are reviewed: 12 known species are reported. Seven new species are described from China, increasing the total number ofTimandraspecies to 28:T.distortasp. n.,T.aduncasp. n.,T.quadratasp. n.,T.accumulatasp. n.,T.vimineasp. n.,T.robustasp. n.andT.stueningisp. n.Diagnoses for all 19 Chinese species are provided, with illustrations of external features and genitalia.

A backbone molecular phylogeny of Mimallonidae, based on 47 species and 515 loci, was recently published. That study resolved some of the major relationships in the family, but taxon sampling was limited and a classification of the family was not formally presented for all species. Here morphological phylogenetic analyses in parsimony and maximum likelihood (ML) frameworks were conducted that included 192 species and 55 morphological characters. A phylogenetic analysis was also conducted on the morphological dataset with a topological constraint based on the 515 locus tree from the previous study. Results show that nearly all species can be confidently placed in a genus using morphological phylogenetics. The presence of a frenulum, a character that was historically used to distinguish major groups of Mimallonidae, varies within and among genera. Based on our phylogenetic results, the classification of Mimallonidae is revised, which now includes 291 species in 41 genera. Descriptions of three new genera are included:Fatellallagen. n.,Citrallagen. n., andLepismallagen. n.The following taxonomic changes were made in the present article: 43 new/revived combinations (inAceclostriaVuillot,ArcinnusHerbin,BedosiaSchaus,BedosialloSt Laurent & Kawahara,CicinnusBlanchard,Citralla,DruenticaStrand,Fatellalla,LacosomaGrote,Lepismalla,MimalloHübner,ProcinnusHerbin,PsychocampaGrote,RoelmanaSchaus, andThaeliaHerbin), two new species-level synonyms (meliniBryk is synonymized withviemandaSchaus,jarugaJones is synonymized withhamataWalker), one revived synonymy (roscidaDognin is resynonymized withexternaMoore), seven new statuses (inDruentica,MacessogaSchaus, andTrogopteraHerrich-Schäffer), six revived statuses (inAceclostria,Cicinnus,Druentica,Psychocampa, andZaphantaDyar), and one new designation ofnomen nudum. In order to alleviate nomenclatural problems, twelve lectotypes are designated (forTolypidaamaryllis(Schaus),TrogopteraalthoraSchaus,AdalgisacroesaSchaus,Alheitapulloides(Dognin),LacosomabriasiaSchaus,LacosomadiedericaSchaus,LacosomaraydelaSchaus,Psychocampalacuna(Schaus),CicinnuscorallinaDognin,CicinnuslatrisSchaus,CicinnussolvensSchaus,CicinnustuisanaSchaus) as well as a neotype forMimallodespectaWalker (=Cicinnusdespecta). This paper also provides apomorphies for each genus and a morphological key to genera. Annotations are given to aid researchers in understanding all changes made herein, and images of male and female and their genitalia are present for nearly all type species.

Background Iridopsis Warren, 1894 ( Lepidoptera : Geometridae : Ennominae : Boarmiini ) is a New World moth genus mainly diversified in the Neotropical Region. It is represented in Chile by two described species, both from the Atacama Desert. New information Iridopsis socoromaensis sp. n. ( Lepidoptera : Geometridae : Ennominae : Boarmiini ) is described and illustrated from the western slopes of the Andes of northern Chile. Its larvae were found feeding on leaves of the Chilean endemic shrub Dalea pennellii (J.F. Macbr.) J.F. Macbr. var. chilensis Barneby ( Fabaceae ). Morphological differences of I. socoromaensis sp. n. with the two species of the genus previously known from Chile are discussed. A DNA barcode fragment of I. socoromaensis sp. n. showed 93.7-94.3% similarity with the Nearctic I. sanctissima (Barnes & McDunnough, 1917). However, the morphology of the genitalia suggests that these two species are distantly related. The discovery of I. socoromaensis sp. n. highlights the need for additional surveys in underexplored areas to understand better the taxonomic diversity and evolutionary relationships of the mainly Neotropical moth genus Iridopsis .

International audience; Background: Herbivorous insects represent a major fraction of global biodiversity and the relationships they have established with their food plants range from strict specialists to broad generalists. Our knowledge of these relationships is of primary importance to basic (e.g. the study of insect ecology and evolution) and applied biology (e.g. monitoring of pest or invasive species) and yet remains very fragmentary and understudied. In Lepidoptera, caterpillars of families Saturniidae and Sphingidae are rather well known and considered to have adopted contrasting preferences in their use of food plants. The former are regarded as being rather generalist feeders, whereas the latter are more specialist. New information: To assemble and synthesise the vast amount of existing data on food plants of Lepidoptera families Saturniidae and Sphingidae, we combined three major existing databases to produce a dataset collating more than 26,000 records for 1256 species (25% of all species) in 121 (67%) and 167 (81%) genera of Saturniidae and Sphingidae, respectively. This dataset is used here to document the level of polyphagy of each of these genera using summary statistics, as well as the calculation of a polyphagy score derived from the analysis of Phylogenetic Diversity of the food plants used by the species in each genus.

Abstract The butterfly (Papilionoidea) fauna of Cambodia is very rich but too insufficiently studied. Results are presented of occasional photographic records of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) made in 2016–2019 (some also in 2006) along with studies on the Odonata fauna in 67 localities of western and northern provinces of Cambodia: Pursat, Siem Reap, Preah Vihear and Stung Treng. This paper completes the two previous communications of this series devoted to the south-western and eastern provinces of this country. In total, 162 identified and 13 provisionally identified species are listed; 22 species (Miletus ancon, Arhopala agrata, A. alesia, A. allata, A. ammonides, A. atrax, A. aurelia, A. moolaiana, A. silhetensis, Drupadia theda, Anthene licates, Prosotas aluta, Danaus chrysippus, Cirrochroa surya, Doleschallia bisaltide, Athyma ranga, Euthalia recta, Burara oedipodea, Hasora chromus, Pseudocoladenia dan, Koruthalaios sindu, Parnara ganga) are for the first time reported in literature for Cambodia. These and some problematic species are illustrated. Some misidentifications in the two first communications of the series are made; due to reidentification Arhopala camdana and Borbo cinnara are for the first time reported for Cambodia in literature.

A total of 972 species of Macrolepidoptera belonging to 28 families are reported for the territory of Omsk Oblast. The most numerous is Noctuidae family represented by 358 species, followed by Geometridae (252 species), Erebidae (48), Lycaenidae (42), Arctiidae (40), Nymphalidae (37), Satyridae and Notodontidae (27 species in each family), Pieridae, Sphingidae, Lasiocampidae (17 species in each family), Hesperiidae (15), Lymantriidae (13), Zygaenidae and Sesiidae (12 species in each family), Drepanidae (10), Nolidae (7), Cossidae (4), Papilionidae and Hepialidae (3 species in each family), Syntomidae, Saturniidae and Lemoniidae (2 species in each family), Endromididae, Uraniidae, Thyrididae, Limacodidae and Brachodidae (1 species in each family). A total of 13 species were registered in Omsk Oblast for the first time, among them Pennisetia hylaeiformis (Laspeyres, 1801), Synanthedon martjanovi Sheljuzhko, 1918, Synanthedon spheciformis ((Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Synanthedon uralensis (Bartel, 1906, Bembecia sp., Chamaesphecia astatiformis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846), Alcis jubata (Thunberg, 1788), Dysstroma infuscata (Tengström, 1869), Scopula tessellaria (Boisduval, 1840), Panchrysia deaurata (Esper, 1787), Amphipoea crinanensis (Burrows, 1908), Euxoa eruta (Hübner, (1827), Xestia sexstrigata (Haworth, 1809). The list of doubtful and erroneously records is given.

A new species of cicinnine Mimallonidae, Cicinnus chambersisp. nov., is described from the Sky Islands Region of southern Arizona, USA. The new species is closely related to C. mexicana (Druce), type locality Veracruz, Mexico, based on morphology and genetics. The other Cicinnus species known from the United States, the common C. melsheimeri (type locality Pennsylvania, USA) is morphologically and genetically distinct from both C. chambersi and C. mexicana. The new species is compared to C. mexicana and C. melsheimeri, as well as other Mexican Cicinnus. The life history of C. chambersi is unknown, but its description should facilitate future studies on this rarely reported North American mimallonid, a species which may have only recently become established in the United States. Cicinnus chambersi is the fifth known Mimallonidae species from the United States, and the first described from the country in nearly half a century.

The type material of the available name Euploea dorippus Klug, 1845, originated from northern Sudan, an area that lies beyond the core zone of the semispecies or subspecies currently known as Danaus chrysippus dorippus, and the description did not include examples of the phenotype currently referred to as Danaus chrysippus f. ‘dorippus’. Possible consequences for nomenclature of the infraspecific species group taxa and form names of Danaus chrysippus are discussed.

Colias palaeno (Linnaeus, 1761) is reported from Altai Krai for the first time. The DNA barcode of the collected specimen was analysed and compared with molecular data on European populations of C. palaeno available in the public databases GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and BOLD (http://www.boldsystems.org). The molecular analysis has shown that the specimen from Altai Krai shares mitochondrial barcode with some specimens from mountain populations of the Alps and the Czech Republic, and differs significantly from lowland populations of C. palaeno from Central and Northern Europe.

We analysed the status and distribution of the Sage SkipperMuschampia proto(Ochsenheimer, 1808), a rather rare and local Hesperiidae species at the edge of its range in the north-western part of the Balkan peninsula, mainly Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. In order to determine the species’ presence in the region, we mapped the occurrence of its hostplant, Jerusalem SagePhlomis fruticosaLinnaeus (Lamiaceae). We also summarized all the available knowledge onM. protoin the Balkan Peninsula and provided a literature overview for each country this species has been recorded in so far. In Croatia, the distribution ofM. protois very limited and is located only in the wider surroundings of Dubrovnik city. In the present paper, we also provide the first and only record ofM. protoin Bosnia & Herzegovina, from a single locality close to the Croatian border in the Dubrovnik area. Due to its limited distribution in both countries, we propose that the conservation status of the species should be changed from none to vulnerable.

5 species of the genus Apha Walker, 1855 are included here under the floralis group, three of which are described as new: A. zephyrussp. nov. (type locality: China, Yunnan, Dianceng Shan, 2.200 m), A. wittisp. nov. (type locality: China, Sichuan, Qionglai Shan, 1.400 m) and A. chloralissp. nov. (type locality: Vietnam, Cha Val, Nam Giang, Quang Nam, 546 m). Types of all species are illustrated, biology and morphology of preimaginal instars are discussed for A. kantonensis Mell, [1930] and A. chloralissp. nov. A new synonymy for Apha Walker, 1855 and Preptothauma Draudt, 1931 (including a single mislabeled species P. oxydiata Draudt, 1931), syn. nov. is established.

This paper presents an updated checklist of the butterflies of Europe, together with their original name combinations, and their occurrence status in each European country. According to this checklist, 496 species of the superfamily Papilionoidea occur in Europe. Changes in comparison with the last version (2.6.2) of Fauna Europaea are discussed. Compared to that version, 16 species are new additions, either due to cryptic species most of which have been discovered by molecular methods (13 cases) or due to discoveries of Asian species on the eastern border of the European territory in the Ural mountains (three cases). On the other hand, nine species had to be removed from the list, because they either do not occur in Europe or lost their species status due to new evidence. In addition, three species names had to be changed and 30 species changed their combination due to new evidence on phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, minor corrections were applied to some authors¿ names and years of publication. Finally, the name Polyommatus ottomanus Lefèbvre, 1831, which is threatened by its senior synonym Lycaena legeri Freyer, 1830, is declared a nomen protectum, thereby conserving its name in the current combination Lycaena ottomana., VL was supported by grant N 14-14-00541 from the Russian Science Foundation to the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and ZF by grant 14- 36098G from the Czech Science Foundation.

A new species, Rhynchinataibaishana Han, sp. n. is described from Mt Taibai, China. The new species is illustrated with images of adults and genitalia, and compared with R.deqinensis Han, 2008, R.helga Gaal, 1998 and R.mandarinalis Leech, 1900.

Two new species ofLophocampaHarris are described and illustrated,Lophocampaazuayensissp. n., andLophocampacarpishensissp. n.Both new species were confused withLophocampahyalinipuncta(Rothschild, 1909), and a comparative diagnosis is provided.

A new firefly-mimicking lichen moth of the genus Hypoprepia, H.lampyroides Palting & Ferguson, sp. n., is described from the mountains of east-central Arizona and the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. Hypoprepia Hübner, 1831 is a North American genus of lithosiine tiger moths, previously consisting of five species: H.fucosa Hübner, 1831 and H.miniata (Kirby, 1837), both of eastern and central North America; H.cadaverosa Strecker, 1878 from the Rocky Mountains into New Mexico and west Texas; H.inculta H. Edwards, 1882, a widespread western USA species and H.muelleri Dyar, 1907 from the vicinity of Mexico City. The latter is herein synonymized under H.inculta (= H.muellerisyn. n.), resulting in the total number of taxa in the genus unchanged at five.

Euchaetesnancyaesp. n. is described from southeastern Arizona. Although superficially similar to species of Pygarctia Grote, structural and molecular variation shows it to be most closely related to Euchaeteshelena (Cassino). Adults, genitalic structure, eggs, and first instar larvae are described and illustrated. The larval host plant remains unknown. Euchaeteshelena is confirmed as occurring in Mexico.

A summary of all taxonomic and nomenclatural changes to the check list of the Noctuoidea of North America north of Mexico since the last update published in 2015 is provided. A total of 64 changes are listed and discussed, consisting of 26 recently published changes and additions, and an additional 38 presented herein. One stat. n., one stat. rev., six syn. n., and two comb. n. are proposed for the first time. Orthimella Schmidt & Lafontaine nom. n. is proposed here as an objective replacement name for Himella Grote, 1874 [Noctuinae: Orthosiini], a junior homonym of Himella Dallas, 1852 [Hemiptera: Coreidae].

The taxon Naarda ineffectalis (Walker, 1859) has had an eventful taxonomic history; in certain periods it was even synonymised with the type species of the genus. Treated recently as a species distinct from Naarda bisignata Walker, 1866, i.e. the type species, its female form has been hitherto unknown. In this paper the female of the species is described and the known range of it is extended by new data from Cambodia, Thailand, Japan, Korea and Sumatra. The species rank of Naarda notata (Hampson, 1891) is formally reinstated (stat. rev.). An identification key to the Naarda species of Korea and main islands of Japan is also given. With 21 figures.

We present new data on the ecology, natural history and geographic distribution of the recently described skipper Spialia rosae Hernández-Roldán, Dapporto, Dincă, Vicente & Vila, 2016 and compare its immature stage morphology with the sympatric species S. sertorius (Hoffmannsegg, 1804). Spialia rosae uses species of Rosa L. (Rosaceae) as larval host-plants and prefers montane habitats, while S. sertorius feeds on Sanguisorba minor Scop. (Rosaceae) and inhabits lower altitudes. Rosa corymbifera Borkh. and R. tomentosa Sm. are documented for the first time as foodplants of S. rosae. We report Microgaster australis Thomson, 1895 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) as a larval parasitoid of S. rosae. Details of the immature stages of S. rosae and S. sertorius are shown using scanning electron microscope photographs, confirming the similar immature stage morphology, at least as regards the Iberian S. sertorius. In both species, the egg has high radial ribs, the last instar larva has branched setae covering the head, and the pupa has setae with pointed tips, barrel-like cuticular formations, and hairy mesothoracic tubercles. By extensive sampling of the species of Spialia in the region of Segovia, Central Spain, we extend the previously known geographic distribution of S. rosae to 56 new 100 km2 MGRS squares, which represents a 155 % increase. Spialia rosae is present in the northern part of the interior plateau and in the main mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula. The main threats to the populations of S. rosae are its limited distribution range and the possible effects of climate change due to its specialization in montane habitats. The conservation status of S. rosae was previously regarded as Data Deficient (DD). With the addition of new data the species can now be evaluated as Least Concern (LC).

Two new genera of Riodinidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) are described, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. (Neoapodemia nais (W. H. Edwards, 1876), comb. n., N. chisosensis Freeman, 1964, comb. n.) and Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. (Plesioarida palmerii palmerii (W. H. Edwards, 1870), comb. n., P. palmerii arizona (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P. palmerii australis (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P. hepburni hepburni (Godman & Salvin, 1886), comb. n., P. hepburni remota (Austin, 1991), comb. n., P. murphyi (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P. hypoglauca hypoglauca (Godman & Salvin, 1878), comb. n., P. hypoglauca wellingi (Ferris, 1985), comb. n., P. walkeri (Godman & Salvin, 1886), comb. n., P. selvatica (De la Maza & De la Maza, 2017), comb. n.). Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. is distributed in the southwestern USA and northeastern Mexico, while Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. is present from the southern USA to Central America. Species of these genera were previously classified as Apodemia C. Felder & R. Felder but molecular and morphological evidence separate them as new taxa. Morphological diagnoses and descriptions are provided for both new genera, including the main distinctive characters from labial palpi, prothoracic legs, wing venation and genitalia, as well as life history traits. A molecular phylogeny of one mitochondrial gene (COI) and two nuclear genes (EF-1a and wg) are also presented of most species of Apodemia, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n., Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n., and sequences of specimens from all tribes of Riodinidae. We compare the characters of Apodemia, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. and Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. and discuss the differences that support the description of these new taxa. This is a contribution to the taxonomy of the Riodinidae of North America of which the generic diversity is greater than previously recognized.

The revised checklist of the subtribe Poliina Hampson, 1902 is presented; one new genus, Multisigna gen. n., three new subgenera (Atropolia, Leuconephropolia and Protopolia subgen. n.) and a new species (Polia (Atropolia) posterodiluta sp. n.) are described. The taxonomic position of the recently described subgenus Metallopolia is discussed. The subtribe Pachetrina Beck, 1996 is synonymised with Poliina; two genera (Kollariana Hacker, 1996 and Spiramater McCabe, 1980) are transferred to the subtribe Mamestrina Hampson, 1902. A number of lectotype designations and new combinations are given; the newly designated lectotypes and the genitalia of the disputed taxa are illustrated.

The mimallonid genus Reinmara Schaus, 1928 is revised. The three previously described species, R. enthona (Schaus, 1905), R. minasa Schaus, 1928, and R. wolfei Herbin & C. Mielke, 2014 are redescribed and the females of each are described and figured for the first time. Additionally, we describe four new species, two Andean: R. andensis sp. n. and R. occidentalis sp. n., and two Brazilian: R. atlantica sp. n. and R. ignea sp. n.. The new species R. ignea and R. atlantica are likely of conservation concern due to their rarity in collections and their apparent endemism to an endangered biome, the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Oxynetra aureopecta sp. n. is described from the Sierra Madre Oriental of east-central Mexico. Visually similar to Mesoamerican O. hopfferi Staudinger, 1888 in having five orange bands on the abdomen above, it is diagnosed by orange forecoxae and palpi beneath, narrower forewing hyaline bands and a prominent 6% difference in the COI DNA barcode sequence. It is the northernmost representative of the hopfferi species group that also includes O. stangelandi Grishin & Burns, 2013, characterized by a single-banded abdomen and currently known only from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Both O. hopfferi and O. stangelandi possess white forecoxae and ventral palpi. This new discovery brings the total number of Oxynetra C. & R. Felder, 1862 species to five.

Calinaga (Moore 1857) is a rare and enigmatic Asian butterfly genus whose phylogenetic placement within Nymphalidae has only recently been established. The evolutionary history of Calinaga species however remains unknown. Here we explore the phylogeography of Calinaga using 1310 bp of sequence data from two molecular (mtDNA barcode and ribosomal protein S5 nuclear gene) and two morphological traits (genitalia and wing pattern). Within the proposed phylogenetic framework, we estimate the ages of divergence within the genus and reconstruct their historical biogeography. We found strong support for monophyly of Calinaga and support for the most recent accepted species in the genus. Our results indicate that the common ancestor of Calinaga first split in the Eocene (~43 million years ago) in southern China, probably as a consequence of geological and environmental impacts of the collision of the Indian and Asian subcontinents. In the Oligocene/Miocene, the extrusion of Indochina from the continent caused further dramatic orogenetic changes that promoted isolation and speciation events within the genus while Pleistocene climatic changes also influenced the distribution and further speciation. A dispersal–vicariance analysis suggests that vicariance events have played a far more important role than dispersal in the distribution of extant species.

Four species of Anastatus Motschulsky (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae, Eupelminae) are newly reported as egg parasitoids of the Japanese giant silkworm, Caligula japonica Moore and, as an alternate laboratory host, the Chinese oak silk moth, Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Méneville) (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) in China. The four species, A. fulloi Sheng & Wang, 1997, A. gansuensis Chen & Zang, sp. nov., A. japonicus Ashmead, 1904, and A. meilingensis Sheng, 1998, were reared initially from eggs of C. japonica collected in Gansu, Jilin and Liaoning provinces and subsequently cultured in the laboratory on eggs of A. pernyi. An illustrated key to differentiate females of the four species, and males of some of the species is provided. Key features are illustrated, both sexes of the new species are described, and diagnoses of females of the other species are given.

The aim of the study was to establish a nationwide barcode library for the most diverse group of Austrian Lepidoptera, the Noctuoidea, with 5 families (Erebidae, Euteliidae, Noctuidae, Nolidae, Notodontidae) and around 690 species. Altogether, 3431 DNA barcode sequences from COI gene (cytochrome c oxidase 1) belonging to 671 species were gathered, with 3223 sequences >500 bp. The intraspecific divergence with a mean of only 0.17% is low in most species whereas interspecific distances to the Nearest Neighbour are significantly higher with an average of 4.95%. Diagnostic DNA barcodes were obtained for 658 species. Only 13 species (1.9% of the Austrian Noctuoidea) cannot be reliably identified from their DNA barcode (Setina aurita/Setina irrorella, Conisania leineri/Conisania poelli, Photedes captiuncula/Photedes minima, Euxoa obelisca/Euxoa vitta/Euxoa tritici, Mesapamaea secalella/Mesapamea secalis, Amphipoea fucosa/Amphipoea lucens). A similarly high identification performance was achieved by the Barcode Index (BIN) system. 671 species of Austrian Noctuoidea, representing 3202 records with BINs, are assigned to a total of 678 BINs. The vast majority of 649 species is placed into a single BIN, with only 13 species recognised as BIN-sharing (including the barcode sharing species above). Twenty-one species were assigned to more than one BIN and have to be checked for cryptic diversity in the future.

We report here the first molecular evidence for the occurrence of Aricia artaxerxes (Fabricius, 1793) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in the Czech Republic. In Central Europe, this species may co-occur with its more common sibling, Aricia agestis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775). We sequenced the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 of darkly-coloured, putative A. artaxerxes specimens in the Czech Republic. We confirmed A. artaxerxes only from a limestone area in South Bohemia (Vyšenské kopce National Nature Reserve), which is probably the only locality of the species in the Czech Republic. This area is located at ca. 550 m A.S.L., showing that the elevation overlap with A. agestis could be high in Central Europe. Other surveyed individuals were confirmed as A. agestis, with a minimum p-distance of 1.98% between the two species. The South Bohemian area of occurrence is probably highly isolated (approx. 190 km) from localities of the species in neighbouring countries, highlighting the conservation importance of the A. artaxerxes population and of the insular calcareous areas in the Šumava Mountains foothills. We used database sequences of A. artaxerxes to place the Czech population into a wider phylogeographic context. The Czech population is monomorphic, consisting of a single haplotype, which is present from Scandinavia through Germany to Central Asia.

We obtained and analyzed whole genome data for more than 160 representatives of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae) from all known subfamilies, tribes and most distinctive genera. We found that two genera, Katreus Watson, 1893 and Ortholexis Karsch, 1895, which are sisters, are well-separated from all other major phylogenetic lineages and originate near the base of the Hesperiidae tree, prior to the origin of some subfamilies. Due to this ancient origin compared to other subfamilies, this group is described as Katreinae Grishin, subfam. n. DNA sequencing of primary type specimens reveals that Ortholexismelichroptera Karsch, 1895 is not a female of Ortholexisholocausta Mabille, 1891, but instead a female of Ortholexisdimidia Holland, 1896. This finding establishes O.dimidia as a junior subjective synonym of O.melichroptera. Furthermore, we see that Chamunda Evans, 1949 does not originate within Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878, but, unexpectedly, forms an ancient lineage of its own at the subfamily rank: Chamundinae Grishin, subfam. n. Finally, a group of two sister genera, Barca de Nicéville, 1902 and Apostictopterus Leech, [1893], originates around the time Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809 have split from their sister clade. A new subfamily Barcinae Grishin, subfam. n. sets them apart from all other Hesperiidae.

Lepidoptera is one of the four megadiverse insect orders, comprising butterflies and moths. In Brazil, the bulk of knowledge about the butterfly fauna is restricted to some areas in the southeast of the country, with large gaps of knowledge in other areas. The state of Mato Grosso is one of the largest states in Brazil, and holds three of the main Brazilian biomes: Amazon rain forest, Cerrado and Pantanal. However, knowledge about Mato Grosso butterflies is fragmented and restricted to a few localities, and information is scattered in various sources. The aim of this study is to assemble the biodiversity information of the butterfly fauna of the state of Mato Grosso based on historical and recent literature data and collections carried out in the southwest of the state from 2007–2009. Records without precise locality data or taxonomic information were not included. Species identification was based on literature and comparison with specimens in collections; higher and species-level taxonomy were updated based on the Neotropical Checklist of Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea and recent phylogenetic and revisionary taxonomic works. In total, 901 species were recorded in 2,820 occurrence records. This represents 148 species of Hesperiidae, 29 Papilionidae, 28 Pieridae, 77 Lycaenidae, 238 Riodinidae, and 381 Nymphalidae. Of these, 207 species records are from the type specimens of species described in the state. Based on the results and literature records for other Brazilian states and biomes, probably the figures for Mato Grosso are underestimated, particularly in the families Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae and Riodinidae, in that order. Future collecting efforts should be directed towards certain areas of the state, especially in less sampled areas and biomes, as the north of the state and Pantanal.

Chaetaglaea tremula (Harvey) occurs through the Gulf States, from southern Florida, west to eastern Texas. Coastal populations, previously referred to Chaetaglaea tremula occurring from the Carolinas, at least as far north as Massachusetts and shoreline dunes in southwestern Ontario are recognized as distinct and described here as Chaetaglaea rhonda. Adults and genitalia are illustrated for Chaetaglaea rhonda and Chaetaglaea tremula.

The subfamily Cyclidiinae from China is reviewed: two genera and seven species are reported from China. One new subspecies, Cyclidia fractifasciata indistincta subsp. n., is described. Two new synonyms are established: Cyclidia substigmaria (Hübner, 1831) (= Cyclidia substigmaria brunna Chu & Wang, 1987, syn. n. = Cyclidia tetraspota Chu & Wang, 1987, syn. n.). One misidentification in Chu & Wang (1987) is corrected. Identification keys and diagnoses for all discussed Chinese species are provided. External features and genitalia are depicted. In addition, results of DNA barcoding for five taxa of Cyclidia are briefly discussed.

The genus Admetovis Grote is revised. Admetovis icarus sp. n. is described from the mountains of western North America. A lectotype of Admetovis oxymorus Grote is designated. Illustrations of the adults, male and female genitalia, and distribution maps are presented, together with an identification key. The classification of the genus is reviewed resulting in its reassignment to the tribe Hadenini from Orthosiini.

A new species of the Sympistis badistriga species-group, Sympistis eleaner Adams, sp. n. is described from Sapelo Island, a back-barrier island in coastal Georgia, United States of America. Adults and genitalia of S. eleaner are illustrated, in addition to adults of similar species in the Sympistis badistriga species-group. The composition of this species-group is discussed.

Clemensia albata Packard, previously thought to be a single, widely distributed North American species, is here shown to consist of three distinct, primarily parapatric species: Clemensia albata Packard, C. umbrata Packard, stat. rev., and Clemensia ochreata Schmidt & Sullivan, sp. n. Adults and genitalic structures of the three species are illustrated.