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Disclaimer In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. Purpose To describe an approach to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) strategy development at a school of pharmacy aimed at stakeholder investment and infrastructure that can address systemic challenges in various healthcare settings. Summary The UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy utilized an organizational approach focused on infrastructure to produce a diverse and inclusive school community. The Office of Organizational Diversity and Inclusion (ODI) established vision and mission statements to represent the school's commitment and conducted a comprehensive environmental scan to compose a shared vision. Students, faculty, staff, and alumni participated in a series of retreats, symposiums, and focus groups to identify opportunities to cultivate a diverse and inclusive school community. A working group comprised of key leaders in the school developed and launched a 3-year DEI Strategic Plan along with initiatives and metrics for year 1. The plan's 3 priorities were (1) to recruit and retain diverse talent, (2) to prepare culturally intelligent professionals, and (3) to build an inclusive community. The ODI collaborated with internal and external stakeholders, which included students, faculty, staff, postdocs, alumni, and partners from health systems, industry, and other institutions and organizations, to initiate, implement, and monitor progress through an organizational approach to establish accountability and greater commitment. Conclusion An organizational approach to DEI strategy through stakeholder engagement and infrastructure increased commitment and shared ownership among members of the school community. Applications in an organizational approach can be adapted to multiple healthcare settings to contribute to the cultural transformation necessary to develop a diverse and inclusive healthcare workforce.

Current developments and challenges in energy-efficient windows for building integration relate to the design and realization of high-performance, durable electrochromic devices and semitransparent...

Pure TiO2 thin film (100–120 nm) made from aqueous sol–gel on FTO. Calcined at 430 °C. High CE of 55.9 cm2 C−1 at 550 nm, Qc = 50 mC cm−2 after 25 min, ΔOD of 1.4 at 550 nm and 2.4 at 700 nm, all higher than any previous crystalline sol–gel TiO2 films.

Photovoltachromic devices combine photovoltaic and electrochromic behaviours to enable adjustable transparency glazing, where the photovoltaic component supplies the power to drive the coloration. Such stand-alone, self-powered devices are of commercial interest for integration into windows and surfaces of buildings and vehicles. Here, we report for the first time a perovskite-based photovoltachromic device with self-adaptive transparency. This multifunctional device is capable of producing electrical power by solar energy conversion as well as undergoing a chromic transition from neutral-color semi-transparent to dark blue-tinted when irradiated with solar light, without any additional external bias. The combination of semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic and solid-state electrochromic cells enables fully solid-state photovoltachromic devices with 26% (or 16%) average visible transmittance and 3.7% (or 5.5%) maximum light power conversion efficiency. Upon activating the self-tinting, the average visible transmittance drops to 8.4% (or 5.5%). These results represent a significant step towards the commercialization of photovoltachromic building envelopes.

The next generation of adaptive facades includes dynamic electrochromic (EC) windows: they can dynamically modulate the daylight and solar energy entering buildings by application of an external voltage. Windows play a pivotal role in the definition of the energy balance as well as environmental impacts of buildings. Emerging technologies are focused on the optimization of these building components. We carried out an interdisciplinary study dealing with building integration of an innovative chromogenic technology, consisting in a recently designed single substrate solid–state electrochromic device, developed by some of the authors, with excellent figures and a compact device architecture. The practical implications on the building energy balance were analyzed by means of suitable simulations, carried out in Energy Plus. A reference office building was equipped with different glass technologies on the facade (clear glass, solar control, electrochromic glasses) and located in different cities (Rome, London and Aswan) to also include climatic effects in the analysis. The EC technology here presented outperforms all the others, with overall yearly energy savings as high as 40 kW h/m2 yr (referred to window surface) in the hottest climates, assuming the clear glazings as benchmark. Daylighting performances were significantly improved using innovative solid-state EC devices, both in terms of Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) and Discomfort Glare Index (DGI). In the best case, 82.7% of hours achieved optimal illuminance conditions on an annual basis.

Herein, we present, for the first time, the features of a full solid-state electrochromic (EC) device fabricated on a single substrate, made of glass as well as flexible plastic, adopting a low-cost, eco-friendly, and facile fabrication process. By combining a solution processing of Nafion electrolyte film and RF sputtering deposition at room temperature (RT) on Nafion, we obtained monolithic systems with a simplified architecture (substrate/ITO/WO3/Nafion/ITO) in which a suitable Nafion film (8 µm thick) tightly shares its interfaces with the WO3 layer and the highly transparent and conductive RF-sputtered ITO film. Compared to conventional sandwich-type EC devices using semi-solid or liquid electrolytes, the resulting devices exhibited a strong enhancement in terms of interface properties, robustness, cyclic stability, and long-term durability (at least 1000 chronoamperometric cycles). Moreover, electro-optical characterizations highlighted high transmittance modulation (49% at 650 nm), astonishing results in terms of coloration efficiency (139 cm2/C), and low energy absorption (80 mW s/cm2).

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) represent one of the most promising energy saving and solar control technology for the market of energy-efficient building and optoelectronic devices. A continuous and intense effort is currently devoted to the development of effective solid-state ECDs and their integration in multifunctional systems, such as photoelectrochromics. Here, the fabrication of simplified all-solid-state WO3 based ECDs on single-substrate is reported, demonstrating how the rational design of highly interconnected WO3 columnar nanostructures with Nafion polymer matrix remarkably decreases the charge transport barrier at the hybrid electrolyte/electrochromic interface (EEI), thus determining an impressive improvement of overall device performances. The soft polymer substrate of the electrolyte plays a key role on the formation of WO3 pillar-like structures and on the increase of interfacial contact area by affecting the vacuum-deposition WO3 growth. Apart from providing higher transmittance in bleached state, the resulting device, entirely manufactured at room temperature by bottom-up process, exhibits lower activation voltages (0.5–3 V) and faster switching kinetics (5–10 s) compared with monolithic ECDs based on both bulk and mesoporous WO3 films. Furthermore, the enhanced EEI enables the scale-up on large area and flexible substrate ensuring simultaneously a wide optical contrast (ΔT = 70%), and high coloration efficiency.

The design and development of effective solid-state electrolytes represent an emerging challenge towards the fabrication of electrochromic (EC) and multifunctional devices, such as photoelectrochromics, with benefits in terms of reduced cost, environmental impact as well as safety. Here, we present the processing and the characterization of a suitable Nafion film with the certain thickness of 8 μm used as electrolyte layer in a novel solid-state EC device fabricated at room temperature (RT) on a single substrate (both glass and plastics) with an architecture based on a substrate/ITO/WO3/Nafion-film/ITO configuration. In particular, we focused on the morphological characteristics, proton conductivity and water molecular dynamics of Nafion film in order to provide insight into the EC behavior of these novel devices. EIS analysis performed over a wide range of RH and temperature, showed good proton conductivity values (e.g. 4.42 × 10− 3 S cm− 1 at 30 °C and 50% RH), suitable for practical EC operation. At the same time, high values of water self-diffusion coefficients (D) and the spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) were measured by NMR spectroscopy, proving a similar behavior as well as the same proton conduction mechanism with that observed for thicker Nafion membrane (50 μm thick) prepared by solution casting. These findings were confirmed by the water uptake measurements since both the film and the membrane showed a water uptake value of about 24 wt%. Furthermore, a homogenous, uniform and very smooth surface (Ra of 0.94 nm) with small grain size (ca. 50 nm) was observed by SEM and AFM analysis. Noteworthy, the Nafion film ensured high optical properties, interfacial robustness and electrochemical stability to EC device: cyclability (300 CV cycles), long-term durability of at least 1000 chronoamperometric cycles.

The integration of energy-saving electrochromic systems with novel functions and features in a single smart multifunctional device promises to achieve remarkable technological advancements for a wide range of consumer products showing more versatility, responsivity to different external inputs, and ability to operate in interactive modes. Here, we report a novel architecture in which a solid-state electrochromic cell and a solid-state organic light emitting diode are fully integrated in a single, highly transparent, solid-state electrochromic OLED device. This multifunctional device is capable of tuning its optical properties such as transmittance (chromic transition) and of producing light by electroluminescence, simultaneously or independently. The rational design of the solid-state electrochromic cell and the highly transparent OLED enables the construction of the integrated device in a monolithic unit. In such a structure the photonic architecture of the OLED device not only guarantees high transmittance, but, operating synergically with the electrochromic component, it outperforms the optical properties and electrochromic responses by the interference phenomenon, achieveing an optical contrast of 57% (ΔTbleaching/colouring @ 650 nm), and a coloration efficiency of 169 cm2 C−1, with very low energy consumption (80 mW cm−2). The OLED component exhibits luminance above the minimum values required for display and lighting applications, which are 300 cd m−2 and above 800 cd m−2, respectively. This result represents a further step towards the development of next-generation multifunctional EC devices such as full solid-state photoelectrochromic devices, and, importantly, this can open the way for new electrochromic “smart” window systems such as retail display windows or display EC glasses for augmented reality.

Although overexpression of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters has been reported in clinical samples, few studies have examined how coexpression of multiple transporters affected resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. We therefore examined how coexpression of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) and ABCG2 contributes to drug resistance in a cell line model. HEK293 cells were transfected with vector-encoding full-length ABCB1, ABCG2, or a bicistronic vector containing both genes, each under the control of a separate promoter. Cells transfected with both transporters (B1/G2 cells) demonstrated high levels of both transporters, and uptake of both the ABCB1-specific substrate rhodamine 123 and the ABCG2-specific substrate pheophorbide a was reduced when examined by flow cytometry. B1/G2 cells were also cross-resistant to the ABCB1 substrate doxorubicin, the ABCG2 substrate topotecan, as well as mitoxantrone and the cell cycle checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor prexasertib, both of which were found to be substrates of both ABCB1 and ABCG2. When B1/G2 cells were incubated with both rhodamine 123 and pheophorbide a, transport of both compounds was observed, suggesting that ABCB1 and ABCG2, when coexpressed, can function independently to transport substrates. ABCB1 and ABCG2 also functioned additively to transport the common fluorescent substrates mitoxantrone and BODIPY-prazosin, as it was necessary to inhibit both transporters to prevent efflux from B1/G2 cells. ABCG2 expression was also found to decrease the efficacy of the ABCB1 inhibitor tariquidar in B1/G2 cells. Thus, ABCB1 and ABCG2 can independently and additively confer resistance to substrates, underscoring the need to inhibit multiple transporters when they are coexpressed.