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2. Evolution of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance and viral subtypes circulation in Italy from 2006 to 2016

Author

Rossetti, B., Giambenedetto, Di, Torti, S, Postorino, C. c., Punzi, M. C., Saladini, G., Gennari, F., Borghi, W. f., Monno, V., Pignataro, L., Polilli, A. R., Colafigli, E., Poggi, M., Tini, A., Zazzi, S., Luca, De, Mellace, A., Capetti, V., Gismondo, A., Biondi, M. R., Mussini, M. L., Pecorari, C., Gianotti, M., Sacchini, N., Parruti, D., Baldelli, F., Zanussi, S., Nerli, A., Lenzi, L., Calzetti, C., Vivarelli, A., Maserati, R., Baldanti, F., Poletti, F., Mondino, V., Malena, M., Cascio, A., Filice, G., Magnani, G., Zerbini, A., Lombardi, F., Gaimbenedetto, Di, Andreoni, S., Montano, M., Vullo, M., Turriziani, V., Gonnelli, O., Boeri, A., Bonora, E., Ghisetti, S., Francisci, D., Grossi, P., Bagnarelli, P., Butini, L., Del, Gobbo, Giacometti, R., Tacconi, A., Callegaro, D., Maggiolo, A., Zoncada, F., Paolini, A., Sighinolfi, E., Colao, L., Corsi, G., Blanc, P., Galli, P., Meraviglia, L., Tosti, P., Bruzzone, A., Setti, B., Penco, M., Biagio, Di, Nencioni, A., Pardelli, C., Arcidiacono, R., Degiuli, I., Gennaro, De, Soria, M., Foc, A., Latella, A., Cosco, S., Malandrin, L., Milini, S., Cicconi, P., Rusconi, P., Micheli, S., the Antiviral Response Cohort Analysis (ARCA) Collaborative Group, Rossetti B., Di Giambenedetto S., Torti C., Postorino M.C., Punzi G., Saladini F., Gennari W., Borghi V., Monno L., Pignataro A.R., Polilli E., Colafigli M., Poggi A., Tini S., Zazzi M., De Luca A., Mellace V., Capetti A., Gismondo M.R., Biondi M.L., Mussini C., Pecorari M., Gianotti N., Sacchini D., Parruti G., Baldelli F., Zanussi S., Nerli A., Lenzi L., Calzetti C., Vivarelli A., Maserati R., Baldanti F., Poletti F., Mondino V., Malena M., Cascio A., Filice G., Magnani G., Zerbini A., Lombardi F., Di Gaimbenedetto S., Andreoni M., Montano M., Vullo V., Turriziani O., Gonnelli A., Boeri E., Bonora S., Ghisetti V., Francisci D., Grossi P., Bagnarelli P., Butini L., del Gobbo R., Giacometti A., Tacconi D., Callegaro A., Maggiolo F., Zoncada A., Paolini E., Sighinolfi L., Colao G., Corsi P., Blanc P., Galli L., Meraviglia P., Tosti A., Bruzzone B., Setti M., Penco G., Di Biagio A., Nencioni C., Pardelli R., Arcidiacono I., Degiuli A., De Gennaro M., Soria A., Foc A., Latella S., Cosco L., Malandrin S., Milini P., Cicconi P., Rusconi S., and Micheli V.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, antiretroviral therapy, HIV, recent HIV infection, resistance epidemiology, transmitted HIV drug resistance, Adult, Anti-HIV Agents, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Female, HIV Infections, HIV-1, Humans, Italy, Middle Aged, Mutation, Odds Ratio, Prevalence, Viral Proteins, Drug Resistance, Viral, Health Policy, Infectious Diseases, Pharmacology (medical), Drug Resistance, Drug resistance, Gastroenterology, Interquartile range, HIV Infection, Viral, biology, Integrase, Viral load, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, 030106 microbiology, Settore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVE, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Viral Protein, business.industry, Anti-HIV Agent, Odds ratio, Reverse transcriptase, Confidence interval, biology.protein, business
Abstract

Objectives: The aim was to evaluate the evolution of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance (TDR) prevalence in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients from 2006 to 2016. Methods: HIV-1 sequences were retrieved from the Antiviral Response Cohort Analysis (ARCA) database and TDR was defined as detection of at least one mutation from the World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance list. Results: We included protease/reverse transcriptase sequences from 3573 patients; 455 had also integrase sequences. Overall, 68.1% of the patients were Italian, the median CD4 count was 348 cells/μL [interquartile range (IQR) 169–521 cells/μL], and the median viral load was 4.7 log 10 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL (IQR 4.1–5.3 log 10 copies/mL). TDR was detected in 10.3% of patients: 6% carried mutations to nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 4.4% to nonnucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 2.3% to protease inhibitors (PIs), 0.2% to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and 2.1% to at least two drug classes. TDR declined from 14.5% in 2006 to 7.3% in 2016 (P=0.003): TDR to NRTIs from 9.9 to 2.9% (P=0.003) and TDR to NNRTIs from 5.1 to 3.7% (P=0.028); PI TDR remained stable. The proportion carrying subtype B virus declined from 76.5 to 50% (P&nbsp

Published
2018

3. Properties of poly(urea-formaldehyde) microcapsules containing an epoxy resin

Author

COSCO S, MUSTO P, AMBROGI, VERONICA, CARFAGNA, COSIMO, Cosco, S, Ambrogi, Veronica, Musto, P, and Carfagna, Cosimo

Subjects
micrcapsule, self-healing materials, epoxy resin
Abstract

Physical properties of urea-formaldehyde microcapsules containing an epoxy resin are presented and discussed. Microcapsules were prepared by in situ polymerization of monomers in an oil-in-water emulsion. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electronic microscopy were applied to investigate thermal and morphological microcapsule properties. Microencapsulation was detected by means of FTIR and Raman techniques. It was found that the amount of encapsulated epoxy resin as well as the extent of urea-formaldehyde polymerization depends on the reaction temperature and the stirring speed.

Published
2007

4. Structure-properties relationships of iPP based filled with spherical calcium carbonate nanoparticles

Author

Avella, M., Cosco, S., Di Lorenzo, M. L., Di Pace, E., Errico, M. E., and Gentile, G.

Subjects
Young's Modulus, Structure-properties relationships, Spherical calcium carbonate, Thermal stability
Abstract

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) based nanocomposites filled with calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaCO3) were prepared by melt mixing and their structure-properties relationships were studied. Spherical CaCO 3 coated with two different coating agents, polypropylene-maleic anhydride graft copolymer (iPP-g-MA) and fatty acids (PA), as nanoreinforced phases (C-PPMA and C-PA, respectively) were tested. The influence of nanoparticles surface treatment on the polymer/ nanofillers interfacial adhesion and on the final materials properties was also investigated. The morphological analysis has allowed defining two types of coating agents: a non-interacting agent (PA) and a coupling agent (iPP-g-MA), able to induce different iPP/nanofiller adhesion degrees. Moreover Young's modulus increases almost linearly with C-PPMA nanoparticles while a slighter improvement was recorded for iPP/C-PA nanocomposites. The iPP thermal stability is also improved by the presence of nanoparticles. Pinally, CaCO 3 drastically reduces the iPP permeability to both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Published
2007

5. Urea-formaldehyde microcapsules containing an epoxy resin: influence of reaction parameters on the encapsulation yield

Author

Cosco S., Ambrogi V., Musto P., and Carfagna C.

Abstract

In this work urea-formaldehyde microcapsules containing an epoxy resin are prepared by in situ polymerization of monomers in an oil-in-water emulsion. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was performed to investigate on microcapsule size and surface morphology. Calorimetric and spectroscopic analyses were carried out with the aim of evaluate the encapsulation yield and the shell features. Factors determining the microencapsulability of the core material were described. In particular, our interest was devoted to a better understanding of the influence of the reaction parameters on the microcapsule properties. It was found that the encapsulation yield as well as the extent of urea-formaldehyde polymerization depends on the reaction temperature and the stirring speed.

Published
2006

9. Nucleation activity of nanosized CaCO3 on crystallization of isotactic polypropylene, in dependence on crystal modification, particle shape, and coating

Author

Avella, M., Cosco, S., Di Lorenzo, M.L., Di Pace, E., Errico, M.E., and Gentile, G.

Subjects
*CALCIUM carbonate, *NANOPARTICLES, *POLYPROPYLENE, *COMPATIBILIZERS, *ANHYDRIDES, *POLYMERS
Abstract

Abstract: A detailed analysis of the effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles on crystallization of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is reported in this contribution. CaCO3 nanoparticles with different crystal modifications (calcite and aragonite) and particle shape were added in small percentages to iPP. The nanoparticles were coated with two types of compatibilizer (either polypropylene-g-maleic anhydride copolymer, or fatty acids) to improve dispersion and adhesion with the polymer matrix. It was found that the type of coating agent used largely affects the nucleating ability of calcium carbonate towards formation of polypropylene crystals. CaCO3 nanoparticles coated with maleated polypropylene can successfully promote nucleation of iPP crystals, whereas the addition of nanosized calcium carbonate coated with fatty acids delays crystallization of iPP, the effect being mainly ascribed to the physical state of the coating in the investigated temperature range for crystallization of iPP, as well as to possible dissolution by fatty acids of heterogeneities originally present in the polypropylene matrix. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2006
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10. Influence of CaCO3 nanoparticles shape on thermal and crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene based nanocomposites.

Author

Avella, M., Cosco, S., Di Lorenzo, M. L., Di Pace, E., and Errico, M. E.

Subjects
*CALCIUM carbonate, *CARBONATES, *NANOPARTICLES, *THERMAL properties, *POLYPROPYLENE, *THERMOPLASTICS
Abstract

The influence of calcium carbonate nanoparticles with different shapes (spherical and elongated) on the thermal properties and crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene was investigated. CaCO3 nanoparticles were covered by an appropriate coating agent to improve the interfacial adhesion between the filler and the polyolefin matrix. The nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing and subsequent compression molding. A remarkable effect of CaCO3 on the thermal properties of iPP was observed. Moreover, the analysis of crystallization kinetics showed that CaCO3 nanopowder coated with PP-MA are efficient nucleating agents for iPP, and the overall crystallization rate results higher than plain iPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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11. Solid-State <SUP>13</SUP>C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Four Crystalline Forms of Isotactic Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)

Author

Rosa, C. De, Capitani, D., and Cosco, S.

Abstract

Four crystalline forms of isotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (i-P4MP) (forms I, II, II, and IV) have been studied through solid-state 13C NMR CP-MAS spectroscopy. The assignment of the resonances observed in the 13C NMR CP-MAS spectra was made by dipolar dephasing experiments. The presence in all spectra of two distinct resonances, separated by ≈3 ppm, of the methyl carbons indicates that the two methyls belonging to the monomeric unit are nonequivalent. This has been explained on the basis of the γ-gauche shielding interaction and of the conformations of polymer chains and lateral groups. The resonances observed in the spectrum of form III are markedly deshielded compared to those of other forms, whereas the resonances of form I are deshielded compared to those of form IV. This deshielding has been consistently interpreted on the hypothesis that the amount of the γ-gauche shielding effect depends on the value of the torsion angles of the main chain. Indeed, the torsion angles of the main chain for the 7/2 helical conformation of form I deviate, on average, by 12−15° from the exact staggered values of 60° and 180° (the average values of the torsion angles are θ1 = 72° and θ2 = 195°); they deviate by 22−26° for the 4/1 helical conformation of form III (θ1 = 82° and θ2 = 206°). The γ-gauche shielding parameter, normally −5 ppm when the gauche angle is nearly 60°, decreases to a value between −2 and −2.5 ppm when the torsion angle deviates by nearly 20° from 60°. In the form IV, the upfield shift of the resonances, compared to forms I and III indicates that the carbon atoms experience a full γ-gauche shielding interaction and, hence, the main chain torsion angles θ1 and θ2 are near 60 and 180°, respectively, typical of a helical 3/1 conformation. This analysis allows us to suggest that the form IV of i-P4MP is characterized by chains in 3/1 helical conformation. The resonances of the methyl carbons of the four forms of i-P4MP show narrow splittings (1−2 ppm) which should be traced back to packing effects. This has provided a chance of testing the packing model of form I and form III proposed in the literature. In the spectrum of form I, the resonance of backbone methine carbons is also split in a doublet. This splitting is due to conformational effects, rather than packing effects and confirms that, according to the refinement of the crystal structure of form I, the chains assume a helical conformation slightly distorted from the uniform 7/2 helix. The succession of torsion angles along the main chain is ...TGT‘G‘T‘‘G‘‘..., instead of (TG)n. Therefore, backbone methine carbons of different monomeric units are conformationally nonequivalent because they experience different amounts of γ-gauche shielding effects owing to different values of the gauche torsion angle θ1 of different monomeric units.

Published
1997

13. Urea-Formaldehyde Microcapsules Containing an Epoxy Resin: Influence of Reaction Parameters on the Encapsulation Yield

Author

Simona Cosco, Pellegrino Musto, Veronica Ambrogi, Cosimo Carfagna, Cosco, S., Ambrogi, Veronica, Musto, P., and Carfagna, Cosimo

Subjects
Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, Urea-formaldehyde, Emulsion polymerization, Epoxy, Condensed Matter Physics, Interfacial polymerization, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monomer, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Polymerization, visual_art, Emulsion, Materials Chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, In situ polymerization, Composite material
Abstract

In this work urea-formaldehyde microcapsules containing an epoxy resin are prepared by in situ polymerization of monomers in an oil-in-water emulsion. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was performed to investigate on microcapsule size and surface morphology. Calorimetric and spectroscopic analyses were carried out with the aim of evaluate the encapsulation yield and the shell features. Factors determining the microencapsulability of the core material were described. In particular, our interest was devoted to a better understanding of the influence of the reaction parameters on the microcapsule properties. It was found that the encapsulation yield as well as the extent of urea-formaldehyde polymerization depends on the reaction temperature and the stirring speed.

Published
2006

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