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inaequalis Perrier, 1894, Lytaster Lytaster inaequalis Perrier, 1894: 98, pl. 9, fig. 1. Coscinasterias tenuispina ‒ Clark in Clark & Mah 2001: 271. CURRENT STATUS. — Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816). TYPE MATERIAL. — Canary Islands • 5 syntypes; station 54; Bocayana Strait; Talisman expedition; 1883; depth 30-259 m; MNHN-IE-2014-166., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 290, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1894. - Stellerides. Resultats des Expeditions scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman. G. Masson, Paris 3: 1 - 431.","CLARK A. M. & MAH CH. 2001. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 4: Forcipulata and Brisingida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 6: 229 - 347. Balkema, Rotterdam.","LAMARCK J. B. DE 1816. - Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres 2. Verdiere, Paris.: 547 - 568. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 13299321"]}

jehennesii Perrier, 1875, Asterias Asterias jehennesii Perrier, 1875: 47. Coscinasterias calamaria ‒ Clark in Clark & Mah 2001: 271. CURRENT STATUS. — Coscinasterias calamaria (Gray, 1840). TYPE MATERIAL. — Madagascar • holotype; Captain Cloué leg.; 1847; MNHN-IE-2014-3120., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 293, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["PERRIER E. 1875. - Revision de la Collection de Stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 p., (also published in: Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale vol. 4 [1875]: 263 - 449, et vol. 5 [1876]: 1 - 104).","CLARK A. M. & MAH CH. 2001. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 4: Forcipulata and Brisingida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 6: 229 - 347. Balkema, Rotterdam."]}

muricata Verrill, 1867, Coscinasterias (Fig. 22) Coscinasterias muricata Verrill, 1867: 249. — Clark in Clark & Mah 2001: 270. CURRENT STATUS. — Coscinasterias muricata Verrill, 1867. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — MHNH; Lesueur drawings collection; ref. 74036; Baudin expedition (1800-1804); Péron and Lesueur leg. DISTRIBUTION. — Temperate Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. REMARK Péron and Lesueur's material could not be found in the MNHN., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2021, The asteroid species of Lamarck (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), pp. 213-252 in Zoosystema 43 (13) on page 233, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a13, http://zenodo.org/record/4768141, {"references":["VERRILL A. E. 1867. - Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 1: 247 - 351.","CLARK A. M. & MAH CH. 2001. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 4: Forcipulata and Brisingida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds), Echinoderm Studies, vol. 6. Balkema, Rotterdam: 229 - 347."]}

Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816) Asterias tenuispina Lamarck, 1816: 561–562. Coscinasterias tenuispina — Clark & Downey 1992: 427–428, figs. 63h, i, pl. 101, figs. A, B; Alves et al. 2002; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 2002: 280–281; Netto 2006: 34, fig. 16c, pl. 5b; Koukouras et al. 2007: 70; Ventura et al. 2007: 228; Ventura et al. 2008c: 172; Micael & Costa 2010: 321; Micael et al. 2012: 2–4; Gondim et al. 2014: 43–44, fig. 9i–m; Fonseca 2015; Madeira et al. 2019: 64–66, fig. 12. Distribution. France, Italy, Croatia, Spain, Portugal, Azores, Madeira, Turkey, Greece, Malta, Canary Islands, Bermuda, Cape Hatteras, Cape Verde, North Carolina, Cuba, Gulf of Mexico, Guyana, Ascension Island, Saint Helena (Koukouras et al. 2007; Madeira et al. 2019; GBIF, 2020). BRAZIL: Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina (Rathbun 1879; Verrill 1915; Brito 1962; Tommasi 1970; Clark & & Downey 1992; Ventura et al. 2007; Gondim et al. 2014; Fonseca 2015). Depth. 0–165 m (Clark & Downey, 1992). Biological notes. Coscinasterias tenuispina inhabits rocks, biogenic detritus, sandy and silty sand bottoms, and meadows of seagrass (Koukouras et al. 2007), and typically feeds on mussels and other epifaunal organisms (Ventura et al. 2007). Adults and juveniles are believed to inhabit different depths (Tortonese 1965). This species can reproduce asexually by fission (Alves et al. 2002), and Fonseca (2015) has shown that the contribution of sexual reproduction to maintain four populations in Rio de Janeiro is very low compared to that of asexual reproduction, contrary to the findings by Pazotto (2010) in the same populations. This species is classified as “Vulnerable” (baseline data indicates that the population size has been reduced by at least 30%) by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA 2018). Holotype. The type specimen, most likely deposited at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, is currently lost (Marc Eléaume and Christopher Mah, pers. comm. on 30 Sep 20). Type locality. European Ocean (Lamarck, 1816; Clark & Downey, 1992), possibly the Mediterranean Sea. Remarks. Although C. tenuispina has been recorded for Bahia, few specimens have been collected and as Gondim et al. (2014), we could not examine any. We did not have access to the specimens at the EQMN and the single-armed specimen recorded by Rathbun (1879), deposited at the YPM (YPM IZ 1582.EC), is apparently missing. The last reference that we have for this specimen is that it was examined by Addison Emery Verrill, together with three other specimens from the North Atlantic (YPM IZ 1453.EC and YPM IZ 1584.EC); the label from YPM 1582.EC was found in a jar with a single specimen tagged with the label YPM IZ 1453.EC (Daniel Drew and Eric Lazo-Wasem, pers. comm. on 15 Jul 20). Downey (1973) considered the specimen (R 30 mm) she examined from Florida as a juvenile based on morphological differences from larger specimens, for example, the presence of only a few dorsolateral plates (vs. one or two regular rows of dorsolateral plates, armed like the carinal plates), absence of interactinal plates (vs. one row of interactinal plates), small pedicellariae rarely found within the furrow (vs. pedicellariae frequently large and abun- dant on all surfaces). Madeira et al. (2019) also noted differences between juveniles and adults when they analyzed specimens (R 3–110 mm) from the Azores, however, they considered juvenile’s specimens with R Coscinasterias tenuispina differs from C. acutispina by having the adambulacral spines frequently arranged in one row on the inner half of the arm (vs. two rows), from C. muricata by having 6–9 arms (vs. 9–11), and from C. calamaria by having crossed pedicellariae with a well-developed terminal tooth and straight pedicellaria with short stubs at the tips (vs. crossed pedicellariae with little or no development of an enlarged tooth, and straight pedicellariae with little or no modification at the tips). Clark & Downey (1992) pointed out that the taxonomic status of the C. tenuispina specimens from Brazil is uncertain because of morphological differences in relation to specimens from other regions. For example, they noticed that the Brazilian (Cabo Frio, RJ) specimen that they examined has poorly developed straight pedicellariae, never large, and crossed pedicellariae with little or no sign of an enlarged tooth. Clark & Downey (1992) then suggested that C. calamaria could be a subspecies of C. tenuispina based on the morphological similarities observed among Brazilian and South African specimens. However, the Brazilian specimen that they examined had R 33 mm. Using molecular data, Waters & Roy (2003) confirmed the separation between Brazilian populations (n=3) and North Atlantic and Mediterranean populations, but they also found that C. calamaria is more closely related to C. acutispina than to C. tenuispina. An integrated taxonomic revision of juvenile and adult specimens of C. tenuispina along the Brazilian coast is needed to properly characterize its populations., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Meline, Bruxelles, 568 pp.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Alves S. L. S., Pereira, A. D. & Ventura, C. R. R. (2002) Sexual and asexual reproduction of Coscinasterias tenuispina (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Marine Biology, 140, 95 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002270100663","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L., Espejo, C., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (2002) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Salvajes (Oceano Atlantico). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 14 (3 - 4), 277 - 296.","Netto, L. F. (2006) Echinodermata do Canal de Sao Sebastiao, Sao Sebastiao. Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 201 pp.","Koukouras, A., Sinis, A. I., Bobori, D., Kazantzidis, S. & Kitsos, M. S. (2007) The echinoderm (Deuterostomia) fauna of the Aegean Sea, and comparison with those of the neighboring seas. Journal of Biological Research, 7, 67 - 92.","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 258.","Ventura, C. R. R., Barcellos, C. F. & Souza, I. V. (2008 c) Coscinasterias tenuispina Lamarck, 1816. In: Machado, A. B. M., Drummond, G. M. & Paglia, A. P. (Eds.), Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao. Ministerio do Meio Ambiente e Fundacao Biodiversitas, Brasilia, pp. 172 - 173.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5 (3), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Fonseca, B. F. (2015) Contribuicao da reproducao sexuada e assexuada e conectividade entre populacoes da estrela-do-mar Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816) na costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Unpublished Master Thesis, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 64 pp.","Madeira, P., Kroh, A., Cordeiro, R., Frias, D. E., Martins, A. M. & Avila, S. P. (2019) The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa, 4639 (1), 1 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4639.1","GBIF Secretariat (2020) Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816) in GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Available from: https: // www. gbif. org / species / 2273832 (accessed 1 October 2020).","Rathbun, R. (1879) A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 5 (3), 139 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16126","Verrill, A. E. (1915) Report on the Starfishes of the West Indies, Florida, and Brazil, Including Those Obtained by the Bahama Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1893. Bulletin of the State of University of Iowa, 7, 1 - 232, 29 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12035","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Echinodermata. Fauna d'Italia. Calderini, Bologna, 419 pp.","MMA (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente) (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao: Invertebrados. IC- MBio / MMA, Brasilia, 727 pp.","Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126","Waters J. M. & Roy, M. S. (2003) Global phylogeography of the fissiparous sea-star genus Coscinasterias. Marine Biology, 142, 185 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 002 - 0915 - 5"]}

Asterias amurensis is a starfish native to the northern Pacific that was introduced into southern Australia in the 1980s. It is widely viewed as one of Australia’s most serious invasive marine pests, but there are few methods available to control new or established populations. The role of Coscinasterias muricata in controlling the distribution of Asterias in Port Phillip Bay, and its potential to eliminate new infestations of Asterias were investigated. Laboratory feeding trials, where alternative mussel prey were available, showed Coscinasterias consumed Asterias at the rate of ~45/year. Field surveys in Port Phillip Bay showed that most Coscinasterias occurred at depths shallower than 15 m, while most Asterias occurred at depths greater than 15 m, and the ratio of Asterias/Coscinasterias only exceeded 45 at depths greater than 15 m. Consequently, if laboratory and field feeding rates are similar, Coscinasterias would be expected to exert significant control over Asterias populations at depths shallower than 15 m, and augmenting Coscinasterias populations at sites of new Asterias infestations may help eliminate newly-established populations.

Aim To test whether marine biogeographical patterns observed at the community levelare also important within species. It is postulated that historical hydrogeographic bar-riers have driven in situ diversification.Location The intertidal and shallow subtidal zones of southern Australia, New Zealandand nearby islands. Australia’s temperate marine communities are characterized by ahigh degree of endemism and show strong biogeographical structure along an east–westaxis.Methods Phylogeographical analysis of the widespread asteriid sea-star Coscinasteriasmuricata Verrill across southern Australia and New Zealand. Forty-two samples from27 locations were included in phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial (CO1; controlregion) and nuclear (ITS2) DNA sequences.Results Analysis of mtDNA revealed a deep phylogenetic split within AustralianC. muricata, strongly correlated with latitude. Northern haplotypes (latitude £ 37.6 S,nine sites, 15 samples) were 7.3–9.4% divergent from southern haplotypes (latitude‡ 37.6 S, 19 sites, 27 samples), consistent with late Pliocene separation. Eastern andwestern representatives of the northern clade were 0.5–1.0% divergent, probablyreflecting Pleistocene isolation. The southern clade of Australia is also represented inNew Zealand, indicating Pleistocene oceanic dispersal. Nuclear DNA (ITS2) sequencesyielded relatively little phylogenetic resolution, but were generally congruent withmtDNA-based groupings.Main conclusions The phylogeographical pattern detected within Australian C. muri-cata closely resembles marine biogeographical groupings proposed on the basis ofcommunity and species distributions. Recurring evolutionary patterns may have beendriven by the hydrographic history of southern Australia. Specifically, we suggest thatPlio-Pleistocene temperature change and the repeated opening and closure of Bass Straitpromoted allopatric divergence and perhaps cryptic speciation in C. muricata.KeywordsAustralia, Echinodermata, mtDNA, nuclear DNA, coalescence, climate change, bioge-ography, speciation, Coscinasterias.INTRODUCTIONThe evolutionary forces that lead to genetic divergence andspeciation in marine taxa are poorly understood. Moreover,the relative importance of historical and contemporaryprocesses in shaping marine biogeography remains contentious.Some researchers interpret biotic distributions in terms ofcontemporary environmental factors, whereas othersemphasize the importance of geological, climatic andhydrographic history. DNA-based phylogeographical ana-lysis (Avise, 2000) presents a powerful means to discriminateamong competing biogeographical hypotheses.The shallow marine biota of southern Australia is char-acterized by a high degree of endemism (Wilson & Allen

The fissiparous starfish genus Coscinasterias (Verrill) is represented in shallow waters around many of the world's continents. This wide distribution could be explained by dispersal, vicariance, or translocation associated with shipping, and represents an excellent system for marine biogeographic research. We conducted a global phylogeographic analysis of 42 Coscinasterias mtDNA cytochrome oxidase 1 sequences (15 haplotypes) from 18 sites, including representatives of all four recognised species. Phylogenetic analysis yielded a robust phylogeny, with strong support for the monophyly of the genus (90% bootstrap support) and of each separate species (99–100%). Haplotypes exhibited strong phylogeographic structure, with robust mtDNA clades often associated with distinct land masses. A general lack of genetic differentiation within sites may reflect fissiparity. However, shared haplotypes over larger distances (e.g. across Japan), and the presence of related haplotypes on adjacent land masses (e.g. Tasmania, New Zealand; 1.6–1.8%) suggest that long-distance dispersal is an important biogeographical process for Coscinasterias. The 4.0–4.4% divergence between Japanese and South African sister groups may relate to transequatorial dispersal around the onset of the Pleistocene. Divergent Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of C. tenuispina (maximum 1.5%) may deserve subspecific recognition, and high divergences within Australian C. muricata (maximum 8.0%) suggest a species complex.

Coscinasterias is a cosmopolitan genus of large asteroid sea stars with the ability of somatic fission as a clonal reproductive strategy. During fission, the animals tear themselves apart across their central disc, where the lost body parts are regenerated afterwards. Here, we have sequenced and subsequently analysed the transcriptome of the coelomic epithelium of a clonal Coscinasterias muricata specimen from New Zealand. Out of the total 389,768 raw reads, 11,344 contigs were assembled and grouped into functions. Raw read and assembled contig sequences are available at NCBI (BioSample: SAMN03371637), while the annotated assembly can be accessed through the project transcriptome browser (compgen.bio.ub.edu/gbrowse/starfish_transcriptome/). Our data is valuable for future detailed exploration of the coelomic epithelium functions as well as for a better understanding of sea star physiology.

Measurements of fertilization rates in free-spawning marine invertebrates have shown that reproductive success is related to both behavioural and environmental factors. Water depth has been suggested as being one such factor affecting fertilization success. In experimental spawnings of the sea star Coscinasterias muricata, fertilization rates decreased exponentially with distance from sperm source but were frequently greater than 20% at distances >10 m downstream. Current speed did not have a significant effect on fertilization rate over the range of velocities examined. Fertilization rates directly downstream from spawning individuals were higher in shallow water (5 m). Diffusion models using empirically derived site-dependent diffusion parameters supported these findings but suggested that this would only be true for eggs released directly downstream from a sperm source. Once lateral diffusion of sperm was accounted for, the model predicted little overall difference in fertilization rates for shallow and deep spawners. These results from Coscinasterias indicate that movements into shallow water at the time of spawning, which have been reported in several asteroid species, may provide little reproductive advantage in environments experiencing net flow conditions.

Respiratory rates were measured in four common New Zealand echinoderms, Evechinus chloroticus and Goniocidaris umbraculum (Echinoidea), and Coscinasterias calamaria and Pentagonaster pulcheilus (Asteroidea). Oxygen uptake was monitored with a polarographic oxygen electrode. The respiratory rates at 12°c ranged from 3.8 to 9.8 μl O2.h‐1.g‐1 (live weight). The rates for Evechinus and Coscinasterias fall well within the range of metabolic rates of other echinoids and asteroids. Goniocidaris and Pentagonaster have relatively low respiratory rates.