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Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774 (Fig. 3A–B) ? Coryne conferta Allman, 1876: 115; 1879: 285, pl. 18 figs 1–3.— Studer, 1879: 121.— Vanhöffen, 1910: 274–275, fig. 1. Material examined. PROTEKER 3: Ile Suhm, a tuft of stems up to 25 mm high, with gonophores (MNHN IK –2012–10428). Description. Stems up to 25 mm high, unbranched or with only a few secondary stems (one stem gives rise to seven secondary stems and some of these to one, on one occasion two, third-order stems). Degree of stem annulation variable, but in general stems strong and densely ringed, smooth distally. No distal perisarc collar. Polyps with around 36 tentacles; five in a whorl around hypostome (Fig. 3A), the remaining with no clear arrangement. One or two little-developed gonophores present in a few polyps, originating at axil of basal tentacles. Gonophores roughly spherical, attached by a small pedicel to hydranth body. One 340 µm high and 270 µm in maximum diameter; another 240 µm in diameter. Cnidome consisting of stenoteles in two size classes (Fig. 3B): larger 20.1±1.1 x 12.9±0.7 µm (n= 10), range 18–22 x 12.0–14.0 µm, smaller 12.3±0.5 x 7.5±0.4 µm (n= 10), range 11.5–13.0 x 6.5–8.0 µm. Remarks. Allman (1876) described Coryne conferta n. sp. from Kerguelen. His brief description, based on infertile material, precludes assigning any material to this species. The present material could be conspecific with Allman’s, agreeing in general with the few characters he described, but the species is not sufficiently characterised. Schuchert (2001) already considered C. conferta an insufficiently described species, being indistinguishable from C. pusilla or Coryne eximia Allman, 1859. Coryne conferta was again reported from Kerguelen, also based on infertile material, by Studer (1879) and Vanhöffen (1910); the latter from the same locality as Allman’s material. I have assigned the present material to Coryne pusilla because it agrees with this species in the colony habit, the lack of perisarc collar at the end of the stem, the number of tentacles on the polyp and the size of the nematocysts. According to Schuchert (2001) the stems are 1–3 cm high, with five to 15 hydranths per shoot and rarely end in a funnel-shaped dilation; the polyps are provided with 18–28 tentacles. As for the size of the nematocysts, he reported stenoteles 18–23 x 11–15 µm and 12–16 x 6.5–10 µm. Schuchert (2001) indicated that Coryne pusilla was known from Kerguelen, but without providing a direct reference. He probably refers to Vanhöffen’s (1910: 275) record, which was described just after his record of C. conferta from Kerguelen. Schuchert (2001: 849) stated that “ Vanhöffen (1910) described infertile Coryne conferta colonies from close to the type locality and also fertile colonies of Coryne pusilla on floating Fucus ”. Even when Vanhöffen’s material of C. pusilla was collected on Fucus, as Schuchert indicated, it does not come from Kerguelen, but from the English Channel. Therefore, if confirmed, the present material would represent the first record of C. pusilla in the study area. Ecology and distribution. Coryne pusilla was collected at a depth of 14 m off Suhm Island., Published as part of Peña Cantero, Álvaro L., 2022, On a few benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Kerguelen Islands (southern Indian Ocean), including the description of a new species, pp. 274-286 in Zootaxa 5165 (2) on page 278, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6831887, {"references":["Gaertner, J. (1774) Zoophyta, quaedam minuta. In: Pallas, P. S., Specilegia Zoologia. Fasc. 10. G. A. Lange, Berolini, pp. 24 - 41.","Allman, G. J. (1876) Descriptions of some new species of Hydroida from Kerguelen's Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 17, 113 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937608681913","Allman, G. J. (1879) Hydroida. In: An account of the petrological, botanical, and zoological collections made in Kerguelen's Land and Rodriguez during the transit of Venus Expeditions, carried out by order of Her Majesty's government in the years 1871 - 1875. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 168 (Extra Volume), 282 - 285.","Studer, T. (1879) Die Fauna von Kerguelensland. Verzeichniss der bis jetzt auf Kerguelensland beobachteten Thierspecies nebst kurzen Notizen uber ihr Vorkommen und ihre zoogeographischen Beziehungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 45, 104 - 141.","Vanhoffen, E. (1910) Die Hydroiden der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 11 (Zoology 3), 269 - 340.","Schuchert, P. (2001) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 878. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80165","Allman, G. J. (1859) Notes on the hydroid zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 4, 137 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935908697098"]}

Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774 Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774: 40–41, pl. 4 fig. 8. Coryne pusilla – Millard 1975: 51–52, fig. 19f–g. — Schuchert 2001b: 776–780, fig. 14a–b; 2012: 134–135, fig. 142. Material examined SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN • 1 colony, with sporosacs; Vema Seamount, stn BT5; 31°37′16″– 31°36′58″S,8°22′37″–8°23′06″E; 71–94m depth; 31Jan.2015;SEAFO-2015leg.; SEAFO-2015-40942 • 1 colony, with sporosacs, growing on sponge; Vema Seamount, stn Dive 5; 91 – 42 m depth; 1 Feb. 2015; SEAFO-2015 leg.; SEAFO-2015-40191. Remarks Molecular studies carried out by Schuchert (2005) to explore species boundaries within the genus Coryne found that populations identified as Coryne pusilla from the Mediterranean, Japan and Korea are genetically different from the Northeast Atlantic ones. Based on these results, Schuchert (2005, 2010) indicated that C. pusilla appears to be a species complex, an opinion also shared by Calder (2017). The material examined here is scarce and prevents us from giving a detailed description of the species. Nevertheless, we want to highlight that we found two size-classes of stenoteles: small (8.2–10.3× 4.1– 5.5 µm) and large (15.1–17.6 × 10.3–11.8 µm) ones. These measurements concur with those obtained by Millard (1975) from South African material, but they are clearly inferior to those reported from East and West Atlantic populations (see Schuchert 2001b and Calder 2017, respectively). These data suggest that the Southeast Atlantic populations of C. pusilla could also represent a different species. Distribution Coryne pusilla is considered as a circumglobal species, although the records from Madagascar and Kerguelen Islands (Millard 1975) and those from the Pacific Ocean (Millard 1975; Schuchert 2005, 2012) are considered as uncertain. It was reported from South Africa by Millard (1975). Its bathymetric range extends from the intertidal level to 100 m depth (Hirohito 1988)., Published as part of Gil, Marta & Ramil, Fran, 2021, Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Vema and Valdivia seamounts (SE Atlantic), pp. 49-96 in European Journal of Taxonomy 758 on page 52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1425, http://zenodo.org/record/5088125, {"references":["Gaertner J. 1774. Zoophyta. In: Pallas P. S. (ed.) Spicilega zoologica quibus novae imprimus et obscurae animalium species. August Lange, Berolini.","Schuchert P. 2001 b. Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue suisse de Zoologie 108: 739 - 878. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80165","Schuchert P. 2005. Taxonomic revision and systematic notes on some Halecium species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Journal of Natural History 39 (8): 607 - 639. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930400001319","Schuchert P. 2010. The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue suisse de Zoologie 117 (3): 337 - 555. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 117793","Calder D. R. 2017. Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region. Zootaxa 4256 (1): 1 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4256.1.1","Schuchert P. 2012. North-West European Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae. In: Crothers J. H. & Haywars P. J. (eds) Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) 59. Field Studies Council, London.","Hirohito Emperor of Japan. 1988. The Hydroids of Sagami Bay Collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan. Publications of the Biological Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo."]}

Coryne sp. Material examined: BBB 2016: St. 35. Distribution: Specimens are similar to C. eximia which is reported along all Argentinean Continental Shelf (Oliviera et al. 2016). This is the first record of a corynid in MPA Namuncurá I. Remarks: The sample was a fragmented and unfertile colony detached from the substrata., Published as part of Schejter, L., Genzano, G., Pérez, C. D., Acuña, F., Cordeiro, R. T. S., Silva, R. A., Garese, A. & Bremec, C. S., 2020, Checklist of Benthic Cnidaria in the SW Atlantic Ocean (54 ºS- 56 ºS), pp. 201-239 in Zootaxa 4878 (2) on page 208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4424884

Bacterial growth and survival critically hinges on the ability to rapidly adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions. Elaborated stress response systems allow bacteria to sensitively detect and adequately respond to fluctuations in environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, osmolarity, or the concentrations of nutrients and harmful substances. Often, bacterial stress responses towards a specific stressor involve multiple interconnected mechanisms - controlled by a sophisticated network involving signal-transduction cascades, metabolic pathways and gene expression regulation. In this thesis, bacterial stress responses towards two different environmental stressors are analysed; mainly focussing on the regulatory mechanisms that give rise to the overall cellular response. The first part of this thesis addresses the heme stress response in Corynebacterium glutamucim. Heme is an essential cofactor and alternative iron source for almost all bacterial species but can cause severe toxicity when present in elevated concentrations. Consequently, heme homeostasis needs to be tightly controlled. Therefore, one important challenge is to understand how bacteria regulate heme stress responses to both benefit from heme while simultaneously eliminating the associated toxicity. It is shown that C. glutamicum induces a heme detoxification mechanism (mediated via the heme exporter HrtBA) and a heme utilization mechanism (mediated via the heme ogygenase HmuO) in a temporal hierarchy, with prioritisation of detoxification over utilization. A combined approach of experimental reporter profiling and computational modelling reveals how differential biochemical properties of the two two-component systems that sense heme in C. glutamicum - ChrSA and HrrSA - and an additional regulator (the global iron-regulator DtxR) control this hierarchical expression of the two stress response modules. This analysis sheds light on the multi-layered heme stress response that contributes to overall heme homeostasis in C. glutamicum and adds on to the understanding of bacterial strategies to deal with the Janus-faced nature of heme. The second part of this thesis focusses on bacterial response strategies towards cell wall antibiotics, which play a key role in bacterial antibiotic resistance. To combat resistance evolution, it is important to understand how cell wall antibiotics affect bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and how bacteria orchestrate stress response mechanisms to protect themselves from cell wall damage. The first question is addressed through a comprehensive mathematical model describing the bacterial cell wall synthetic pathway - the lipid II cycle - and its systems-level behaviour under antibiotic treatment. It is found that the lipid II cycle features a highly asymmetric distribution of pathway intermediates and that the efficacy of antibiotics in vivo scales directly with the abundance of targeted pathway intermediates: The lower the relative abundance of a lipid II intermediate within the lipid II cycle, the lower the in vivo efficacy of an antibiotic targeting this intermediate. This leads to the formulation of a novel principle of ‘minimal target exposure’ as an intrinsic bacterial resistance mechanism and it is demonstrated that cooperativity in drug-target binding can mitigate the associated resistance. The development of new drugs to counteract antibiotic resistance clearly benefit from these insights. The second question is then addresses by an experimental-based expansion of the model, which allows the analysis of the interplay between multiple stress response mechanisms that protect against a single antibiotic - focussing here on the well-studied response of Bacillus subtilis towards the cell wall antibiotic bacitracin. This study reveals that the properties of the lipid II cycle itself control the interaction between the primary bacitracin stress response determinant BceAB mediating bacitracin detoxification, and the secondary determinant BcrC, which contributes to cell wall homeostasis under bacitracin treatment. By elucidating regulatory mechanisms of the multi-layered response towards bacitracin, this analysis contributes to an advanced understanding of bacterial antibiotic resistance., Schnelle Anpassungen an ständig wechselnde Umweltbedingungen sind von zentraler Bedeutung für das Wachstum und Überleben von Bakterien. Ausgereifte Stressantwort-Systeme erlauben es Bakterien, Schwankungen in Umweltfaktoren wie pH, Temperatur, Osmolarität, oder Nährstoff- und Schadstoffkonzentrationen sensitiv wahrzunehmen und adäquat darauf zu antworten. Häufig tragen mehrere miteinander gekoppelte Mechanismen, die von einem komplexen Netzwerk aus Signal-Transduktions-Kaskaden, Stoffwechselwegen und Genexpressions-Regulation kontrolliert werden, zur bakteriellen Stressantwort gegenüber einem spezifischen Stressor bei. In dieser Dissertation werden bakterielle Stressantworten gegenüber zwei verschiedenen Stressoren analysiert, wobei ein besonderer Fokus auf den Regulationsmechanismen liegt, die die Gesamtantwort bestimmen. Der erste Teil dieser Dissertation befasst sich mit der Häm-Stressantwort in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Häm ist ein essentieller Cofaktor und alternative Eisenquelle für nahezu alle Bakterien. In hohen Konzentrationen ist Häm jedoch stark giftig, sodass die Häm-Homöostase sehr genau kontrolliert werden muss. Es ist daher eine zentrale Frage, wie Bakterien Häm-Stressantworten regulieren, um Häm nutzen zu können aber sich gleichzeitig vor Vergiftungen zu schützen. Es wird gezeigt, dass C. glutamicum einen Mechanismus zur Häm-Entgiftung (gesteuert über den Häm-Exporter HrtBA) und einen Mechanismus zur Häm-Nutzung (gesteuert über die Häm-Oxygenase HmuO) in zeitlicher Hierarchie einleitet, wobei die Entgiftung der Nutzung vorgeschaltet ist. Ein kombinierter Ansatz aus experimentellen Reporter-Messungen und mathematischer Modellierung zeigt auf, wie die unterschiedlichen biochemischen Eigenschaften der beiden Zwei-Komponenten-Systeme, die Häm in C. glutamicum detektieren - ChrSA und HrrSA - sowie ein zusätzlicher Regulator (der globale Eisen-Repressor DtxR) diese hierarchische Aktivierung der beiden Stressantwort-Systeme kontrollieren. Diese Analyse beleuchtet die mehrschichtige Häm-Stressantwort, die zur Häm-Homöostase in C. glutamicum beiträgt, und verbessert dadurch das Verständnis von bakteriellen Strategien, eine so ambivalente Substanz wie Häm zu beherrschen. Der zweite Teil dieser Dissertation konzentriert sich auf bakterielle Antwortstrategien gegenüber Zellwand-Antibiotika, die maßgeblich zur Antibiotikaresistenz von Bakterien beigetragen. Um der Resistenzentwicklung entgegenzuwirken, ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung zu verstehen, wie Zellwand-Antibiotika die bakterielle Zellwandbiosynthese stören und welche Strategien Bakterien anwenden, um sich vor Zellwand-Zerstörung zu schützen. Der ersten Frage wird mit Hilfe eines mathematischen Modells nachgegangen, welches den bakteriellen Zellwand-Syntheseweg - den Lipid II Zyklus - sowie dessen Verhalten unter Einfluss von Antibiotika beschreibt. Es zeigt sich, dass die einzelnen Zwischenprodukte innerhalb des Lipid II Zyklus stark ungleichmäßig verteilt sind und dass die Wirksamkeit eines Antibiotikums in vivo mit der Verfügbarkeit des Zwischenprodukts, das durch das Antibiotikum gebunden wird, skaliert: Je weniger das Zwischenprodukt vorhanden ist, desto geringer ist die Wirksamkeit eines Antibiotikums, das an dieses Zwischenprodukt bindet, um die Zellwand-Biosynthese zu hemmen. Dies führt dazu, ein neues Prinzip der ‚minimalen Exposition zellulärer Zielstrukturen‘ als intrinsischen Resistenzmechanismus zu formulieren und es wird gezeigt, dass die dadurch hervorgerufene Resistenz vermindert werden kann, wenn Antibiotika kooperativ an ihre Ziele binden. Von diesen Erkenntnissen kann die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente im Kampf gegen Antibiotika-Resistenz deutlich profitieren. Eine experiment-basierte Erweiterung des Modells ermöglicht es schließlich, das Zusammenspiel verschiedener Stressantwort-Mechanismen, die vor einem Antibiotikum schützen, zu analysieren. Hier liegt der Fokus auf der gut untersuchten Antwort von Bacillus subtilis gegenüber dem Zellwand-Antibiotikum Bacitracin. Die Studie zeigt auf, dass das Zusammenspiel zwischen BceAB, der Determinante, die die Stressantwort primär bestimmt und Bacitracin-Entgiftung bewirkt, und BcrC, der Determinante, die sekundär zur Stressantwort beiträgt indem sie die Zellwand-Homöostase schützt, durch die Eigenschaften des Lipid II Zyklus selber kontrolliert wird. Indem diese Analyse Regulationsmechanismen der mehrschichtigen Bacitracin-Stressantwort entschlüsselt, trägt sie zu einem verbesserten Verständnis bakterieller Antibiotikaresistenz bei.

Highlight This study shows that the pseudokinase domain of the CLV2 co-receptor CRN is actively involved in transmitting the CLV3 peptide signal in the Arabidopsis shoot, but not in the proximal root meristem., Stem cell maintenance in plants depends on the activity of small secreted signaling peptides of the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) family, which, in the shoot, act through at least three kinds of receptor complexes, CLAVATA1 (CLV1) homomers, CLAVATA2 (CLV2) / CORYNE (CRN) heteromers, and CLV1/CLV2/CRN multimers. In the root, the CLV2/CRN receptor complexes function in the proximal meristem to transmit signals from the CLE peptide CLE40. While CLV1 consists of an extracellular receptor domain and an intracellular kinase domain, CLV2, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein, and CRN, a protein kinase, have to interact to form a receptor–kinase complex. The kinase domain of CRN has been reported to be catalytically inactive, and it is not yet known how the CLV2/CRN complex can relay the perceived signal into the cells, and whether the kinase domain is necessary for signal transduction at all. In this study we show that the kinase domain of CRN is actively involved in CLV3 signal transduction in the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis, but it is dispensable for CRN protein function in root meristem maintenance. Hence, we provide an example of a catalytically inactive pseudokinase that is involved in two homologous pathways, but functions in distinctively different ways in each of them.

Coryne crassa Fraser, 1914a Coryne crassa Fraser, 1914a: 113, pl. 2, figs. 3Α–C. Syntypes. BCPM 976-00129-001: USA, Washington, Friday Harbor; slide. BCPM 976-00129-002: USA, Washington, Friday Harbor; slide. Lectotype, by present designation. RBCM 976-00129-003: USA, Washington, Friday Harbor, one colony (middle colony on slide BCPM 976-00129-002), 1.5 cm high, in fairly good condition, with gonophores; slide. Paralectotypes. BCPM 976-00129-001: USA, Washington, Friday Harbor, several fragments, some with gonophores; slide. BCPM 976-00129-002: USA, Washington, Friday Harbor, two colony fragments, one to the left and one to the right of the lectotype specimen in the middle, some with gonophores; slide. Type locality. USA, Washington: Friday Harbor (Fraser 1914a). Current status. Valid. Remarks. Although Fraser (1914a) did not designate a name-bearing type in first describing Coryne crassa, syntypes of it exist, on slides, in the Fraser Hydroid Collection at the RBCM (BCPM 976-00129-001; BCPM 976- 00129-002). The best available specimen, on the second of these slides (BCPM 976-00129-002), is selected here as the lectotype and is assigned a new catalogue number (RBCM 976-00129-003). Three fragments of colonies exist on the slide, with the lectotype being in the middle. Earlier, Schuchert (2001b) examined the slide bearing the lectotype and provided a re-description of the species. It was included by him in a group that included C. hincksii Bonnevie, 1898 and C. sagamiensis Hirohito, 1988. The species has subsequently been reported from China (Gao 1956; Xu et al. 2014) and from Race Rocks, British Columbia (Brinckmann-Voss 1996)., Published as part of Calder, Dale R. & Choong, Henry H. C., 2018, Names of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) established by Charles McLean Fraser (1872 - 1946), excluding those from Allan Hancock Expeditions, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4487 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4487.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1456161, {"references":["Fraser, C. M. (1914 a) Some hydroids of the Vancouver Island region. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, Section 4, 8, 99 - 216. [December 1914: date on issue number of the journal]","Schuchert, P. (2001 b) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108, 739 - 878. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80165","Bonnevie, K. (1898) Zur Systematik der Hydroiden. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 63, 465 - 495.","Hirohito, The Showa Emperor (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Part 1. Athecata. Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 179 pp.","Gao, Z. (1956) On the hydroids along Shantung coast. Journal of Shandong University, Series 2, 4, 70 - 103. [Chinese, with English summary]","Xu, Z. - Z., Huang, J. - Q, Lin, M., Guo, D. - H. & Wang, C. - G. (2014) Study of marine biodiversity. The superclass Hydrozoa of the phylum Cnidaria in China. Vol. I. China Ocean Press, Beijing, 456 pp."]}

Coryne gracilis (Browne, 1902) Synonyms in the area: Sarsia gracilis Browne, 1902; Browne & Kramp 1939 [medusa]. Remarks: there are no clear characters to distinguish the medusa stage of this species from Coryne eximia (see above). Schuchert (1996) suggested that they might be the same species. Distribution in South America: medusa���Atlantic Ocean, Argentina, at 50��S in Malvinas (Falkland) Islands (Browne 1902; Browne & Kramp 1939; Genzano et al. 2008a)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

Coryne sp. Distribution in South America: polyp���Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, at 3.26��S 39.26��W, from 23.50��S to 24��S, at 26��S 48.60��W (Marques et al. 2006; Menon et al. 2006, abstract; Shimabukuro et al. 2006; Shimabukuro 2007; Fernandez et al. 2014). Habitat: polyp���intertidal zone, on algae and fouling (Marques et al. 2006; Shimabukuro et al. 2006; Shimabukuro 2007; Fernandez et al. 2014)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

Coryne repens Fraser, 1938a Synonyms in the area:? Syncoryne mirabilis ���Fraser 1938a [part]; Calder et al. 2003 [polyp]. Remarks: Calder et al. (2003) examined the specimens identified by Fraser as Syncoryne mirabilis (L. Agassiz, 1849), and considered part of that material most like to be Coryne repens Fraser, 1938a. Distribution in South America: polyp���Pacific Ocean, Ecuador, from 1.4��N to 1.4��S in Gal��pagos Archipelago (Fraser 1938a; Calder et al. 2003). Habitat: polyp���on algae, coralline and rock, at 5m depth (Fraser 1938a; Calder et al. 2003)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774 Remarks: Migotto et al. (2002) considered the record by Nogueira et al. (1997) as dubious. Distribution in South America: polyp���Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, from 20��S to 26��S (Haddad 1992; Grohmann 1997; Grohmann et al. 1997; Nogueira et al. 1997; Haddad & Chiaverini 2000, abstract; Migotto et al. 2002; Grohmann 2006; Oliveira & Marques 2007; Cunha & Jacobucci 2010). Habitat: polyp���rocky shores, on algae (Haddad 1992; Haddad & Chiaverini 2000; Oliveira & Marques 2007; Cunha & Jacobucci 2010)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

Coryne sp. Distribution in South America: polyp—Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, at 3.26°S 39.26°W, from 23.50°S to 24°S, at 26°S 48.60°W (Marques et al. 2006; Menon et al. 2006, abstract; Shimabukuro et al. 2006; Shimabukuro 2007; Fernandez et al. 2014). Habitat: polyp—intertidal zone, on algae and fouling (Marques et al. 2006; Shimabukuro et al. 2006; Shimabukuro 2007; Fernandez et al. 2014).

Coryne eximia Allman, 1859 (fig. 2 J) Coryne eximia Allman, 1859: 141.��� Schuchert, 2001 b: 773 ���776, figs. 13 A���D & 18 B���C.��� Puce et al., 2003: 249 ���252, figs. 1��� 4.��� Schuchert, 2005 a: 194 ���199, fig. 2. Material studied.��� Ormonde, stn 4: very abundant on diving cable lost two years before; fertile colonies; epibionts: Lafoeina tenuis, Clytia cf. gracilis, small algae and calcified Bryozoa; DBUA 1508.01; Genbank accession no. KM 402029. Remarks. This biological material was only found on anthropogenic materials at a single sampling station, and its 16 S sequence is equal to others of colonies exclusively from the Mediterranean (Genbank accession: AJ 878715.1; Schuchert 2005 a). Essentially, this is a coastal species usually found in harbours, estuaries and on floating objects (e.g. Russel 1953). Therefore its presence at the Ormonde seamount suggests fairly recent geneflow between the Gorringe and Mediterranean, perhaps mediated by an unintentional anthropogenic introduction, but further evidence is required to support this hypothesis. Furthermore, this is the first record of C. eximia in the Gorringe, the southernmost in the northeast Atlantic, and apparently the deepest depth record (previous records had been from 25 m depth, Fey 1970). Reported distribution. Eastern Atlantic.���British Isles (e.g. Allman 1859; Russell 1953; Schuchert 2001 b), Denmark (Petersen 1990), Norway (Hartlaub 1907), Germany (Hartlaub 1894), Belgium (Leloup 1947, 1952; Massin et al. 2002), Netherlands (Leloup 1933), France (e.g. Boero & Bouillon 1968; Schuchert 2005 a), north Spain (e.g. Altuna &), Gorringe (present study). Mediterranean.��� France (Schuchert 2005 a; Galea 2007), Lebanese coast (Goy et al. 1991), Italy (Puce et al. 2003; Schuchert 2005 a) and Ligurian Sea (Goy 1972; Puce et al. 2003). Elsewhere.���Circumglobal with preference for temperate waters; east coasts of Canada and USA, South Africa and Pacific (Alaska to California, Chile, New Zealand, Western Australia and Japan) (e.g. Schuchert 2001 a, b, 2005 a)., Published as part of Moura, Carlos J., 2015, The hydrozoan fauna (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the peaks of the Ormonde and Gettysburg seamounts (Gorringe Bank, NE Atlantic), pp. 148-180 in Zootaxa 3972 (2) on pages 154-155, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3972.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/237108, {"references":["Allman, G. J. (1859) Notes on the hydroid zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 4, 48 - 55, 137 - 144.","Schuchert, P. (2001 b) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 877.","Puce, S., Bavestrello, G., Azzini, F. & Cerrano, C. (2003) On the occurrence of Coryne eximia Allman (Cnidaria, Corynidae) in the Mediterranean sea. Italian Journal of Zoology, 70 (3), 249 - 252. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000309356525","Schuchert, P. (2005 a) Species boundaries in the hydrozoan genus Coryne. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36, 194 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.03.021","Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles. Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae, and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, 530 pp.","Fey, A. (1970) Peuplements sessiles de l'archipel de Glenan. L-Inventaire: hydraires. Vie et Milieu, 20, 387 - 413.","Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x","Hartlaub, C. (1907) Craspedote Medusen, Teil 1, Lief. 1. Codoniden und Cladonemiden. Nordisches Plankton, 6 (XII), 1 - 135.","Hartlaub, C. (1894) Die Coelenteraten Helgolands. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 1, 161 - 206.","Leloup, E. (1947) Les Coelenteres de la faune belge: leur bibliographie et leur distribution [Coelenterates of the Belgian fauna: their bibliography and distribution]. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, 107, 1 - 73.","Leloup, E. (1952) Coelenteres. Faune de Belgique. Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 1952, 1 - 283.","Massin, Cl., Norro, A. & Mallefet, J. (2002) Biodiversity of a wreck from the Belgian Continental Shelf: monitoring using scientific diving: preliminary results. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 72, 67 - 72.","Leloup, E. (1933) Contribution a la connaissance des hydropolypes de la cote des Pays-Bas [Contribution to the knowledge of the hydropolyps of the Dutch coast]. Bulletin du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique = Mededeelingen van het Korinklijk Natuurhistorisch Museum van Belgie, 9 (45), 1 - 30.","Boero, F. & Bouillon, J. (1968) Etude histologique du developpement embryonnaire de quelques hydromeduses de Roscoff: Phialidium hemisphaericum (L.), Obelia sp. Peron et Lesueur, Sarsia eximia (Allman), Podocoryne carnea (Sars), Gonionemus vertens Agassiz. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 9, 69 - 104.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3, 193 - 199.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1991) Les meduses (Cnidaria) des eaux Libanaises. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique Paris, 67, 99 - 128.","Goy, J. (1972) Les hydromeduses de la mer Ligure. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, 62, 965 - 1008.","Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184."]}

Coryne muscoides (Linnaeus, 1761) Fig. 34 A, B See Schuchert (2010) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 39 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Schuchert 2001 b, 2010, 2012): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza stolonal; colonies erect; hydrocauli elongated, up to 15 cm in height, dichotomously or irregularly branched, covered by perisarc usually extending up to the aboral tentacles of the hydranth in a funnelshaped cup, annulated throughout; hydranth with 16���22 capitate tentacles, arranged in an oral whorl of 4���6 tentacles and lower tentacles scattered or in 3���4 indistinct whorls, tentacles of succesive whorls alternating in position. Gonophores as fixed sporosacs, oblong, borne in the upper axils of lower tentacles, 2���3 per tentacle, all of variable developmental stages, without any canal system, with spadix, female sporosacs with 20��� 70 eggs, depending also on stage maturity. Colour: perisarc, brown in old colonies to almost transparent in young ones; hydranths orange-pink, capitae of tentacles red, stems yellow-orange, mature male and female sporosacs white. Cnidome. Stenoteles. Habitat type. This species has been reported from the tidal level to 15 m depth (Boero & Fresi 1986; Gili 1986) in the Mediterranean Sea. Substrate. Algae, hydrozoans, Isidella elongata (Gorgonacee), Cymodocea nodosa and Posidonia leaves, barnacles, bryozoans, rock, sponge, bivalves, and ascidians. Seasonality. March to June in the European waters (Schuchert 2001 b); from January to December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. In the Mediterranean Sea, fertile colonies occur in February (Boero & Fresi 1986), April (Picard 1955; De Vito 2006; this study), May (Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Roca 1986), June (Motz-Kossowska 1905), July, September (Motz-Kossowska 1905; Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; this study), August (Motz- Kossowska 1905; De Vito 2006; this study), October (Motz-Kossowska 1905; Stechow 1919; Gili 1986; De Vito 2006; this study) and December (Stechow 1919). Distribution. Northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean (Leloup 1934; Picard 1958 a; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Rossi 1971; Altuna 1994; Avian et al. 1995; Medel 1996; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 2001; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Common at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000); Costa Merlata (Fraschetti et al. 2002; Andreano 2007); S.ta Caterina (Andreano 2007); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Andreano 2007; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Piraino et al. 2013; this study). Other Apulian records: Gargano (Fraschetti et al. 2002). Remarks. The Mediterranean colonies usually differ from the Atlantic C. muscoides in being smaller; female sporosacs have fewer eggs, and the length of the large stenotele is often smaller (Schuchert 2001). The Mediterranean records of this species are also discussed in the remarks on Coryne pusilla (for more details see Schuchert 2005 a, 2010). References. Motz-Kossowska (1905), Stechow (1919, 1923), Leloup (1934), Da Cunha (1944), Picard (1952, 1958a), Riedl (1959), Teissier (1965), Brinckmann-Voss (1970), Fey (1970), Rossi (1971), Boero (1981 c), Boero et al. (1985), Roca & Moreno (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Ramil Blanco (1988), Roca et al. (1991), Garc��a-Raso et al. (1992), Altuna (1994), Medel (1996), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Schuchert (2001 b, 2010, 2012), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009), Piraino et al. (2013)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 51-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Schuchert, P. (2001 b) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 878.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Picard, J. (1955) Nouvelles recherches sur les hydromeduses des Herbiers mediterraneens de Posidonies. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine D'Endoume, 15 (Bulleton 9), 59 - 71.","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Motz-Kossowska, S. (1905) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. I. - Hydraires Gymnoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 4, 3, 39 - 98.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Avian, M., Boero, F., Mills, C., Rossi, L. & Rottini-Sandrini, L. (1995) Cnidaria, Ctenophora. In: Minelli, A., Ruffo, S. & La Posta, S. (Eds.), Checklist delle specie della Fauna Italiana. Vol. 3. Calderini, Bologna, pp. 1 - 38.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. & Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461","Schuchert, P. (2005 a) Species boundaries in the hydrozoan genus Coryne. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36 (1), 194 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.03.021","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Da Cunha, A. X. (1944) Hidropolipos das costas de Portugal. Memorias e Estudos do Museu Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra, 161, 1 - 101.","Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Teissier, G. (1965) Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires-Ctenaires. Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff, 16, 1 - 53.","Fey, A. (1970) Peuplements sessiles de l'archipel de Glenan. 1. - Inventaire: hydraires. Vie Milieu, B 20 (2), 387 - 414.","Boero, F. (1981 c) Osservazioni ecologiche sugli idroidi de la fascia a mitili della Riviera Ligure di Levante. Cahiers de Biologie marine, 22 (1), 107 - 117.","Roca, I. & Moreno, I. (1985) Distribucion de los cnidarios bentonicos litorales en tres localidades de la margen W. de la Bahia de Palma de Mallorca. Bolletin de la Societat de Historia natural de les Illes Balears, 29, 19 - 30.","Ramil Blanco, F. J. (1988) Hidrozoos de Galicia. Memoria que, para optar al Grado de Doctor en Biologia, presenta D. Francisco Ramil Blanco. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago. Santiago de Compostela, 525 pp.","Roca, I., Moreno, I. & Barcelo, R. (1991) Distribucion espacial y temporal de los hidroideos de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile en una predera del Illot del Sec (Bahia de Palma, Baleares). Boletin del Instituto espanol de Oceanografia, 7 (1), 67 - 74.","Garcia-Raso, J. E., Luque, A. A., Templado, J., Salas, C., Hergueta, E., Moreno, D. & Calvo, M. (1992) Fauna y Flora Marinas del Parque Natural de Cabo de Gata-Nijar. Universidad de Malaga, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid y Museo Nacional de Ciencias Natuirales, Madrid, 288 pp.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199."]}

Coryne sp. (fig. 2 K) Material studied. Gettysburg, stn 5: scarce material, several shoots on caulus of Zonaria tournefortii, DBUA 1509.01. Remarks. Ramification up to first order; perisarc annulated throughout; stenotele length ca. 21 µm. The absence of fertile specimens makes accurate identification of this material impossible, but it shares morphological similarities with Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774. This biological material clearly corresponds to a species distinct from the remnant herein presented, representing the first record of this Corynidae species in the Gorringe Bank.

Coryne pintneri Schneider, 1898 Fig. 35 A, B See Schuchert (2001 b) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 40 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Schuchert 2001 b, 2010, 2012): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza stolonal; colonies mostly stolonal, occasionally sparingly branched with 2 hydranths, rarely with up to 5 side branches, up to 2 cm in height; perisarc not thick, feebly annulated to smooth, frequently 2���3 annulations separated by smooth intervals; hydranths with 15���21 capitate tentacles either scattered or in 4���5 whorls, below them a whorl of 2���6 short filiform tentacles, which are often absent, but always present in regenerating hydranths. Gonophores as fixed sporosacs spherical, borne in 2 whorls in upper axil of tentacles in middle of hydranth body, without radial or circular canals, females with numerous eggs. Colours: colourless to reddish-rose. Cnidome. Stenoteles of two size classes. Habitat type. Shaded places in caves and also on rocks (depth range: 0���40 m) (Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Boero & Fresi 1986; Schuchert 2001 b). Substrate. On several substrates and organisms such as Peyssonnelia sp., Balanus shells, leaves and roots of Posidonia beds, Myriapora truncata. Seasonality. March���May (Brinckmann-Voss 1970) in the Tyrrhenian Sea; November (Boero & Fresi 1986) in the Ligurian Sea; from February to March, and October in Salento waters (Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Reproductive period. In the Tyrrhenian Sea, fertile colonies occur from March to May (Brinckmann-Voss 1970). Distribution. Mediterranean (Gravili et al. 2008 a), coasts of Brittany (France), and Scotland (see Schuchert 2001 b). Records in Salento. Rare at Otranto (Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Remarks. The filiform tentacles are usually missing in colonies from agitated waters (Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Edwards & Harvey 1983). The Mediterranean records of this species are also discussed in the remarks on Coryne pusilla (for more details see Schuchert 2005 a, 2010). References. Schneider (1898), Motz-Kossowska (1905), Stechow (1923), Brinckmann-Voss (1970), Boero (1981 a, b), Boero et al. (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Piraino et al. (1999), Schuchert (2001 b, 2010, 2012), Bouillon et al. (2004), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Schneider, K. C. (1898) Hydropolypen von Rovigno, nebst Uebersicht uber das System des Hydropolypen im Allgemein. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 10 (4), 472 - 555.","Schuchert, P. (2001 b) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 878.","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Edwards, C. & Harvey, S. M. (1983) Observations on the hydroids Coryne pintneri and Thecocodium brieni new to the British list. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 63 (1), 37 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 002531540004978 x","Schuchert, P. (2005 a) Species boundaries in the hydrozoan genus Coryne. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36 (1), 194 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.03.021","Motz-Kossowska, S. (1905) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. I. - Hydraires Gymnoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 4, 3, 39 - 98.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274."]}

Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774 Fig. 36 See Schuchert (2001 b) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 41 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Schuchert 2001 b, 2010, 2012): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza stolonal; colonies erect, up to 3 cm high, rather broad and bushy; hydrocaulus branching several times, perisarc annulated throughout, annulations of branches irregular and broad; hydranth fusiform, sometimes covered at base by a perisarcal funnel-like dilatation; hypostome conical; with about 18���28 capitate tentacles, arranged in an oral whorl of 4���5 tentacles and scattered lower tentacles. Gonophores as fixed sporosacs, spherical to egg-shaped, borne in upper axils of the tentacles along lower 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of hydranth, 1���3 per tentacle, without canal system, spadix present, mature female sporosacs with 15��� 25 eggs. Colour: perisarc brown, hydranth red brown with white dots, mature male and female sporosacs white. Cnidome. Stenoteles. Habitat type. Intertidal species, few metres depth (Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Boero & Fresi 1986; Schuchert 2001 b). Substrate. Algae, Posidonia, hydroids and barnacles, also on man-made floating objects. Seasonality. In the western Mediterranean Sea (Stechow 1919; Boero & Fresi 1986; Llobet et al. 1991), Coryne pusilla occurs from January to December (Faucci & Boero 2000; this study). Reproductive period. In the Ligurian Sea, fertile colonies occur in March and August (Boero & Fresi 1986). Distribution. Northeastern Atlantic; doubtful records from Indian Ocean and Pacific, Mediterranean (Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 2001 b; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Rare at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Presicce 1991; Faucci & Boero 2000; this study); S.ta Caterina, Montagna Spaccata (Presicce 1991); Il Chiapparo (this study); Otranto (De Vito 2002; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. In the Mediterranean Sea no unambiguous identifications of the species C. pusilla are known and, probably, the Mediterranean records of C. pusilla are either referable to C. muscoides or C. pintneri lacking filiform tentacles (for more details see Schuchert, 2005 a, 2010). References. Lo Bianco (1909), Stechow (1919), Leloup (1934), Yamada (1965), Brinckmann-Voss (1970), Boero (1981 a, b, c), Morri & Bianchi (1982), Morri (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Garc��a-Rubies (1987, 1992), Llobet i Nadal (1987), Llobet et al. (1991), Riedl (1991), Altuna (1994), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Schuchert (1996, 2001b, 2010, 2012), Faucci & Boero (2000), De Vito (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Schuchert, P. (2001 b) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 878.","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","De Vito, D. (2002) Diversita, variabilita spazio-temporale e cicli vitali degli idrozoi (Hydroidomedusae) di Totte del Serpe (Canale d'Otranto). Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 81 pp.","Schuchert, P. (2005 a) Species boundaries in the hydrozoan genus Coryne. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36 (1), 194 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.03.021","Lo Bianco, S. (1909) Notize biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del Golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 19 (4), 513 - 763.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Yamada, M. (1965) Marine hydroids from Greece. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 12 (5), 359 - 362.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Boero, F. (1981 c) Osservazioni ecologiche sugli idroidi de la fascia a mitili della Riviera Ligure di Levante. Cahiers de Biologie marine, 22 (1), 107 - 117.","Morri, C. & Bianchi, C. N. (1982) Contributo alla conoscenza degli idrozoi lagunari italiani: distribuzione di idropolipi lungo un gradiente ambientale nella laguna di Chioggia (Nord Adriatico). In: Atti XIV. Congresso della Societa Italiana di Biologia Marina. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 50 (supplement), pp. 270 - 274.","Garcia-Rubies, A. (1987) Distribution of epiphytic hydroids on Posidonia sea grass. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 143 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400052255","Garcia-Rubies, A. (1992) Habitat differentiation among epiphytic hydroids of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica from the Medes Islands (NE Catalonia, Spain). In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (Eds.), Aspects of hydrozoan biology. Scientia Marina, 56 (2 - 3), pp. 263 - 267.","Llobet Nadal, I. (1987) Faunistica y distribucion espacio-temporal de una poblacion de hydropolipos epibiontes del alga Halimeda tuna en el Mediterraneo occidental. MS Thesis. [pagination unkown]","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159."]}

Coryne sp. (fig. 3 A–D) Material examined. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —several colonies of various sizes, some with propagulae and/or medusa buds, on algae and concretions. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —a few sterile colonies, some hydranths with propagulae, on concretions (MHNG INVE 60982); 29.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony, propagulae absent, on hydrocoral. Description. Colonies stolonal, cauli relatively short (0.2–2.3 mm high); perisarc smooth, diameter gradually increasing from base (105–120 µm) towards distal end (170–260 µm). Hydranths cylindrical, 0.5 –2.0 mm high, 300–325 µm wide, hypostome short, dome-shaped. Perisarc collar at hydranth base absent. One whorl of 4 tentacles around hypostome held nearly vertically; five additional, more or less distinct rows of lower tentacles scattered over 2 / 3 – 3 / 4 of body; a total of up to 26 tentacles per hydranth; all capitate, filiform tentacles absent. Oral tentacles with diameter of capitula exceeding those of lower tentacles (115–125 µm vs. 70–100 µm); stalks short and slightly tapering distally, length decreasing from distal to proximal row. Some stems with lateral, branch-like structures covered with perisarc, these irregularly ramified several times; propagulae budded off from open tips; 190–215 µm long, 115–125 µm wide. Gonophores developing among the lowest whorl of tentacles, the latter occasionally less numerous than in sterile specimens; liberated as free medusae; up to 8 buds per polyp. Medusa buds globular to pear-shaped; borne on short pedicels; 4 tentacle bulbs visible as brown patches, each with one red ocellus. No other structures could be examined. Some polyps simultaneously producing frustules and medusae. Color: white-milk to pale pink, hypostome of polyp and manubrium of medusa buds brownish. Cnidome of polyp and propagula (undischarged capsules): two size classes of stenoteles, large (17.8–20.8) × (13.6–14.7) µm and small (8.6–10.4) × (6.6–7.4) µm. Cnidome of medusa buds (undischarged capsules): desmonemes (6.4–7.1) × (3.7–4.1) µm; three distinct size classes of stenoteles, i.e. large (11.4–12.7) × (8.7–10.4) µm, medium-sized (9.3–10.7) × (6.6–8.4) µm, and small (7.1– 7.4) × (5.6–6.1) µm. Remarks. This species, from areas with high water movement, exhibits two simultaneous modes of reproduction and dispersal: asexual, by massive production and release of frustules, and sexual, liberating free swimming medusae. The formation of frustules in the genus Coryne has been rarely described, as for instance the South-African record by Millard (1975) of a dwarf, sterile form, provisionally assigned to C. pusilla Gaertner, 1774. Due to its peculiar mode of reproduction, the present material may belong to a new species, but I refrain in naming it until the adult medusa is known. Distribution. Presently known from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes.

Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774 (fig. 2 R���U) Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774: 40, pl. 4 fig. 8.��� Brinckmann-Voss, 1970: 51, fig. 57.���Millard, 1975: 51, fig. 19 F���G.��� Hirohito, 1988: 33, fig. 10 A���C.��� Schuchert, 1996: 119, fig. 72.��� Schuchert, 2001 a: 48, fig. 34.��� Schuchert, 2001 b: 776, fig. 14 A���B. Material examined. Stn. 2: 26.01.2008 ���several hydranths, no gonophores, on algae. Stn. 3: 0 1.04. 2008 ��� numerous small colonies, some with male gonophores, on various algae, concretions and sponge. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 ���several small, stolonal colonies, some with a few female gonophores, on Dictyota sp. and concretions; 27.03.2008 ���a small, sterile colony, mostly stolonal, occasionally with a few erect stems, on concretions. Type locality. Possibly Cornwall (Allman 1871). Remarks. The present material originates from an area with strong water movement and therefore the colonies are mainly stolonal. Occasionally, small, erect stems up to 7 mm high and 5 hydranths occur within the colonies. The perisarc ranges from obviously annulated at origin of stems and branches, to nearly smooth elsewhere. There is no perisarc collar at the base of polyps. The hydranths are spindle-shaped and have a row of 3���4 oral tentacles and 3���4 additional lower rows; the total number of tentacles is 18���24. Some polyps in the male colonies bear clusters of up to 3 sporosacs in the upper axils of the basalmost tentacles. The female colony has fewer gonophores per hydranth. Nematocysts (undischarged): large stenoteles (22.6���26.4) �� (15.6��� 17.8) ��m; small stenoteles (10.8���12.3) �� (6.6���6.8) ��m. For a complete description of C. pusilla, its synonymy, and additional data, see Schuchert (2001 b). Distribution. Previously recorded from all the European coasts, including the Mediterranean, South Africa, Kerguelen, Seychelles, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, eastern Canada (Schuchert 2001 b), Greenland, and Iceland (Schuchert 2001 a). The present record extends the known distribution to the tropical eastern Atlantic., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., 2008, On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 1878 on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149, {"references":["Gaertner, J. (1774) Zoophyta. In: Pallas, P. S. (Ed.) Spicilegia zoologica quibus novae imprimus et obscurae animalium species. Berolini, August Lange, 1 - 41.","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159.","Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184.","Schuchert, P. (2001 b) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 878.","Allman, G. J. (1871) A monograph of the gymnoblastic or tubularian hydroids. I. The Hydroida in general. Ray Society, London, 450 pp."]}