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European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an important tree nut crop. Hazelnut production in North America is currently limited in scalability due to Anisogramma anomala , a fungal pathogen that causes Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB) disease in hazelnut. Successful deployment of EFB resistant cultivars has been limited to the state of Oregon, where the breeding program at Oregon State University (OSU) has released cultivars with a dominant allele at a single resistance locus identified by classical breeding, linkage mapping, and molecular markers. C. avellana cultivar "Jefferson" is resistant to the predominant EFB biotype in Oregon and has been selected by the OSU breeding program as a model for hazelnut genetic and genomic research. Here, we present a near complete, haplotype-resolved chromosome-level hazelnut genome assembly for " Jefferson". This new assembly is a significant improvement over a previously published genome draft. Analysis of genomic regions linked to EFB resistance and self-incompatibility confirmed haplotype splitting and identified new gene candidates that are essential for downstream molecular marker development, thereby facilitating breeding efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Priming is a simple operation that partially hydrates seed in a controlled environment, followed by seed drying, allowing germination processes to commence without the development of radicles. In this study, the germination of shelled and kernel seeds of the Kara and Tombul cultivars was examined in relation to the effects of hormonal and hydro-priming treatments. According to the results, the control group produced the best shelled seed of the Kara cultivar in terms of germination rate, root length, root fresh and dry weight, plant fresh and dry weight, and number of leaves. The seeds of the Kara cultivar kernel, 60 minutes of Perlan + 2 days of soaking in water in the control group (56.0 pcs), and the kernel seeds of the Kara cultivar, respectively, and the seeds with shelled of the best Tombul cultivar (53.6 pcs), produced the best results when the root diameters were measured. The application of 30 minutes of Perlan + 2 days of soaking in water to the seeds kernel of the Kara cultivar produced the best results in terms of leaf area, and the control group produced the best results for the chlorophyll value in the seeds kernel of the Tombul and Kara cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is shifting both the habitat suitability and the timing of critical biological events, such as flowering and fruiting, for plant species across the globe. Here, we ask how both the distribution and phenology of three food-producing shrubs native to northwestern North America might shift as the climate changes. To address this question, we compared gridded climate data with species location data to identify climate variables that best predicted the current bioclimatic niches of beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium), and salal (Gaultheria shallon). We also developed thermal-sum models for the timing of flowering and fruit ripening for these species. We then used multi-model ensemble future climate projections to estimate how species range and phenology may change under future conditions. Modelling efforts showed extreme minimum temperature, climate moisture deficit, and mean summer precipitation were predictive of climatic suitability across all three species. Future bioclimatic niche models project substantial reductions in habitat suitability across the lower elevation and southern portions of the species current ranges by the end of the 21st century. Thermal-sum phenology models for these species indicate that flowering and the ripening of fruits and nuts will advance an average of 25 days by the mid-21st century, and 36 days by the late-21st century under a high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5). Future changes in the climatic niche and phenology of these important food-producing species may alter trophic relationships, with cascading impacts on regional ecosystems.

Climate change is shifting both the habitat suitability and the timing of critical biological events, such as flowering and fruiting, for plant species across the globe. Here, we ask how both the distribution and phenology of three food-producing shrubs native to northwestern North America might shift as the climate changes. To address this question, we compared gridded climate data with species location data to identify climate variables that best predicted the current bioclimatic niches of beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium), and salal (Gaultheria shallon). We also developed thermal-sum models for the timing of flowering and fruit ripening for these species. We then used multi-model ensemble future climate projections to estimate how species range and phenology may change under future conditions. Modelling efforts showed extreme minimum temperature, climate moisture deficit, and mean summer precipitation were predictive of climatic suitability across all three species. Future bioclimatic niche models project substantial reductions in habitat suitability across the lower elevation and southern portions of the species' current ranges by the end of the 21st century. Thermal-sum phenology models for these species indicate that flowering and the ripening of fruits and nuts will advance an average of 25 days by the mid-21st century, and 36 days by the late-21st century under a high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5). Future changes in the climatic niche and phenology of these important food-producing species may alter trophic relationships, with cascading impacts on regional ecosystems.

The endemic people, that live in Indian Himalayan region (IHR), are largely dangling on plant resources for their livelihood. There are various economically significant plants out of which wild edible plants are used for oil, spices and other seasonal materials such as jams, pickles, flowers, etc. Corylus jacquemontii, also known as the Himalayan hazelnut, is a species of hazelnut native to the western Himalayas. It is a large deciduous tree species that belongs to the family Betulaceae. The Himalayan/Indian hazelnut is valued chiefly for its nuts which are beneficial for health purposes and are used in many pharmaceutical industries. Due to its high nutritional value, locals harvest fruits completely that results into poor natural regeneration. Despite its limited distribution, C jacquemontii has gained recognition as a potential alternative to the traditional European hazelnut (C avellana) due to its high yield, resistance to pests and diseases and unique flavour profile. Due to its various uses as food, fuel, fodder and medicine, this species is under extensive threat. The birds, wild animals, insects and also local people feed on the seed of this species. The present study aims at providing an in-depth analysis of the species through a review of available literature and field observations. Results indicate that C jacquemontii has a limited distribution range but it plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem as a food source for wildlife and as a source of income for local communities. Additionally, the taxonomic classification of the species is still debated, highlighting the need for further studies to clarify its relationships with other Corylus species. This research paper aims at providing a comprehensive overview of C jacquemontii, including its botanical description, distribution, morphology and cultivation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuts from hybrid hazels (Corylus americana Walter × Corylus avellana L.) are a burgeoning, novel industry for the Great Lakes region of the United States. As such, scant information exists about the pest complex, although stem-boring beetles in the genus Agrilus Curtis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) have been noted by growers as potential pests. Here, we report results of a comprehensive survey of 186 plants in a hybrid hazel planting consisting of nine cultivars in southeastern Minnesota affected by stem borers. Sixteen percent of the hybrid hazel plants exhibited between 25 and 100% buprestid associated dieback. Morphological and molecular identification of the adult and larval buprestids colonizing hybrid hazel plants revealed that the hazel stem borer, Agrilus pseudocoryli Fisher, was the only species present. Adult A. pseudocoryli were observed on plants between 8 June and 13 July 2021. Plants with higher damage ratings from the hazel stem borer were more likely to exhibit signs of eastern filbert blight (Anisogramma anomala Peck), a fungal pathogen virulent to C. avellana. Some hazel cultivars were more susceptible to damage from stem borers than others. Taken together, our findings suggest that the hazel stem borer has the potential to impact hybrid hazelnut yield. We speculate that a regional drought may have promoted increased populations of the hazel stem borer, as native Agrilus species are often secondary pests that become problematic when environmental stresses decrease host resistance. More research is needed to elucidate interactions between hazels, buprestid pests, and environmental conditions to predict impacts on crop yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Forestry Society of Croatia / Sumarski List Hrvatskoga Sumarskoga Drustva is the property of Forestry Society of Croatia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Palynological and archaeobotanical analyses have been carried out as part of the interdisciplinary project of Colombare di Negrar, a prehistoric site in the Lessini Mountains (northern Italy). The palaeoenvironmental and economic reconstruction from the Late Neolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age was based on 16 pollen samples and three samples of macroremains taken from two contiguous trenches. The landscape reconstruction shows the presence of natural clearings in the wood. Forest cover was characterised by oak wood, with Ulmus and Tilia. The intermediate morphology of size and exine of Tilia cordata/platyphyllos pollen may be regarded as the first palynological evidence of lime hybrids in palaeorecords. Hygrophilous trees and Vitis vinifera testify to the presence of riparian forests and moist soils. Among trees supplying fruits, in addition to the grapevine, hazelnut (Corylus avellana) and walnut (Juglans regia) were present. A mixed economy based on animal breeding and cultivation of cereals (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum, T. timopheevii) emerged from the data. The combined analysis of pollen and plant macroremains suggests that different activities were carried out simultaneously in Colombare and a relationship between natural resources and the socio-economic and cultural evolution of the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is the largest hazelnut producer, and the Trabzon is one of the important provinces with an annual production of 47.000 tons. The citrus longhorned beetle [Anoplophora chinensis (Forster, 1771) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)] is not an indigenous pest to Turkey. It is a poliphagous woodboring beetle with a large host range including ornamental plants and fruit trees such as Citrus and Corylus. The insect was intercepted for the first time on maple and willow plants in a nursery in Istanbul in 2014. Domestic trade of those plants caused the spread of the insect from Istanbul to Trabzon in 2016. Since then, the insect has been spreading at speed in villages of Maçka district. However, the spread of the insect could have not been prevented. The insect was detected in 250 ha in 2020, but the area enlarged to 409 ha in 2021. Quarantine measures and eradication studies have been applied in the region that chemicals were sprayed and infested plants were destroyed. Currently, hazelnut orchards of 286 ha were dismantled and more than 172,000 ocaks were removed and destroyed in Akmescit, Alaçam, Armağan, Bahçekaya, Durali, Esiroğlu, Günay, Hızarlı, Işıklar, Öğütlü and Temelli villages. To compensate the losses, objective yield estimates were made by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry officials and 2.6 $ per kg was set to pay to the growers for the period of 4 years. By the end of 2021, 539 growers were paid of about 1.975,000 $ for compensation. Although the infestation and the spread of the insect is monitored it poses a real threat to hazelnut sector in the Black Sea region.

Introduction: A healthy daily diet and consuming certain nutrients, such as polyphenols, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids, may help neuronal health maintenance. Polyphenolic chemicals, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, are involved in the neuroprotective pathway. Because of their nutritional value, nuts have been shown in recent research to be helpful in neuroprotection., Objective: Hazelnut is often consumed worldwide in various items, including processed foods, particularly in bakery, chocolate, and confectionery products. This nut is an excellent source of vitamins, amino acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, polyphenols, minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids. Consuming hazelnut may attenuate the risk of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant qualities., Results: Many documents introduce hazelnut as an excellent choice to provide neuroprotection against neurodegenerative disorders and there is some direct proof of its neuroprotective effects., Discussion: So hazelnut consumption in daily diet may reduce neurodegenerative disease risk and be advantageous in reducing the imposed costs of dealing with neurodegenerative diseases.

Corylus jacquemontii (Decne.) is an important aromatic plant possessing nutritional and various therapeutic properties. This plant has got wide abundance in the Kashmir region with very low care cost. In this study, Soxhlet extraction was used to obtain different seed extracts. The highest yield observed was 32.25% and 30.27% in petroleum ether and acetone extracts, respectively. Gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector was used to determine the fatty acid profile of petroleum ether extract. Unsaturated fatty acids were found in the dominant amount, notably 79.33% oleic acid. The antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, A. fumigates, and Penicillium marneffei and antioxidant assays such as CAT, APx, SOD, DPPH were observed in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts. The dominant inhibition against A. niger and A. fumigates was displayed by methanol extract with 16.78 mm and 19.23 mm inhibition zone, respectively, while P. marneffei methanol (20.98 mm) acetone (20.27 mm) extracts were most effective. Moreover, all extracts displayed good antioxidant activities. These results increased the attention towards the importance of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extinct betulaceous genus Palaeocarpinus accommodates fossils with a mixture of characters shared by fruits of the extant genera Carpinus and Corylus. Originally described from the Paleocene of southeastern England, the genus has since been recognized in other parts of Europe, North America and Asia, and into the Eocene. Currently, descriptions exist for ten named Palaeocarpinus species. Here we present a comparative review of all known Palaeocarpinus species to evaluate morphology and diversity. We recognize a broader North American range for the Paleocene species P. joffrensis, and establish three new species, including two from the Paleocene of Wyoming, P. pterabaratra and P. pteravestigia, and one from the Eocene of Oregon, P. parva. We also update nomenclature for the species previously recognized from the Paleocene of France. Lastly, we discuss the morphological diversity and characteristics of bracts within Palaeocarpinus, and compare the involucres and nuts to those of extant Carpinus and Corylus to, and consider the evolutionary implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drying is the one of the oldest methods for increasing the shelf life of food products. The objective of the present study was evaluation of effect of different drying temperatures on drying time and storage quality parameters of in-shell hazelnut. Methods: Hazelnuts were dried as a thin layer at three temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C). The time required for drying and quality parameters (lipid and protein content, acidity, and peroxide value) were evaluated. Besides, sensory and oxidation evaluations were performed in order to evaluate the effect of the drying temperatures on quality of hazelnuts before and after 6-month storage. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (V. 16.0). Results: The mean drying times at 40, 50, and 60 °C were 29.75, 25, and 20.25 h, respectively. In fact, an inverse significant (p

Copyright of Journal of Forestry Society of Croatia / Sumarski List Hrvatskoga Sumarskoga Drustva is the property of Forestry Society of Croatia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Self-incompatibility (SI) protects plants from inbreeding depression due to self-pollination and promotes the outcrossing process to maintain a high degree of heterozygosity during evolution. Corylus is an important woody oil and nut species that shows sporophytic SI (SSI). Yet the molecular mechanism of SI in Corylus remains largely unknown. Here we conducted self- (" Dawei" × " Dawei") and cross-pollination (" Dawei" × " Liaozhen No. 7") experiments and then performed an RNA-Seq analysis to investigate the mechanism of pollen–stigma interactions and identify those genes that may be responsible for SSI in Corylus. We uncovered 19,163 up- and 13,314 downregulated genes from the comparison of different pollination treatments. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in plant–pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and MAPK signaling pathway–plant. We found many notable genes potentially involved in pollen–stigma interactions and SSI mechanisms, including genes encoding receptor-like protein kinases (RLK), calcium-related genes, disease-resistance genes, and WRKY transcription factors. Four upregulated and five downregulated DEGs were consistently identified in those comparison groups involving self-incompatible pollination, suggesting they had important roles in pollen–pistil interactions. We further identified the S -locus region of the Corylus heterophylla genome based on molecular marker location. This predicted S -locus contains 38 genes, of which 8 share the same functional annotation as the S -locus genes of Corylus avellana : two PIX7 homologous genes (EVM0002129 and EVM0025536), three MIK2 homologous genes (EVM0002422, EVM0005666, and EVM0009820), one aldose 1-epimerase (EVM0002095), one 3-dehydroquinate synthase II (EVM0021283), and one At3g28850 homologous gene (EVM0016149). By characterizing the pistil process during the early postpollination phase via transcriptomic analysis, this study provides new knowledge and lays the foundation for subsequent analyses of pollen-pistil interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers are raising concerns over the ethical and social acceptability of feeding regimes used in animal-based food productions. However, the use of agro-industrial by-products, such as hazelnut skins as a strategy to reduce the environmental impact of livestock production may be negatively perceived from the consumer's perspective. Here, we investigated the factors predicting consumers' intentions to try meat obtained from cattle fed hazelnut skins. Nine hundred Italian regular meat consumers were recruited via an online provider of market research panels. Three different framings were presented to consumers as meat products fed with food industry by-products vs possessing either feed quality or an environmental benefit. Consumers generally responded positively to the product when they were informed that it helps promote sustainable production, reduces food waste, or improves feed quality, with no significant difference between framings. Consumers who reported not to be very concerned about feeding methods and to have a low green self-identity tended to be more skeptical towards the use of alternative feeds. The level of neophobia significantly influenced the respondents' risk perceptions. Our findings suggest that product characteristics and risk and benefit perceptions will significantly influence the acceptance of hazelnut skins as feed ingredient. The factor "environmental benefits" was a key predictor of "willingness to try", while concerns about the potential health effects were identified as a major barrier to accepting novel feed alternatives. This research confirms the great need to educate consumers in order to empower meat choices that are environmentally friendly at the production system level., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Self-incompatibility (SI) protects plants from inbreeding depression due to self-pollination and promotes the outcrossing process to maintain a high degree of heterozygosity during evolution. Corylus is an important woody oil and nut species that shows sporophytic SI (SSI). Yet the molecular mechanism of SI in Corylus remains largely unknown. Here we conducted self- (“Dawei” × “Dawei”) and cross-pollination (“Dawei” × “Liaozhen No. 7”) experiments and then performed an RNA-Seq analysis to investigate the mechanism of pollen–stigma interactions and identify those genes that may be responsible for SSI in Corylus. We uncovered 19,163 up- and 13,314 downregulated genes from the comparison of different pollination treatments. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in plant–pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and MAPK signaling pathway–plant. We found many notable genes potentially involved in pollen–stigma interactions and SSI mechanisms, including genes encoding receptor-like protein kinases (RLK), calcium-related genes, disease-resistance genes, and WRKY transcription factors. Four upregulated and five downregulated DEGs were consistently identified in those comparison groups involving self-incompatible pollination, suggesting they had important roles in pollen–pistil interactions. We further identified the S-locus region of the Corylus heterophylla genome based on molecular marker location. This predicted S-locus contains 38 genes, of which 8 share the same functional annotation as the S-locus genes of Corylus avellana: two PIX7 homologous genes (EVM0002129 and EVM0025536), three MIK2 homologous genes (EVM0002422, EVM0005666, and EVM0009820), one aldose 1-epimerase (EVM0002095), one 3-dehydroquinate synthase II (EVM0021283), and one At3g28850 homologous gene (EVM0016149). By characterizing the pistil process during the early postpollination phase via transcriptomic analysis, this study provides new knowledge and lays the foundation for subsequent analyses of pollen-pistil interactions.

The analyses of morphological seed traits of Turkish hazel have been performed in the marginal part of its natural range for the purpose of familiarizing with the variability of its natural populations. In September 2020, the seeds were collected in one cultivated and seven natural populations of Turkish hazel for the purpose of research. The inter-population variability was determined based on five measured morphometric parameters and one derived ratio. Nut length ranges from 15.24 to 17.76 mm, width from 14.17 to 15.80 mm, thickness from 10.92 to 12.38, and weight from 1.23 to 1.45 g. The obtained results showed the presence of significant variability of morphological seed traits and indicated high phenotypic variability of the researched traits and genetic differentiation of Turkish hazel populations in Serbia. The Južni Kučaj population has the largest nuts, so it can be recommended as a future seed source. The Sokolovica population has the smallest nuts. The highest variability was determined in the populations of Vukan-Krilaš and Divčibare. Therefore, the selection of these two populations for seed facilities has been confirmed as right in the conducted analyses. The results of the analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences among the researched populations for all observed traits. The available gene pool of Turkish hazel is characterized by a satisfactory degree of genetic variability, representing a good starting point for the further breeding process. The studied populations must be included in continuous conservation and breeding processes, especially by forms of in situ and ex situ conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest trends in hazelnut production are moving in the direction of selection and breeding of more productive cultivars, isolation of native clones, and more intensive clonal selection of rootstocks aimed at enhancing the agronomic performance of plants. Serbia stands out in the production of quality planting material by grafting on Turkish filbert (Corylus colurna L.), which does not form shoots and develops in the form of a tree. The aim of this research was to investigate the success achieved by grafting leading Italian cultivars (Tonda gentile romana, Tonda di Giffoni, and Tonda Gentile della Langhe) and their clones on Turkish filbert seedlings using technology developed at the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia, as well as determine possible differences in the quality and variability of the obtained planting material. For this purpose, from the end of March to the end of April, two-year-old C. colurna generative rootstocks (seedlings) were grafted by the whip and tongue method. At the beginning of September, the grafted plants were counted, and after the plants entered the dormant period (autumn in the year of grafting), they were taken out of the soil and classified. The obtained results revealed that the chosen hazel cultivars and clones exhibited excellent grafting success rate. In both analyzed years, as well as throughout the entire study period, greater grafting success was achieved using clones relative to the main cultivars. Over the two-year study period, the highest grafting success was achieved by clone AD17. Class I grafted plants were obtained in 80% of the cases, especially with Tombesi and AD17 clones, while significantly fewer Class I grafted plants were produced by grafting basic cultivars. Clones AD17 and Tombesi also produced grafted plants of greatest height and graft union diameter. All clones exhibited superior uniformity (i.e., a more stable grafting success) relative to their basic cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though silicon is frequent compound in soil, its use in plant nutrient media is rare. Based on known physiological role and up to now performed studies it seems that silicon has a good potential to improve growth characteristics of in vitro cultivated plants. Before practical application, however, it is always necessary to assess the optimal conditions of application with regard to the fact that plant reactions to different chemicals added to nutritional media can vary on the species or even cultivar level. The presented study evaluate effects of potassium silicate used in in vitro cultivation media on growth parameters of Prunus persica × Prunus davidiana ‘Cadaman,‘ Prunus × amygdalopersica ‘GF 677‘ and Corylus avellana ‘Tonda di Giffoni‘ genotypes, which are frequently subject of commercial in vitro multiplication. In fact, four different concentrations of potassium silicate was added to the multiplication media, control medium was left silicon-free. Three different characteristics were observed during cultivation – number of new shoots per explant, weight of a new plant and length of new shoots, from which number of new shoots per explant was considered the most important factor. In all cases a positive effects of potassium silicate on the condition and other growth parameters of treated cultures were observed. In ‘Cadaman‘ culture significant growth changes appeared on media with 20 mg.l-1 potassium silicate, which can be recommended for future applications. For ‘GF 677‘ the best results were obtained on media with 2 mg.l-1 which can be recommended for improving condition and number of shoots on new plants. For hazelnut genotype ‘Tonda di Giffoni‘ best results were obtained on media with 10 mg.l-1 of potassium silicate, but also use of 5 mg.l-1 of potassium silicate significantly improved growth parameters. Generally, presented study provides important and practically useful insights into the practical use of silicon in cultivation media designated for commercial in vitro micropropagation.

Background: Hazelnut oil has a unique structure with a high oleic acid content, tocopherol, tocotrienols, and other bioactive compounds, such as phytosterols. These biochemical compounds have been widely studied because of their potential health properties. Understanding the process of apoptosis is the basis of new therapies contributing to cancer cells' death. Recently, the potential role of the evolutionary-reserved bcl-2 protein family in tumor progression and prognosis of some malignancies has been addressed in several studies. The present study is aimed at evaluating the effect of apoptotic properties of hazelnut oil on colorectal cancer cells through the major members of this family (bax and bcl-2). Materials and Methods: MTT assay, apoptotic cell staining (using Annexin V and propidium iodide), flow cytometry, and real-time PCR were used to evaluate the toxicity, percentage of apoptotic cells, and bax and bcl-2 genes' expression after exposing HT29 cells to hazelnut oil. Results: After hazelnut treatment, significant decreases in cell viability, and the gene expression of bax and bcl-2 were observed compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the total percentage of apoptotic cells after hazelnut oil treatment showed a significant increase in comparison with the negative control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Hazelnut oil appears to cause the death of cancerous cells through an apoptotic mechanism.

The latest trends in hazelnut production are moving in the direction of selection and breeding of more productive cultivars, isolation of native clones, and more intensive clonal selection of rootstocks aimed at enhancing the agronomic performance of plants. Serbia stands out in the production of quality planting material by grafting on Turkish filbert (Corylus colurna L.), which does not form shoots and develops in the form of a tree. The aim of this research was to investigate the success achieved by grafting leading Italian cultivars (Tonda gentile romana, Tonda di Giffoni, and Tonda Gentile della Langhe) and their clones on Turkish filbert seedlings using technology developed at the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia, as well as determine possible differences in the quality and variability of the obtained planting material. For this purpose, from the end of March to the end of April, two-year-old C. colurna generative rootstocks (seedlings) were grafted by the whip and tongue method. At the beginning of September, the grafted plants were counted, and after the plants entered the dormant period (autumn in the year of grafting), they were taken out of the soil and classified. The obtained results revealed that the chosen hazel cultivars and clones exhibited excellent grafting success rate. In both analyzed years, as well as throughout the entire study period, greater grafting success was achieved using clones relative to the main cultivars. Over the two-year study period, the highest grafting success was achieved by clone AD17. Class I grafted plants were obtained in 80% of the cases, especially with Tombesi and AD17 clones, while significantly fewer Class I grafted plants were produced by grafting basic cultivars. Clones AD17 and Tombesi also produced grafted plants of greatest height and graft union diameter. All clones exhibited superior uniformity (i.e., a more stable grafting success) relative to their basic cultivars.

This study examined the effects of spread formulation and the structural/lubricant properties of six different commercial hazelnut and cocoa spreads on sensory perception. Rheology, tribology, and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) was assessed by also evaluating the correlation coefficients between the quality descriptor and the rheological and textural parameters. The viscosity was evaluated at different temperatures to better simulate conditions before and after ingestion. Tribological analysis was executed at 37°C to mimic the human oral cavity. The effect of saliva presence and the number of runs on tribological behaviors was investigated. Moreover, textural, calorimetric, and particle size distribution measurements were performed to reinforce the correlation between structural/thermal parameters (e.g., firmness, stickiness, sugar melting point) and sensory aspects. "Visual viscosity," defined as a sensory attribute evaluated prior to consumption, negatively correlated with apparent viscosity measured at 20°C and 10 s -1 , whereas "body," defined during oral processing and related to creaminess, positively correlated with apparent viscosity measured at 37°C and 50 s -1 . These attributes were mainly influenced by particulate microstructure and solid volume fraction within the formulation. Textural stickiness positively correlated with sensory "adhesiveness" and was related to fat composition and milk powder addition, while "sweetness" was related to sucrose content and sugar melting enthalpy. Tribological data provided meaningful information related to particle-derived attributes, as well as after-coating perception (fattiness/oiliness), thus better predicting food evolution during oral consumption., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Interspecific American-European hazelnut (Corylus americana × C. avellana) hybrids are being developed for the Upper Midwest region of the United States, which have potential economic and ecological benefits. Currently, researchers are working on pre-commercialization initiatives to create a local hazelnut industry. However, a lack of knowledge on the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of the hybrid hazelnuts have been identified as potential limitations to production. This study investigated consumer responses to hybrid hazelnuts, employing hedonic ratings and check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions. Twelve roasted hazelnut hybrids were subjected to consumer evaluation for liking (aroma, color, flavor, texture, and overall) and aroma and flavor descriptors. Consumers also evaluated two European hazelnut varieties for comparative purposes. Liking scores were significantly different (p < 0.05) across different hybrid varieties and when comparing specific hybrids with European varieties. CATA sensory profiles specific to different varieties were also observed and discriminating attributes were identified using multiple-response methodologies. Penalty analysis based on CATA further identified the attributes roasty, hazelnut-like, caramel-like, chocolate-like, sweet, and salty as primary drivers of aroma/flavor liking, while earthy, burnt, and bitter were identified as primary drivers of disliking. Overall, unique flavors that impacted liking were found in hybrid hazelnuts and, when compared with European hazelnuts, provided insights for breeding and post-processing strategies to optimize product quality., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Food Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists.)

Hazelnut is popular for its flavor, and it has also been suggested that hazelnut is beneficial to cardiovascular health because it is rich in oleic acid. Here, we report the first high-quality chromosome-scale genome for the hazelnut species Corylus mandshurica (2n = 22), which has a high concentration of oleic acid in its nuts. The assembled genome is 367.67 Mb in length, and the contig N50 is 14.85 Mb. All contigs were assembled into 11 chromosomes, and 28,409 protein-coding genes were annotated. We reconstructed the evolutionary trajectories of the genomes of Betulaceae species and revealed that the 11 chromosomes of the hazelnut genus were derived from the most ancestral karyotype in Betula pendula, which has 14 protochromosomes, by inferring homology among five Betulaceae genomes. We identified 96 candidate genes involved in oleic acid biosynthesis, and 10 showed rapid evolution or positive selection. These findings will help us to understand the mechanisms of lipid synthesis and storage in hazelnuts. Several gene families related to salicylic acid metabolism and stress responses experienced rapid expansion in this hazelnut species, which may have increased its stress tolerance. The reference genome presented here constitutes a valuable resource for molecular breeding and genetic improvement of the important agronomic properties of hazelnut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drying is the one of the oldest methods for increasing the shelf life of food products. The objective of the present study was evaluation of effect of different drying temperatures on drying time and storage quality parameters of in-shell hazelnut. Methods: Hazelnuts were dried as a thin layer at three temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C). The time required for drying and quality parameters (lipid and protein content, acidity, and peroxide value) were evaluated. Besides, sensory and oxidation evaluations were performed in order to evaluate the effect of the drying temperatures on quality of hazelnuts before and after 6-month storage. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (V. 16.0). Results: The mean drying times at 40, 50, and 60 °C were 29.75, 25, and 20.25 h, respectively. In fact, an inverse significant (p<0.05) relationship was observed between temperature and time of the hazelnuts drying process. The mean protein content of the hazelnuts dried at 40, 50, and 60 °C were 13.06, 12.83, and 13.62 (% dry basis), respectively. Lipid content of the samples were significantly (p<0.05) increased with drying temperature. The lowest acidity and peroxide values were recorded for the samples dried at 60 °C with the values of 0.15% oleic acid and 1.3 meq/kg, respectively. Sensory results showed that all of the treated hazelnuts were acceptable after six months storage. Conclusion: The evidences of the present study point that in-shell hazelnuts drying at temperature of 60 °C can lead to production of good quality products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of the inclusion of extruded linseed and hazelnut skin on fatty acid (FA) metabolism in finishing lambs. Forty lambs were divided into 4 groups and fed for 60 d with: a conventional cereal-based diet, or the same diet with 8% of extruded linseed, or 15% of hazelnut skin, or 4% of linseed plus 7.5% of hazelnut skin as partial replacement of maize. Dietary treatments did not affect growth performances, carcass traits, and ruminal fermentation. The combined effect of linseed and hazelnut skin enriched the intramuscular fat with health promoting FA. Particularly, increases in α-linolenic acid (3.75-fold), and very long-chain n-3 poly-unsaturated FA (+ 40%) were attributed to the supplementation with linseed, rich in α-linolenic acid. In addition, increases in rumenic (+ 33%), and vaccenic (+ 59%) acids were attributed to hazelnut skin tannins modulating ruminal biohydrogenation and accumulating intermediate metabolites. The simultaneous inclusion of linseed and hazelnut skin can be a profitable strategy for enriching the intramuscular fat of lambs with health promoting FA, without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation and animal performance., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study investigated the influence of substituting 60, 80, and 100% of the sugar in traditional cocoa hazelnut paste (control) formulation with inulin-stevia (90:10, w/w) mixture on textural and rheological characteristics, melting behavior, water activity (a w ), particle size distribution (PSD), and color. Textural, rheological, melting properties, and color of samples were analyzed after 1, 2, and 3 months of storage at 11°C. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry experiments were also performed to understand the interaction of new ingredients with oil. Replacement of sugar with inulin-stevia gave darker color, reduced Casson yield stress, and changed the textural parameters and melting profile of the samples depending on the level but did not create a remarkable effect on PSD and Casson plastic viscosity. Increasing inulin-stevia content yielded lower a w and higher T 2a values indicating decreased mobility of water. Complete removal of sugar caused low spreadability. The results showed that an 80% replacement level yielded a product with similar textural parameters and fat-melting mouth feeling compared to control sample. Cocoa hazelnut spreads prepared with inulin and stevia showed good textural stability during storage., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Texture Studies published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The consumption of macadamia nuts has increased due to their cardioprotective and antioxidant properties. However, this rise is consistent with an increase in the cases of macadamia nut allergy, leading to severe reactions. Although two Macadamia integrifolia allergens (Mac i 1 and Mac i 2) have been identified in Australian and Japanese patients, the allergenic sensitization patterns in Western European populations, particularly in Spain, remain unclear. For this purpose, seven patients with macadamia nut allergy were recruited in Spain. Macadamia nut protein extracts were prepared and, together with hazelnut and walnut extracts, were used in Western blot and inhibition assays. IgE-reactive proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS). Immunoblotting assays revealed various IgE-binding proteins in macadamia nut extracts. Mass spectrometry identified three new allergens: an oleosin, a pectin acetylesterase, and an aspartyl protease. Cross-reactivity studies showed that hazelnut extract but not walnut extract inhibited macadamia nut oleosin-specific IgE binding. This suggests that oleosin could be used as marker for macadamia-hazelnut cross-reactivity. The results show an allergenic profile in the Spanish cohort different from that previously detected in Australian and Japanese populations. The distinct sensitization profiles observed highlight the potential influence of dietary habits and environmental factors exposure on allergenicity.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is widespread and seriously threatens public health worldwide. This study aimed to investigate AFB1 in imported hazelnut samples in northwest of Iran (Eastern Azerbaijan Province) using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorescent Detector (HPLC-FLD). In all tested samples AFB1 was detected. The mean concentration of AFB1 was 4.20 μg/kg and ranged from 3.145 to 8.13 μg/kg. All samples contained AFB1 levels within the maximum acceptable limit except for one sample. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment of AFB1 from consuming imported hazelnuts by Iranian children and adults was evaluated based on the margin of exposure (MoE) and quantitative liver cancer risk approaches. The MoE mean for children was 2529.76, while for adults, it was 8854.16, indicating a public health concern. The present study found that the risk of developing liver cancer among Iranian children was 0.11100736 per 100,000 people, and in the Iranian adult population was 0.0314496 cancers per 100,000 people. Since environmental conditions potentially affect aflatoxin levels in nuts, countries are advised to monitor aflatoxin contents in imported nuts, especially from countries with a conducive climate for mold growth., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The hazel allergen Cor a 1 is a PR-10 protein, closely related to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. Hazel allergies are caused by cross-reactive IgE antibodies originally directed against Bet v 1. Despite the importance of PR-10 proteins in allergy development, their function and localization in the plant remain largely elusive. Therefore, the presence of Cor a 1 mRNA and proteins was investigated in different tissues, i.e., the female flower, immature and mature nuts, catkins, and pollen. Four yet unknown Cor a 1 isoallergens, i.e., Cor a 1.0501-1.0801, and one new Cor a 1.03 variant were discovered and characterized. Depending on the isoallergen, the occurrence and level of mRNA expression varied in different tissues, suggesting different functions. Interestingly, Cor a 1.04 previously thought to be only present in nuts, was also detected in catkins and pollen. The corresponding Cor a 1 genes were expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified proteins were analysed by CD and NMR spectroscopy. Immunoblots and ELISAs to determine their allergenic potential showed that the new proteins reacted positively with sera from patients allergic to birch, hazel and elder pollen and were recognized as novel isoallergens/variants by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The goal of this study was to compare hazel pollen seasons in Sosnowiec in 1997–2019 and to analyse the impact of weather conditions on these seasons. The measurements were conducted using a volumetric method with a Burkard spore trap. The duration of pollen seasons was determined using the 98% method. SPI (Seasonal Pollen Index) was calculated as the sum of daily pollen concentrations in a given season. The measurements showed that high temperatures in January and February had an impact on the beginning of the hazel pollen season. They revealed that there are positive correlations with temperatures and sunshine hours long before the season, i.e. 210–180 days before. The daily hazel pollen concentration in Sosnowiec showed a positive and statistically significant correlation with air temperature, sunshine hours, and average and maximum wind speed. Negative correlation was demonstrated for snow cover depth and relative humidity of the air. Daily concentration levels depend also on the type of weather front as well as direction of air mass flow and its type. Variance analysis showed that the highest concentrations of hazel pollen grains were recorded when warm air moves from the south and south–western direction, whereas the lowest ones were noted for air moving from the east, south–east, north and north–east directions. Atmospheric precipitation, snow cover depth, and average, maximum, minimum and near-the-ground temperatures in the season also had an impact on the SPI of hazel pollen grains. High positive correlation coefficients were also observed in the case of thermal conditions, sunshine hours, relative humidity and precipitation from July to September in the year preceding a given pollen season. The duration of the hazel pollen season depends on precipitation, snow cover depth and temperature during a given season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though silicon is frequent compound in soil, its use in plant nutrient media is rare. Based on known physiological role and up to now performed studies it seems that silicon has a good potential to improve growth characteristics of in vitro cultivated plants. Before practical application, however, it is always necessary to assess the optimal conditions of application with regard to the fact that plant reactions to different chemicals added to nutritional media can vary on the species or even cultivar level. The presented study evaluate effects of potassium silicate used in in vitro cultivation media on growth parameters of Prunus persica × Prunus davidiana 'Cadaman,' Prunus × amygdalopersica 'GF 677' and Corylus avellana 'Tonda di Giffoni' genotypes, which are frequently subject of commercial in vitro multiplication. In fact, four different concentrations of potassium silicate was added to the multiplication media, control medium was left silicon-free. Three different characteristics were observed during cultivation – number of new shoots per explant, weight of a new plant and length of new shoots, from which number of new shoots per explant was considered the most important factor. In all cases a positive effects of potassium silicate on the condition and other growth parameters of treated cultures were observed. In 'Cadaman' culture significant growth changes appeared on media with 20 mg.l-1 potassium silicate, which can be recommended for future applications. For 'GF 677' the best results were obtained on media with 2 mg.l-1 which can be recommended for improving condition and number of shoots on new plants. For hazelnut genotype 'Tonda di Giffoni' best results were obtained on media with 10 mg.l-1 of potassium silicate, but also use of 5 mg.l-1 of potassium silicate significantly improved growth parameters. Generally, presented study provides important and practically useful insights into the practical use of silicon in cultivation media designated for commercial in vitro micropropagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Plants respond to changes in their environments through hormonal activation of a physiological cascade that redirects metabolic resources and growth. In filberts (Corylus sp.), chelated iron promotes the growth of new shoots but the mechanism(s) are not understood. Objectives: To use untargeted metabolomics and hormonomics approaches to generate novel hypotheses for the morphoregulatory role of ferric ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-(ortho-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid (Fe-EDDHA) in filbert shoot organogenesis in vitro. Methods: Data were generated using previously optimized standardized untargeted metabolomics protocols with time of flight mass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical tools (principal component and partial least squares discriminant analysis) did not detect significant differences. Discovery tools Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM), multiple linear regression analysis, Bayesian analysis, logical algorithms, machine learning, synthetic biotransformations, targeted hormonomics, and online resources including MetaboAnalyst were used. Results: Starch/sucrose metabolism and shikimate pathway metabolites were increased. Dose dependent decreases were found in polyphenol metabolism, specifically ellagic acid and its methylated derivative 3,4,3′-tri-O-methylellagic acid. Hormonomics analysis revealed significant differences in phytohormones and their conjugates. FeEDDHA treatment reduced indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid conjugates (JA-Trp, JA-Ile, OH-JA) and dihydrozeatinglucoside in regenerating explants. Serotonin (5HT) was decreased in FeEDDHA-treated regenerating tissues while the related metabolite melatonin was increased. Eight phenolic conjugates of 5HT and eight catabolites were affected by FeEDDHA indicating that metabolism to sequester, deactivate and metabolize 5HT was induced by Fe(III). Tryptophan was metabolized through kynurenine but not anthranilate. Conclusion: Seven novel hypotheses were generated to guide future studies to understand the regulatory control(s) of shoot organogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Projecting future distributions of species under climate change remains a particular challenge for species that are trophically interacting. Interaction partners are often assumed to react differently to climate change, causing spatial mismatches in future distributions and increased extinction risks. We compare potential direct effects of climate change with combined direct and indirect effects mediated via food plants on a highly specialized bird species. Location: Europe. Taxon: European spotted nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes). Methods: We used climate‐based species distribution models to project probabilities of occurrence of European spotted nutcrackers and their main food sources, Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) and common hazel (Corylus avellana) under climate change. We combined direct climate change effects on the bird and indirect effects via the food plants by calculating the probabilities of plants and nutcrackers occurring together. Results: We find considerable projected northward shifts in future occurrences of nutcrackers under climate change and similar effects on hazel. In contrast, projections for Swiss stone pine indicate minor altitudinal upward shifts. Combined projections of direct and indirect effects of climate change indicate less pronounced shifts of nutcrackers' occurrences, due to relatively small changes in pine's occurrences and to suitable hazel occurrence shifts. Main conclusions: Our study suggests that potential effects of climate change on the future distribution of the nutcracker might be overestimated when ignoring trophically interacting plants in future projections. Models of direct effects of climate change on nutcrackers' occurrence probabilities project greater range losses than models of combined direct and indirect effects via resource plants. Therefore, considering biotic interactions does not necessarily increase the risks that climate change may impose on species distributions, but could reduce overestimation of potential range losses in rapidly changing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creation of accessible domestic drug for the treatment and prevention of thrombotic venous damage, which would be able to adjust maximum range of disorders with minimal side effects, is actual direction of the pharmacology. The aim of this work is to study the pharmacological activity of the extract from the leaves of Corylus avellana on the experimental model of thrombophlebitis in rabbit’s ears. Materials and methods. Experimental thrombophlebitis was reproduced by overlaying the ligature on the rabbit ear border vein and introduction of Lugol solution in the vein cavity. This model allows to impaired blood flow as a result of stasis and inflammation of the vein wall, which is typical for the majority of thrombotic conditions in humans. Histological studies were carried out in accordance with standardized methods of light microscopy for the more detailed assessment of the pathological process intensity in the wall of the vein and its correction study by medication compared with the control group. Results. It has been established that animals treated with the Corylus avellana leaves extract have damaged area of the ear by 23 % less in comparison with the control group on the first day of the experiment. On the 5th day of the experiment, the extract significantly reduced the inflammation area by 24 %, and on the 10th day – by 73 %. According to expression of the protective effect, the extract statistically significantly prevailed over comparison drug eskuvit throughout all experiment. The study of histological samples showed that the extract contributed to thrombolysis, prevented the destruction of the vascular wall, degenerative changes and reduced inflammation in the surrounding tissues and showed more demonstrative impact compared to the reference drug. Conclusions. The obtained results are an evidence of the anti-inflammatory, vein-protective and thrombolytic action that have the superiority over eskuvit tablets. Thus, the results of this study allow to recommend the extract of Corylus avellana leaves as expressed vein-protective remedy.

Türkiye is leading country for hazelnut production and hazelnut orchards are widely established in Black Sea belt. Akçakoca district belongs to Duzce province is accepted as one of the most important production areas. In this research, volatile aroma components in nuts (kernels) of Çakıldak, Kara, Sarı (Mincane), Tombul and Yomra hazelnut varieties grown in Akçakoca district were determined by SPME/GC-MS. The analysis revealed the presence a total of 55 different volatile aroma components. These analyzes identified the presence of 39 descriptive volatile aroma compounds with significant differences between varieties. Çakıldak variety differed from the other varieties in terms of Isopentyl alcohol and Ethyl acetate components. At the same time, some volatile aroma compounds are commonly detected among the all varieties. This study has shown that the climate and soil conditions of Akçakoca cause the emergence of unique taste profiles through the effect of hazelnut varieties on volatile aroma components. The findings emphasize that regional diversity and local ecosystem factors play a critical role in determining flavor in hazelnut kernels. This study also emphasizes that variety selection is a critical factor in ensuring sustainability in hazelnut cultivation and that determining volatile aroma components is an important indicator in this selection.

Soil respiration (R S ) is one of the largest terrestrial sources of CO 2 causing global warming and may vary according to land use and vegetation type. Türkiye is in the first place in the world in terms of area of hazelnut orchards that are generally converted from natural forests. The aim of this study was the comparison of the effects of cultural practices (pruning, fertilizing, and pruning+fertilizing) on R S in hazelnut orchards and that of the adjacent natural oak forest. Every trial site had a statistically similar annual mean R S , which ranged from 0.15 to 1.55 g C m -2 day -1 . The R S on the sites was different only in the spring season and was similar in the other seasons. The R S of the pruned and fertilized hazelnut orchard (H pf ) in the spring was 58% greater than the unmaintained hazelnut orchard (H c ) and oak forest and 28% greater than the only fertilized hazelnut orchard (H f ). The R S of H pf was also greater than other sites in most monthly measurements. While the positive correlation between soil moisture and R S was on an annual basis (r = 0.44), it was higher in summer (r = 0.61) and autumn (r = 0.55) seasons. The negative correlation between soil temperature and R S in the summer and autumn seasons evolved positively in winter. The results of the study suggest that the maintenance practices applied in the hazelnut garden could increase R S in the spring when soil moisture and temperature are optimal but have no effect in other seasons or on an annual basis., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Mixing animal waste and agricultural waste in certain proportions forms agricultural compost through appropriate air, time, and water supply. One of their use areas is directly used as fertilizer, and the other one is used as a material that can partially or completely replace P (peat) in the PGM (plant growth media). In this study, the initial mixtures with an appropriate C/N ratio and moisture content, which were created by mixing cow manure, chicken manure, hazelnut husk, hazelnut pruning wastes, vegetable and fruit wastes, and dry leaves, were composted for 180 days. The physicochemical properties of the mature composts were determined. Their effects on the fruit yield (weight of fruits) and plant height of pepper seedlings were evaluated in pot and field experiments. N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus), Cu (copper), and Zn (zinc) content were the highest in C4 (2.59%, 1.12%, 83.11 mg/kg, and 605.3 mg/kg). K (potassium) and Mn (manganese) content in C3 (1.79% and 750.5 mg/kg) and Fe (iron) content in C1 (4025 mg/kg) were determined to be the highest. There was no phytotoxic effect of all composts on Lepidium sativum seeds. Except for pH and organic matter, C1 45%, C1 20%, C4 45%, C4 20%, and P 90% met the requirements for ideal media. The mean height of eight-week seedlings increased in media of C1 20%, C1 45%, C2 20%, C2 45%, and C4 20%, but decreased in media of C3 90%. In field studies, while the highest yield was determined in C3 as 1530 g/plant, the lowest yield was 765.5 g/plant in control. The highest mean height was observed in C3 at 76.33 cm; the lowest was 63.03 cm in control., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are biodegradable particles that have emerged as promising stabilizers for Pickering emulsions. This study investigated the effectiveness of CNCs in forming the Pickering emulsion from hazelnut shells (HS), an agricultural waste. Following the alkaline and bleaching treatments applied to HS, CNCs were obtained from treated hazelnut shell with acid hydrolysis. The physicochemical characteristics of CNCs were investigated using dynamic light scattering, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. A high crystalline (69.6 %) CNCs with a spherical shape were obtained. Contact angle and interfacial tension tests were conducted and showed that CNCs had amphiphilic nature. Pickering emulsions were investigated for their size, zeta potential, and stability under varying CNC concentrations. The results showed that when CNCs concentration increased from 0.5 to 2.0 wt%, droplet diameter decreased approximately 1.8 times and zeta potential increased. Creaming was not observed during 28 days of storage in a concentration of 2.0 wt% CNCs. The CNC stabilized emulsions exhibited high stability within a range of pH, temperatures, and salt concentrations. This study demonstrated that CNCs extracted from HS as environmentally friendly and cost-effective materials, could serve as a new stabilizer for Pickering emulsions especially for high temperature and low pH sensitive products such as mayonnaise., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to evaluate the association between iris color and refractive errors in children aged 6-12 years. This cross-sectional study was based on data obtained from the first phase of the Shahroud Schoolchildren Eye Cohort Study. The target population was 6 to12 year-old students living in urban and rural areas. Iris colors were classified by comparing eye colors with close-up images of iris colors. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ - 0.5 diopter and hyperopia was defined as SE ≥ 2 diopter in cycloplegic refraction. The association of iris color with hyperopia and myopia was investigated by fitting two separate multiple logistic regression models adjusted for place of residence, age, sex, and times for outdoor activity and near work. Among the 5394 participates with the mean age of 9.7 year, the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia was 4.8% and 4.7% respectively. The number and proportion (in parentheses) of amber, light blue, light brown, dark brown, gray, green and hazel iris colors were 19(0.4%), 26(0.5%), 645(12.0%), 4517(83.7%), 4(0.1%), 59(1.1%), and 124(2.3%) respectively. Compared to dark brown, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (in parentheses) of myopia were 4.8(1.2-18.7), 0.8(0.1-5.8), 1.0(0.7-1.5), 0.4(0.1-2.7) and 0.6(0.2-1.8) for amber, light blue, light brown, green and hazel iris colors in multiple logistic regression model. No significant association was observed between iris colors and hyperopia. This study shows that amber iris is significantly associated with higher odds of myopia. These children should be further monitored and examined. More studies with higher sample size in all iris colors are recommended., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Hazel leaf, a by-product of hazelnuts, is commonly used in traditional folk medicine in Portugal, Sweden, Iran and other regions for properties such as vascular protection, anti-bleeding, anti-edema, anti-infection, and pain relief. Based on our previous studies, the polyphenol extract from hazel leaf was identified and quantified via HPLC fingerprint. The contents of nine compounds including kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, myricetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, resveratrol, luteolin, gallic acid and ellagic acid in hazel leaf polyphenol extract (ZP) were preliminary calculated, among which kaempferol was the highest with 221.99 mg/g, followed by chlorogenic acid with 8.23 mg/g. The inhibition of ZP on α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase activities was determined via the chemical method, and the inhibition on xanthine oxidase was better. Then, the effect of ZP on hyperuricemia zebrafish was investigated. It was found that ZP obviously reduced the levels of uric acid, xanthine oxidase, urea nitrogen and creatinine, and up-regulated the expression ofOAT1 and HPRT genes in hyperuricemia zebrafish. Finally, the targeted network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking of nine polyphenol compounds were performed to search for relevant mechanisms for alleviating hyperuricemia. These results will provide a valuable basis for the development and application of hazel leaf polyphenols as functional ingredients.

In batch-scale operations, biosorption employing phosphorylated hazelnut shell waste (FHS) revealed excellent lithium removal and recovery efficiency. Scaling up and implementing packed bed column systems necessitates further design and performance optimization. Lithium biosorption via FHS was investigated utilizing a continuous-flow packed-bed column operated under various flow rates and bed heights to remove Li to ultra-low levels and recover it. The Li biosorption capacity of the FHS column was unaffected by the bed height, however, when the flow rate was increased, the capacity of the FHS column decreased. The breakthrough time, exhaustion time, and uptake capacity of the column bed increased with increasing column bed height, whereas they decreased with increasing influent flow rate. At flow rates of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mL/min, bed volumes (BVs, mL solution/mL biosorbent) at the breakthrough point were found to be 477, 369, and 347, respectively, with the required BVs for total saturation point of 941, 911, and 829, while the total capacity was calculated as 22.29, 20.07, and 17.69 mg Li/g sorbent. In the 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 cm height columns filled with FHS, the breakthrough times were 282, 366, and 433 min, respectively, whereas the periods required for saturation were 781, 897, and 1033 min. The three conventional breakthrough models of the Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Modified Dose-Response (MDR) were used to properly estimate the whole breakthrough behavior of the FHS column and the characteristic model parameters. Li's extremely favorable separation utilizing FHS was evidenced by the steep S-shape of the breakthrough curves for both parameters flow rate and bed height. The reusability of FHS was demonstrated by operating the packed bed column in multi-cycle mode, with no appreciable loss in column performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Asli YUKSEL reports financial support was provided by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Asli Yuksel reports a relationship with Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey that includes: funding grants. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hazelnut is one of the most popular nuts in the world, rich in nutrients and various active substances. In this study, soluble dietary fiber (SDF) was extracted from hazelnut kernels, and its physicochemical properties and absorbability were explored. Hazelnut-SDF exhibited ideal water-holding, oil-holding and swelling capacity, and glucose, cholesterol and cholate absorbing ability. Scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that hazelnut-SDF had typical polysaccharide structure of functional groups. The main monosaccharides were identified as arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, ribose, glucuronic acid, mannose and glucose by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In high-fat diet rats, hazelnut-SDF could improve serum lipid parameters, inhibit lipid accumulation in liver and adipocytes, and regulate the expression level of liver lipid synthesis-related genes. It also could adjust intestinal short chain fatty acids, promote the composition and structure of intestinal microbiota, and significantly balance the abundance of Alloprevotella, Fusicatenibacter, Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Ruminococcaceae&#95;UCG-005, Ruminococcaceae&#95;UCG-014 and Clostridiales. The results concluded that oral administration of hazelnut-SDF could alleviate hyperlipidemia and obesity, and might serve as a potential functional food ingredient., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, methylene blue (MB) pollutant in water was removed using produced hazelnut shell loaded semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (HS loaded semi-IPN) adsorbent. The physical and chemical characterizations of the adsorbents were investigated using TGA, DSC, FT-IR, BET, FE-SEM, and EDX. Experimental parameters such as temperature, swelling, dye concentration, contact time, pH solution, and adsorbent dosage for MB adsorption were thoroughly investigated. It was determined that the HS loaded semi-IPN adsorbent removed 92.1% of MB dye. Subsequently, the adsorption properties between the adsorbent and dye were investigated in detail using several different kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic models. As a result of the obtained data, the interaction between adsorbent and dye molecules is discussed. Moreover, studies on the industrial usability of the adsorbent have been carried out, and it has been observed that the adsorbent can be employed even after four cycles., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Main conclusion: This DNA fingerprinting test confirmed 195 unique Corylus sp. accessions that were used to build a reference database for identity verification of unknown hazelnut trees from three locations in Ontario. Hazelnut is one of the most profitable tree nuts worldwide. Development of a hazelnut industry in Ontario is urgently required, but economically important cultivars must be genetically verified first in order to meet industry standards. Traditional methods for cultivar identification are largely trait-based and unreliable. In this study, a multiplexed fingerprinting test was modified to allow for hazelnut cultivar discrimination at the DNA level. Fourteen highly polymorphic SSR markers covering the 11 linkage groups of Corylus genome were PCR amplified in multiplex using fluorescent-labelled primers. PCR conditions and primer physical properties were optimized to generate a clear signal for each locus. The 14 SSRs were used to fingerprint 195 unique Corylus accessions collected from the USDA-NCGR. Fragment sizes were subjected to a UPGMA clustering analysis which separated Corylus accessions based on species and geographic origin. For validation purposes, hazelnut leaves from three locations in Ontario were collected for identity verification using this DNA fingerprinting test. As a result, 33.3% of the unknown trees were duplicates of seven distinct genotypes and a small percentage (8.3%) of these were identical to reference Corylus hybrids. These results reflect common mislabelling issues and genotype duplications that can prevent a uniform plant propagation system. Implementation of this test together with the addition of more unique accessions to the reference database will help verification of trueness-to-type of economically important cultivars for the hazelnut industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]