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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: In Chile, approximately one in three children under 6 years of age reported overweight/obese, while one in four children in elementary school suffer from obesity. There is a paucity of population-based information on the influence of childhood eating behavior on anthropometric measures related to obesity. To assess the association between eating behavior scores and Body Mass Index (BMI) z-scores in 7-10-year-old Chilean children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 1058 children aged 7-10 (51% girls) from the 'Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study' (GOCS). Direct measures of weight and height were used to compute BMI z-scores according to World Health Organization (WHO) curves. Children were classified as normal weight (-1 < 1 s.d.), overweight (1 < 2 s.d.) and obese ([greater than or equal to]2 s.d.). Eating behavior scores were measured through the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), previously adapted and validated for Chilean children. Multiple linear regressions were carried out using BMI z-score as the outcome and eating behavior scores as explanatory variables. All models were adjusted by age and gender. RESULTS: BMI z-scores were positively associated with pro-intake scores in the subscales 'enjoyment of food', 'emotional overeating' and 'food responsiveness' (P < 0.0001). Contrary to other studies, 'desire for drinks' scores were also associated with BMI z-scores (P < 0.0001). In contrast, food-avoidant 'satiety responsiveness', 'slowness in eating' and 'food-fussiness' scores were negatively associated with BMI z-scores (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We found a significant relationship between eating behavior scores and BMI z-scores in Chilean children, showing that BMI in 7-10-year-old Chilean children is positively associated with pro-intake eating behavior scores and negatively associated with anti-intake eating behavior scores. The identification of specific eating behaviors patterns related to obesity will provide important information for the implementation of prevention programs for this disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2016) 70, 925-928; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.18; published online 13 April 2016, INTRODUCTION Obesity is the result of overeating behaviors coupled with sedentary habits. In Chile, 33% of children under 6 years of age in primary health care reported overweight/obese, (1) while [...]

Latin America has experienced rapid demographic, epidemiological and nutrition changes that have successfully contributed to decreasing undernutrition, but concomitantly have resulted in an increase of obesity and associated conditions;in this paper we propose that policies to address undernutrition have not adapted at a sufficiently rapid pace to address the emerging challenges. Taking Chile as an example we show that health promotion policies, implemented only when the obesity epidemic was well advanced, have succeeded in establishing effective regulatory frameworks and in implementing national large-scale programs for treatment; however, they have been insufficient in preventing obesity. The main lessons learned are: (1) Failure to monitor existing malnutrition programs for changing needs and true effectiveness can have unintended consequences. (2) Institutions and professionals working in nutrition and health need to assess changing scenarios and redefine their priorities for action accordingly. (3) There is a need to provide updated information to decision makers, program planners and to the population at large on how to promote and achieve healthy food consumption and active living considering local context. Timely policies and interventions to address these issues may contribute to the prevention of the obesity epidemic in transitional countries, particularly among low socioeconomic groups. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013) 67, 513-517;doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.190; published online 30 January 2013 Keywords: nutrition transition; nutrition policy; Chile, INTRODUCTION Latin America and other low- and middle-income countries have gone through major demographic, epidemiological and nutritional transitions over the past decades. (1) Sustained and progressive falls in child malnutrition [...]

Introducción: El abordaje pterional (fronto-temporo-esfenoidal) centrado en el accidente óseo que lleva su nombre es uno de los más utilizados en neurocirugía. Con el objetivo de realizar una menor retracción del parénquima cerebral, se hizo hincapié en la mayor remoción ósea, llegando al abordaje fronto-orbito-cigomático. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir de forma sistemática el abordaje Fronto-órbito-cigomático realizado en 2 piezas hecho en un laboratorio de anatomía, lo cual es una herramienta fundamental en la formación de un cirujano para luego poder aplicarlo en la cirugía convencional. Material y método: Se analizaron abordajes fronto-órbito-cigomático realizados en un laboratorio de anatomía, describiendo cada etapa quirúrgica, con sus respectivos reparos anatómicos y su aplicación en la Neurocirugía convencional para resolución de patología de base de cráneo (aneurisma de bifurcación de arteria de carótida interna, adenoma de hipófisis, craneofaringiomas). Resultados: Se describieron las siguientes etapas en el abordaje quirúrgico tricotomía, marcación de la piel, posición de la cabeza, incisión de cuero cabelludo, disección interfasial del musculo temporal, craneotomía, drilado, apertura de la dura madre, exposición de giros y surcos. Con la craneotomía fronto-órbito-cigomática se logra un mayor ángulo de visión y trabajo tanto en el plano horizontal como en el vertical. La remoción de la porción orbitaria es útil cuando se utiliza un acceso subfrontal o transilviano. De la misma manera la remoción del arco cigomático es útil cuando se utiliza un acceso pretemporal. Conclusión: El abordaje fronto-órbito-cigomático, realizado en 2 piezas, en un laboratorio de anatomía con preparados cadavéricos nos permite reconocer mejor los reparos anatómicos claves en cada etapa del mismo, para luego poder realizarlos en cirugía convencional. Logrando una menor retracción del parénquima cerebral y mejor resultado clínico neurológico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe adherence to sustainable healthy diets among a sample of 958 Chilean pre-schoolers (3-6 years) and explore associations between adherence and child and maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics., Methods: Children's adherence to sustainable healthy diets was calculated from single multiple-pass 24-h dietary recalls using the Planetary Health Diet Index for children and adolescents (PHDI-C). Higher PHDI-C scores (max score = 150 points) represent greater adherence. Adjusted linear regression models were fitted to explore associations between PHDI-C scores and child and maternal characteristics., Results: Children obtained low total PHDI-C scores (median 50.0 [IQR 39.5-59.8] points). This resulted from low consumption of nuts & peanuts, legumes, vegetables, whole cereals, and vegetable oils; a lack of balance between dark green and red & orange vegetables, inadequate consumption of tubers & potatoes and eggs & white meats, and excess consumption of dairy products, palm oil, red meats, and added sugars. Mean PHDI-C total score was significantly higher (50.6 [95%CI 49.6, 51.7] vs 47.3 [95%CI 45.0, 49.5]) among children whose mothers were ≥ 25 years compared to those with younger mothers. Positive associations were observed between scores for fruits and maternal education, vegetables and maternal age, added sugars and child weight status, while negative associations were observed between fruits and child age, and vegetable oils and maternal education. Scores for dairy products PHDI-C component were lower among girls., Conclusion: Adherence to sustainable healthy diets was low among this sample of Chilean children and was significantly associated with maternal age, being lower among children whose mothers were younger., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Whether trace metals modify breast density, the strongest predictor for breast cancer, during critical developmental stages such as puberty remains understudied. Our study prospectively evaluated the association between trace metals at Tanner breast stage B1 (n = 291) and at stages both B1 and B4 (n = 253) and breast density at 2 years post-menarche among Chilean girls from the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessed the volume of dense breast tissue (absolute fibroglandular volume [FGV]) and percent breast density (%FGV). Urine trace metals included arsenic, barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, copper, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, tin, thallium, vanadium, and zinc. At B1, a doubling of thallium concentration resulted in 13.69 cm 3 increase in absolute FGV (β: 13.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.81, 24.52), while a doubling of lead concentration resulted in a 7.76 cm 3 decrease in absolute FGV (β: -7.76, 95%CI: -14.71, -0.73). At B4, a doubling of barium concentration was associated with a 10.06 cm 3 increase (β: 10.06, 95% CI: 1.44, 18.60), copper concentration with a 12.29 cm 3 increase (β: 12.29, 95% CI: 2.78, 21.56), lead concentration with a 9.86 cm 3 increase (β: 9.86, 95% CI: 0.73, 18.98), antimony concentration with a 12.97 cm 3 increase (β: 12.97, 95% CI: 1.98, 23.79) and vanadium concentration with a 13.14 cm 3 increase in absolute FGV (β: 13.14, 95% CI: 2.73, 23.58). Trace metals may affect pubertal breast density at varying developmental stages with implications for increased susceptibility for breast cancer., (© 2024 UICC.)

Background: Tools for measuring adherence to sustainable healthy diets among children and adolescents are lacking., Objective: To advance methods for measuring adherence to sustainable healthy diets among children and adolescents by adapting an existing index, compare scores obtained using the original and adapted versions of the index in a sample of Chilean children, and describe the adapted index association with diet characteristics., Methods: The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) was adapted to better reflect children's and adolescents' nutritional requirements. The adapted index (PHDI-C) comprises 16 components with a maximum score of 150 points. PHDI-C was piloted among a sample of 958 Chilean children (3-6 years) using dietary data collected in 2016 through single 24-h recalls. A decision tree and food disaggregation methodology were developed to guide the calculation of scores. Scores obtained using the original and adapted versions of the index were compared. Linear regression models adjusted by child's gender and age were fitted to explore associations between total PHDI-C score, dietary recall characteristics and nutritional composition of children's diets., Results: PHDI accounted for 75.7% of children's total caloric intake, whereas PHDI-C accounted for 99.6%. PHDI & PHCI-C scores were low among this sample of children; however, mean total score was lower when using PHDI compared to PHDI-C [40.7(12.1) vs 50.1(14.6)]. Children's scores were very low for nuts & peanuts, legumes, dark green vegetables, whole cereals, tubers & potatoes, and added sugars components across both indices, but were higher for dairy products and eggs & white meats components when using the PHDI-C due to adjustments made to ensure nutritional adequacy. Mean total PHDI-C score was significantly lower on weekends and special occasions, and significantly higher when children reported having a special diet (e.g., vegetarian). Total PHDI-C score was negatively associated with total sugars, saturated fats, trans fats, and animal-based protein intake, and positively associated with total protein, plant-based protein, total carbohydrates, and total fibre intake., Conclusions: This study provides a replicable method for measuring adherence to sustainable healthy diets among children and adolescents that can be used to monitor trends and measure the effectiveness of actions targeting improving children's diets., (© 2023. The Author(s).)