Search

Las Micosis Oportunistas son infecciones provocadas por hongos tanto levaduriformes como filamentosos, que en condiciones normales no son patógenos, pero pueden potencialmente generar infección, en su gran mayoría en pacientes inmunocomprometidos como en pacientes con SIDA, pacientes trasplantados y oncológicos, entre otros; adicionalmente se favorece también su aparición por el consumo de medicamentos como corticoides. Dentro de las Micosis Oportunistas por hongos filamentosos más conocidas tenemos la aspergilosis, causada por hongos del género Aspergillus spp, y la Mucormicosis que incluye entre otros hongos de los géneros Mucor spp y Rhyzopus spp. Más recientemente han adquirido importancia las micosis consideradas oportunistas y emergentes producidas por hongos raros, incluyen estas la faeohifomicosis y hialohifomicosis. El tratamiento para las Micosis Oportunistas en el campo farmacéutico incluye los azoles, triazoles de primera y segunda generación, polienos y las equinocandinas, resaltando el aumento de las resistencias a los antifúngicos por factores como el aumento del uso de los medicamentos no solo a nivel clínico sino agrícola. Así, los medicamentos no actúan de forma correcta, con aumento de la mortalidad y costos en salud. La aparición e incremento de la Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (RAM) ha impulsado la exploración de nuevas moléculas incluyendo antifúngicos, considerando entre otras la importancia de la etnobotánica y la etnofarmacología más en países ricos en biodiversidad. Las plantas medicinales han sido utilizadas desde la antigüedad para combatir la enfermedad y los estudios actuales evalúan la actividad de diversos metabolitos secundarios para combatir las infecciones fúngicas. The Opportunistic Mycoses are infections caused by both yeast and filamentous fungi, which under normal conditions are not pathogenic, but can potentially cause infection, mostly in immunocompromised patients such as AIDS patients, transplant and cancer patients, among others; additionally, its appearance is also favored by the consumption of medications such as corticosteroids. Among the best known Opportunistic Mycoses due to filamentous fungi, we have aspergillosis, caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus spp, and Mucormycosis, which includes among other fungi of the genera Mucor spp and Rhyzopus spp. More recently, the mycoses considered opportunistic and emerging produced by rare fungi have gained importance, including phaeohyphomycosis and hyalohyphomycosis. Treatment for Opportunistic Mycoses in the pharmaceutical field includes azoles, first and second generation triazoles, polyenes and echinocandins, highlighting the increase in resistance to antifungal agents due to factors such as the increase in the use of drugs not only at the clinical level but agricultural. Thus, the drugs do not act correctly, with increased mortality and health costs. The appearance and increase of Antimicrobial Resistance (ADR) has driven the exploration of new molecules including antifungals, considering, among others, the importance of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology more in countries rich in biodiversity. Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times to combat disease, and current studies evaluate the activity of various secondary metabolites to combat fungal infections.

La cartografía de una ciudad sólo puede representar un aspecto concreto de la misma: su constitución física, la intervención sobre un territorio. A su vez, la cartografía delimita aquello que quiere mostrar y escoge la forma en la que será mostrado. Se propone analizar las representaciones cartográficas de la ciudad histórica de Lima entre los siglos XVI- XIX, poniendo especial atención en la diferente información que cada planimetría transmite de la ciudad y sus distintas valoraciones. Se establecen diferentes relaciones entre monumento, manzana, calle, tejido, plazuela, huertas y recinto amurallado; se suprime o se agrega territorio; se representa a la manzana como una unidad o se refleja con claridad la diferencia entre lo construido y lo no construido, etc. A esta información cartográfica se le contrapone la restitución gráfica del catastro Terán entre los SXVII-XIX. Este catastro dispone de información complementaria útil para analizar la representación cartográfica, sobre todo en dos aspectos. Por un lado, la restitución gráfica del catastro limeño permite ampliar la información de los monumentos religiosos que aparece en la cartografía histórica, revelando una imagen muy distinta de la influencia que tenían las órdenes sobre la ciudad. Por otro lado, en los planos históricos la manzana es la unidad que configura el hecho construido y aparece uniforme. Sin embargo, en la restitución gráfica del catastro se puede apreciar que no todas las calles son iguales. Con frecuencia, alguna de ellas sufre un parcelamiento mayor y en consecuencia adquieren un distinto valor, circulación, uso, etc. De esta manera, el análisis de las diferentes representaciones cartográficas en sí mismas y a su vez confrontadas con la restitución gráfica del catastro histórico, dan cuenta de que los hechos urbanos representados en la cartografía no siempre constituyen un dato preciso, verificable, de la ciudad histórica limeña., The cartography of a city can only represent its physical constitution, the intervention over a territory. In turn, the cartography itself defines what wants to show and chooses the way that will be displayed. It aims to analyze the different cartographic representations of the historical city of Lima between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, mainly focused on the different information each representation shows about the city and consequently, their different valuations. Throughout the centuries, different relationships have been set between monument, block, street, fabric, square, gardens and walled enclosure; territory has been added or removed; a block could be represented as a unit or clearly reflects the difference between built and un-built environment, etc. The map information contrasts the graphical restitution of Teran land register between SXVII and SXIX. This cadastre has useful information to analyze the cartography, especially in two aspects. On one hand, the graphical restitution of the Lima cadastre allows to extend the information of religious monuments in historical maps, revealing the power of the Church in the development of the city. On the other hand, in the historic plans the block is the unit that sets the built and is uniform. However, considering the graphic restitution of the cadastre, it can be clearly seen the importance of some streets over others. Thus, the analysis of the different cartographic representations by themselves and once confronted with the graphic restoration of historic cadastre, shows that urban facts represented in cartographic are not always an accurate, verifiable data, of the historic city of Lima.

We analyzed Cu and Cd liver concentration in adults and fledglings of Kelp gull from an urban (Coquimbo city) and a wild (Pájaros Islet) colony. Cu concentration was 15.57 ± 0.079 µg g-1 dry weight for adults and fledglings of both colonies. Adults Cd concentration from both colonies was 9.72 ± 0.110 µg g-1 dw, being 194% of the level considered toxic but in the range for seabirds. In the urban fledglings Cd was below the detection level. Wild fledgling showed higher concentration of 1.54 ± 0.064 µg g-1 dw which probably reflects a biomagnification process, because parents kleptoparasite and consume eggs and chicks of other seabirds.

Background: While the gene flow in some organisms is strongly affected by physical barriers and geographical distance, other highly mobile species are able to overcome such constraints. In southern South America, the Andes (here up to 6,900 m) may constitute a formidable barrier to dispersal. In addition, this region was affected by cycles of intercalating arid/moist periods during the Upper/Late Pleistocene and Holocene. These factors may have been crucial in driving the phylogeographic structure of the vertebrate fauna of the region. Here we test these hypotheses in the burrowing parrot Cyanoliseus patagonus (Aves, Psittaciformes) across its wide distributional range in Chile and Argentina. Results: Our data show a Chilean origin for this species, with a single migration event across the Andes during the Upper/Late Pleistocene, which gave rise to all extant Argentinean mitochondrial lineages. Analyses suggest a complex population structure for burrowing parrots in Argentina, which includes a hybrid zone that has remained stable for several thousand years. Within this zone, introgression by expanding haplotypes has resulted in the evolution of an intermediate phenotype. Multivariate regressions show that present day climatic variables have a strong influence on the distribution of genetic heterogeneity, accounting for almost half of the variation in the data. Conclusions: Here we show how huge barriers like the Andes and the regional environmental conditions imposed constraints on the ability of a parrot species to colonise new habitats, affecting the way in which populations diverged and thus, genetic structure. When contact between divergent populations was re-established, a stable hybrid zone was formed, functioning as a channel for genetic exchange between populations.

El aumento de la demanda energética chilena en los últimos años ha promovido la creación de una gran cantidad de proyectos de generación eléctrica. La posible instalación de tres centrales termoeléctricas a carbón al norte de la Región de Coquimbo y en las inmediaciones de áreas definidas como claves para la conservación y manejo de la biodiversidad marina (e.g., reservas marinas, áreas de manejo y explotación de recursos bentónicos) y terrestre (e.g., reserva nacional, sitios prioritarios), ha generado conflictos sociales y controversias sobre su ubicación y compatibilidad con los usos propuestos para el área. El presente comentario plantea el conflicto que se origina entre la necesidad de cubrir los requerimientos energéticos de Chile y la implementación de iniciativas de conservación y manejo de recursos naturales. Se describe la importancia y relevancia ecológica y económica del área de posible instalación de las termoeléctricas y se revisan los principales impactos reportados para este tipo de tecnología sobre la salud humana y ecosistémica. Finalmente, se proponen enfoques y herramientas que pueden asistir en la toma de decisiones y en la resolución de conflictos. In recent years, Chilean increasing energy needs have promoted the creation of many initiatives to generate electricity. The possible installation of three coal-fired power plants in the coastal area north of the Region of Coquimbo and close to areas identified as key to the conservation and management of marine (e.g., marine reserves, management and exploitation areas for benthic resources) and terrestrial (e.g., national reserve, priority sites) biodiversity, has generated social conflicts and raised concerns about the location and compatibility with others proposed uses for the area. This commentary proposes the conflict that arises between the need to cope with Chile's energy needs and the implementation of conservation and management of natural resources initiatives. We describe the ecological and economic significance and importance of the area of possible installation of power plants and the main impacts reported for this type of technology on human and ecosystem health. Finally, we suggest approaches and tools that can help in decision-making and conflicts resolution.