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The typical climatic and environmental conditions in Central Asia are major natural factors causing local rock masses to face considerable risks of damage due to constant freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, these are exacerbated by the dense acidic environments in certain industrialized areas, such as Northern Sinkiang, China. To provide local engineering design with workable solutions, it is crucial to analyze the mechanical performance of rock masses and its mechanisms under the coupling action of corrosive acid and freeze-thaw cycles. In this study, granite samples from the northern Tien Shan Mountains near Urumchi, Xinjiang Province, as well as two kinds of sandstone samples for comparison, were subjected to different soaking conditions, including nitric acid soaking at various pH values. One or both of the freeze-thaw cycle tests and uniaxial compression test were then executed. Speculations regarding the mechanism of the performance of granite rock masses under the action of corrosive acid and freeze-thaw cycles were developed based on the results of these tests. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of the speculated mechanism. In this paper, the identification of the white crumb-like substance as SiO2 gel were confirmed.

Background:Terrorist attacks are growing in complexity, increasing concerns around the use of chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear (CBRN) agents. This has led to increasing interest in Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) as a Disaster Medicine (DM) sub-specialty. This study aims to provide the epidemiology of CBRN use in terrorism, to detail specific agents used, and to develop training programs for responders.Methods:The open-source Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all CBRN attacks from January 1, 1970 through December 31, 2018. Attacks were included if they fulfilled the terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD’s Codebook. Ambiguous events or those meeting only partial criteria were excluded. The database does not include acts of state terrorism.Results:There were 390 total CBRN incidents, causing 930 total fatal injuries (FI) and 14,167 total non-fatal injuries (NFI). A total of 347 chemical attacks (88.9% of total) caused 921 FI (99.0%) and 13,361 NFI (94.3%). Thirty-one biological attacks (8.0%) caused nine FI (1.0%) and 806 NFI (5.7%). Twelve radiation attacks (3.1%) caused zero FI and zero NFI. There were no nuclear attacks. The use of CBRN accounted for less than 0.3% of all terrorist attacks and is a high-risk, low-frequency attack methodology.The Taliban was implicated in 40 of the 347 chemical events, utilizing a mixture of agents including unconfirmed chemical gases (grey literature suggests white phosphorous and chlorine), contaminating water sources with pesticides, and the use of corrosive acid. The Sarin gas attack in Tokyo contributed to 5,500 NFI. Biological attacks accounted for 8.0% of CBRN attacks. Anthrax was used or suspected in 20 of the 31 events, followed by salmonella (5), ricin (3), fecal matter (1), botulinum toxin (1), and HIV (1). Radiation attacks accounted for 3.1% of CBRN attacks. Monazite was used in 10 of the 12 events, followed by iodine 131 (1) and undetermined irradiated plates (1).Conclusion:Currently, CBRN are low-frequency, high-impact attack modalities and remain a concern given the rising rate of terrorist events. Counter-Terrorism Medicine is a developing DM sub-specialty focusing on the mitigation of health care risks from such events. First responders and health care workers should be aware of historic use of CBRN weapons regionally and globally, and should train and prepare to respond appropriately.

Herein, we describe an efficient copper-catalyzed coupling of sulfonamides with alkylamines to synthesize (E)-N-sulfonylformamidines. The reaction is accomplished under mild conditions without the use of a corrosive acid or base as an additive. It tolerates a broad scope of substrates and generates the products with exclusive (E)-stereoselectivity.

Oil and gas industry deals with fluid streams with different ions and concentrations that might cause scale precipitation. The scale precipitation, will thereafter, affect the fluid flow characteristics. Many problems will be raised by the scale deposition that affects the overall petroleum production. This paper aims to develop a non-corrosive acid system with high dissolution efficiency for field complex scales. The paper provided a series of lab analysis that covers the compositional analysis for the collected scale sample, and evaluating the developed acid system for compatible and stable properties, dissolution efficiency, and the corrosive impact. A field scale sample that has a composite chemical composition of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, kaolinite, barium sulfate, magnetite, and halite with different weight percentages by employing the diffraction of X-ray technology. Developing the new scale dissolver was achieved by specific compositional study for the organic acids to achieve high dissolution efficiency and low corrosive impact for the field treatment operations. The study results showed the successful scale removal for the developed dissolver at 160 and 210 °F by dissolution efficiency 100 % for 5 hours. The fluid showed a stable and compatible performance with low rate of solids precipitation after the scale treatment (2.3 %). The developed dissolver has a pH of 9. The corrosion test was conducted without any scale inhibitors and the results showed the low corrosion effect by 0.0129 lbm/ft2. The obtained successful results will help to dissolve such complex field scales, maintain the well equipment, and maintain the petroleum production from scale issues.

The scales precipitated on the electric submersible pump (ESP) will lead to trapped heat, lower the motor's cooling capacity, decrease the pump lifetime, and finally pump failure. Removal of oil field scales commonly requires low pH acid that can cause corrosion, hydrogen sulfide evolution, ferric and ferrous hydroxide precipitation, iron sulfide as a by-product, and/or sulfur precipitation. Scales typically occur in the near wellbore, tubing, downhole pumps, and surface equipment. A mineral deposition is widespread with a change in pressure, temperature, pH, and incompatible mixing between injected seawater and formation water. This paper presents a new scale dissolver that is non-corrosive and has a high scale dissolution performance for barium sulfate scales. The study explains a series of comprehensive experimental lab tests such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), brine compositional analysis, fluid compatibility and stability, solubility test, precipitation tendency for the dissolved solids, and corrosion test to evaluate and simulate the field application of the new dissolver using two field scale types that mainly contain barium sulfate (BaSo4) scales. The obtained successful results indicated that the novel dissolver had a great dissolution efficiency for two real barium scale samples as the results showed that the dissolution rate recorded 91.3 and 78.4 % at 90 °C for samples 1 and 2 respectively. The novel dissolver showed a very low precipitation tendency for the scale dissolved solids (1.9 and 3.2 % for samples 1 and 2 respectively). Without any additives of corrosion inhibitors, the corrosion rate was 0.00376 lb/ft2 at 1000 psi and 50 °C for 6 hours. The obtained successful results will help to dissolve the barium sulfate scales, maintain the ESP performance, increase the lifetime, and save extra cost for the pump operational problems due to scale precipitations.

Although corrosive injury of the digestive tract is a well-known clinical entity, damages of the airway and a critically life-threatening condition, have not been clearly documented. Tracheal stenosis is very rare associated with corrosive acid ingestion. We report the case of a 4-year-old girl child who presented to the emergency department three weeks after accidentally drinking an acidic cleaning agent stored in an unlabeled bottle. Rigid bronchoscopy was administered to observe the stenosis. She was treated by serial dilation, repair of tracheal laceration, and placement of a temporary polyurethane-coated nitinol stent. Careful and accurate stent placement may provide significant and life-saving airway improvement as observed in the presenting pediatric case.

Relatively inexpensive, stable plant extract, namely Citrus aurantium leaves, was employed as highly efficient inhibitor of carbon steel corrosion by corrosive acid. The inhibition efficiency was estimated based on the weight loss method. Inhibition impacts of researched inhibitor increase with the concentration of the plant extract increase. The inhibition efficiency depends on three factors: molecular structure, concentration, and molecular weight of the inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency of 81.2% was achieved with 20% (v/v) of the extract in 1 M hydrochloric acid during 3 h at 25°C. The effect of temperature was also investigated and activation parameters were evaluated. Inhibition adsorption characteristics were approximated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Chemical adsorption mechanism was proposed for the studied inhibitor from the trend of inhibition performance and temperature degree in addition to activation energy values and heat of adsorption.

Corrosive acid poisoning is common in Asian countries, and most of the time, it is of suicidal intent in adults. Commonly they lead to extensive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and isolated involvement of the lower gastrointestinal tract is rare. We present a 35-year-old male who presented to us with a history of corrosive acid ingestion mixed with alcohol. Imaging did not demonstrate any pneumoperitoneum. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and found to have isolated jejunal necrosis without any evidence of injury to the stomach and duodenum. Segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis were done.

Corrosive poisoning is common in South East Asian countries than in the West. It can be accidental or suicidal and can cause gastrointestinal tract injuries. The grade of injuries depends on several factors related to the patient and the substance causing injury. Dilemmas arise at different management levels, whether to resort to a radical surgical approach or consider more conservative approaches. We present a case of suicidal corrosive acid injury in a 23-year-old male with extensive upper gastrointestinal tract injury managed surgically. Ampullojejunostomy may be a feasible option in patients with stomach and duodenal necrosis following corrosive acid poisoning if ampulla is normal. However, its role in the emergency setting may be questionable.

This article aimed to present two facile and environmental friendly routes for the rapid assembly of biologically active compounds including pyrazol core using aspirin as a novel and green catalyst. The synthesis of bis(pyrazol-5-ol) derivatives was developed via one-pot, pseudo-five-component condensation, and the target dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles and spiropyranopyrazoles were prepared by one-pot, four-component reaction. These reactions can be performed in tandem from readily available starting materials. The main merits of the present methods are operational simplicity, no need for column chromatography, inexpensive materials, avoidance of harmless and corrosive acid catalysts, short reaction times, good yields of the products, and utilization of aspirin as a non-toxic, cheap, commercially available, and efficient catalyst.

Corrosive acid ingestion is a rare but serious health hazard with fatal complications. Cases of suicidal and accidental acid ingestion have been documented in the scientific literature. Accidental acid poisoning due to a mistaken identity of the bottle containing sulphuric acid is a matter of grave concern especially in a household set-up. We hereby report a fatal case of accidental sulphuric acid ingestion in an adult, who unsuspectingly swallowed about 50 ml of ‘toilet-cleaner’ at his residence. The bottle containing the acid was recently purchased from a local vendor and placed with water bottles in the kitchen. The autopsy and toxicological findings of this case are discussed in this paper with discussion of medico-legal issues on the sale and use of such corrosive acids in illegal bottles and its subsequent health hazards in India.

A planned complex suicide is the complex action mechanism, formerly planned to protect the victim of suicide from failure. A 22-year old undergraduate student was found dead at his home in the toilet with a cut injury to the left wrist. Autopsy findings revealed an incised wound at the left wrist along with signs of corrosive acid poisoning. Death scene investigation confirmed it as a case of planned complex suicide. To the best of our knowledge combination of methods used in this case is unique and has not been reported previously. The sequence of events in this case was difficult to determine as both the methods used viz. cut wrist and corrosive acid poisoning were sufficient to cause death individually. Also the duration between the events must have been so less that the sequence of events was difficult to be determined.

Background Relatively inexpensive, stable Schiff bases, namely 3-((4-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (BZ3) and 3-((4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)amino)-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (BZ4), were employed as highly efficient inhibitors of mild steel corrosion by corrosive acid. Findings The inhibition efficiencies were estimated based on weight loss method. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the inhibition mechanism. The synthesized Schiff bases were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and micro-elemental analysis. The inhibition efficiency depends on three factors: the amount of nitrogen in the inhibitor, the inhibitor concentration and the inhibitor molecular weight. Conclusions Inhibition efficiencies of 96 and 92% were achieved with BZ4 and BZ3, respectively, at the maximum tested concentration. Density functional theory calculations of BZ3 and BZ4 were performed to compare the effects of hydroxyl and N,N-dimethylamino substituents on the inhibition efficiency, providing insight for designing new molecular structures that exhibit enhanced inhibition efficiencies.

The real industrial establishment of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) requires significant advances in economic and chemical sustainability. This work describes a novel and simple method to prepare one of the most widely studied MOF materials, i.e., MIL-100(Fe), which significantly improves the sustainability of the conventional process in several aspects. This MOF material is prepared (i) at room temperature (instead of 150 °C used in the conventional method), (ii) after a few hours (instead of 6 days), (iii) in the absence of any inorganic corrosive acid (significant amounts of HF and HNO3 are used in the conventional method), and (iv) it is washed at room temperature (unlike the washing at 80 °C for 3 h). Interestingly, the only difference in the preparation method of MIL-100(Fe) compared with that of semiamorphous Fe-BTC (MOF material commercialized as Basolite F300 having the same metal and linker, and which can be also prepared under similar sustainable conditions) is to start from Fe(II) or Fe(III) sources, respectively, which opens certain versatility options in the room temperature synthesis procedures of MOF materials. The prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, Cs-aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. These two room-temperature-made Fe-BTC materials were tested in the industrially demanded photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under both ultraviolet and solar light radiation. MIL-100(Fe) was a very active photocatalyst in comparison with its homologue. That difference was mainly attributed to the presence of larger cavities within its structure., A.M. acknowledges European Union Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement 312483 - ESTEEM2 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative-I3). C.A.D.C. acknowledges Science without Borders - CNPq - Brazil. K.G. and I.D. also acknowledge CSIC for Development Program I-COOP-2014 COOPB20082 project number. This work has been (partially) financed by the Spanish State Research Agency (Agencia Española de Investigación, AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER) through Project MAT2016-77496-R (AEI/FEDER, UE).

Pseudoaneurysms of intercostal artery are very rare. All the published cases have been caused by trauma, either iatrogenic or otherwise. They can cause hemothorax, retroperitoneal hemorrhage or can present as pulsatile chest mass. Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced CT and conventional angiogram can accurately diagnose this condition. All the reported cases have been treated by embolisation, stenting or surgery. We report an unusual case of intercostal artery pseudoaneurysm arising as a complication of corrosive poisoning presenting with hematemesis and treated by glue embolisation. The authors believe this to be the first case of intercostal artery pseudoaneurysm that is non-traumatic, complicating corrosive poisoning and presenting with hematemesis.

In order to achieve sufficient dispersion and highly stabilized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in water, a convenient, economical and environment friendly surface modification process without any inorganic corrosive acid or elevated temperature has been developed. The MWCNTs were first treated with a mixed solution of NaOH and H 2 O 2 for 12 h at room temperature. Then the MWCNTs were blended with a tannin acid aqueous solution in an ultrasonic cleaner for 2 h. The results consistently confirmed the adsorption of tannin acid onto the MWCNTs surface, while the structure of MWCNTs was not damaged. The modified MWCNTs showed much better dispersion and stability in water than those of the pristine MWCNTs.

Hydrofluoric acid (HF), a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water, is widely used in producing refrigerants, drugs, plastics and aluminums. HF is not a strong acid, but it is a highly corrosive acid, capable of dissolving many materials. In this investigation, HF-induced oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes was evaluated by comet assay. The ameliorative effect of phytochemicals on the HF-induced oxidative DNA damage was also investigated.

Gastrocolic fistulas in children are most commonly seen after placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. We present a 14-year-old girl who developed a gastrocolic fistula following accidental corrosive acid ingestion. On evaluation of her symptoms, a barium swallow identified the gastrocolic fistula. It healed spontaneously in 3 months. This was both unexpected and remarkable. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of a gastrocolic fistula occurring following corrosive ingestion.

Corrosive pharyngeal strictures without significant damage to esophagus and stomach were rarely reported. Here we report a case of corrosive acid poisoning with laryngopharyngeal strictures suffering for 39 years with difficulty in breathing, swallowing, phonation and sleep for whom endoscopic coblation assisted stricture adhesiolysis was done which was the first of its kind to our knowledge. As early as 5th postoperative day tracheostomy was decannulated, and the patient was able to swallow soft solids without maneuvers, liquids without nasal regurgitation, breathing via naturalis, phonating with normal neck position and a good sleep with no recurrences in 12 months follow up.

Corrosive Ingestion Injuries- A Case Report The present study reveals a catastrophic corrosive ingestion injury of upper gastrointestinal tract. A 17 year old boy intentionally ingested some corrosive acid and died due to perforation of stomach and peritonitis. The autopsy findings and toxicological analysis report confirmed that he had ingested sulphuric acid. A thorough literature review of corrosive ingestion injuries, their diagnosis and treatment allowed to show the fatality of such cases depend on the type and amount of corrosive ingested, the state of stomach whether empty or full, the promptness of treatment given and various such factors.

A 50-year-old male, presented with history of accidental ingestion of toilet cleaning acid a month before admission. Due to respiratory embarrassment an emergency tracheostomy and feeding jejunostomy were done at another hospital. A subsequent CT thorax at the same hospital showed a tracheo-esophageal fistula proximal to the carina [Table/Fig-1]. Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy(UGIE) showed a large fistulous communication between the esophagus and trachea at 30cms. A self-expanding 15 cm. long covered metal stent was placed with the proximal end at 23cms. The time interval between the initial acid injury and placement of the stent was two weeks. As the patient had developed a tracheo-esophageal fistula within the first two weeks of injury, the treating team could not wait for fibrosis to set in prior to stenting. The tracheostomy was closed and the patient was discharged with the feeding jejunostomy. [Table/Fig-1]: CT Thorax showing the trachco-esophageal fistual Two months later, the patient was re-admitted with complaints of persistent cough with expectoration. Chest X-ray was normal, UGIE showed a complete block at the level of the crico-pharynx. The cough was attributed to aspiration consequent to high esophageal obstruction. The patient was then referred to us. Repeat CT neck and thorax showed the metal stent in the esophagus to be entering the trachea, the left main bronchus and partly into the right main bronchus. There was no tissue shadow between the esophagus and distal trachea indicating complete disruption of the tracheal and esophageal walls [Table/Fig-2]. UGIE could not be repeated, as there was total obstruction at the pharyngo-esophageal junction. [Table/Fig-2]: CT Thorax and brochoscopy image the esophageal stent in the trachea with absence of tissue between the trachea and esophagus Bronchoscopy visualized the proximal end of the stent in the trachea [Table/Fig-2]. A small slit like passage was seen anterior to the stent on bronchoscopy through which the patient was maintaining ventilation. The distal end of the stent opened into the supra-diaphragmatic esophagus, which led to the stomach. The plan to do a pharyngo-colic bypass had to be abandoned as the anaesthetist felt that a satisfactory airway couldn’t be established in this patient for ventilation. On attempting to intubate and ventilate the patient, most of the ventilatory gases would have gone through the stent into the stomach. Endo-bronchial intubation was considered, but the lumen of trachea that was patent was too narrow.

Corrosives are a group of chemicals that have the capacity to cause tissue injury on contact by a chemical reaction. They most commonly affect the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), respiratory system and eyes. Corrosives and caustics are synonyms, both mean ‘something that eats away’. Injury to upper gastrointestinal tract due to corrosive acid ingestion either accidentally or intentionally is more common in India. We report a case of accidental fatal corrosive acid ingestion with literature.

The environmentally benign reaction, leading to thioesters (III) and (V), profits from the use of cheap and safe materials and avoids the use of very unpleasant and noxious thiols as well as corrosive acid chlorides.

Problems experienced with the land fill disposal of highly corrosive acid tar wastes mean that alternative, less environmentally damaging methods of disposal must be employed. The incineration of acid tars, although possessing several advantages over landfill disposal, can lead to unacceptably high SO2-emission concentrations in the flue gases unless precautions are taken. However, such incinerations have been achieved successfully in the present tests with a two-stage fluidised-bed combustor: the attained combustion efficiencies were high (at around 99%). The use of a fluidised-bed combustor for burning acid tar requires that limestone be added to the bed material in order to provide some degree of sulphur capture. The sensitivity of the SO2 emission to the limestone concentration (as indicated by the Ca: S mole ratio) fell as the Ca: S ratio was increased. At a Ca: S mole ratio of 4:1, 91% sulphur retention was achieved. During this test, 340 kg/h acid tar was pumped into the bed and burnt there successfully with 98 kg/h coal: the bed's temperature and height, and the excess oxygen-in-flue concentration were kept constant. Ultimately, average SO2 emission-levels (in the flue gas) of around 417 ppm were thereby achieved; i.e., well below the 600 ppm SO2-emission limit stipulated by the Commission of the European Communities. Nevertheless, the fluctuations in the SO2 emissions meant that a slightly higher Ca: S ratio of 5:1 was recommended in order to ensure that the emission levels were consistently below the required limit, i.e., such that 97% of all the mean 48-hourly values would not exceed 110% of the stipulated emission limit.

Deaths from corrosive substances are uncommon in day-to-day medicolegal practice. We report a case of death due to ingestion of sulphuric acid with history of depression and previous suicidal attempt. He was provisionally diagnosed of acid ingestion but there was no history either from patient or from his relatives. Guidance and education are important preventive tools, but the best approach is to restrict access to corrosive agents, by prohibiting their free commercialization.

This study reports four children who developed complete stricture of pylorus and antrum of the stomach following accidental ingestion of corrosive agent (toilet cleaner).

Corrosive acid ingestion in pregnancy is rare. We present a rare case of corrosive acid ingestion during pregnancy. The patient subsequently had tracheal stenosis and had to undergo a tracheostomy. Feeding gastrostomy was created for nutritional support of both mother and fetus. The patient delivered at term by an elective caesarean section.

In dogs the gastric, intestinal and cephalic phases of gastric secretion, as well as hunger contractions, can be eliminated by continuous jejunal feedings of bland, undigested food, when it is introduced at least 9 inches from the duodenojejunal juncture. The basal gastric secretion may be eliminated by administering atropine. These findings, the result of experiments upon gastric-pouch dogs who had a properly performed jejunostomy, and who were fed the so-called Ivy mixture of undigested food continuously for nine hours, suggest that the same results can be obtained in the human being. They suggest, furthermore, possibilities in the treatment of certain gastric and high duodenal fistulas, which are difficult or impossible to heal by other surgical procedures. They suggest the further possibility, that an incompletely closed gastric fistula such as that described can be kept from secreting corrosive acid juice by observation of the afore-mentioned physiological principles

Three methods for the determination of milk fat, namely, Gerber's, TeSa's and Japanese detergent method, were compared for accuracy, safety, and rapidity. TeSa method needs neither corrosive acid nor centrifuge machine, and if its reagents were fresh, it gives good results even in field experiment, but their patented reagents cannot be easily obtained in Japan. The Japanese detergent method using Tween 80 is the same as Gerber's in accuracy and rapidity, but because of the detergent action, it is necessary to employ a new model of butyrometer, and if not, the rubber stopper comes off easily. The Japanese method with this special butyrometer seems to be the most convenient in all points.

Any other tissue would rapidly disintegrate if exposed to the corrosive acid that bathes the lining of the stomach. The gastric lining, or mucosa, also resists all but the harshest of miscellaneous chemical insults. It is no surprise, then, that this tissue has intrigued doctors and scientists for centuries, particularly with regard to how it achieves such remarkable Teflon-like chemical resistance properties. It is only relatively recently, however, that the defensive secrets of the gastric mucosa have begun to be appreciated in detail. This chapter describes one of the central elements of the gastric mucosal defensive system, blood flow. It is recognized that blood flow is also pivotal to mucosal restitution and the healing processes. However, the emphasis here is on the role of mucosal blood flow in preventing the initiation of gastric lesions. The reader will also note that other important components of the gastric defensive system are covered in substantial depth in other chapters of this volume. For this reason, only very brief mention of these other important defensive factors will be made here.

Sixteen patients with corrosive acid ingestion were studied. The majority of patients (n = 10) had ingested sulphuric acid, and three other patients had ingested hydrochloric acid. The extent and severity of upper gastrointestinal tract injury was determined by fibreoptic endoscopy and necropsy. All the patients had oesophageal and gastric involvement but the duodenum was spared in the majority. The injury was not considered as mild (grade I) in any of these patients; five patients having moderate (grade II) and 10 patients having severe (grade III) injury. Complications and mortality occurred only in patients with grade III injury. Feeding jejunostomy for nutritional support was used in five patients (all grade III) with good results.

Deliberate ingestion of a corrosive acid is an unusual manner of death. Sulfuric acid, often used in electrical industry, chemical laboratories, and agriculture, is fatal at a dosage of 3.5-7.0 ml. The mortality rate is quite high, with only 35% recovery rate. Poisoning by sulfuric acid resembles other mineral acids in that the esophagus is more commonly spared while coagulative necrosis of the stomach is often apparent. A case involving the ingestion of sulfuric acid by a patient with a history of chronic psychiatric illness is presented. The pathological, clinical, and toxicological aspects of this case are discussed. Language: en

Two cases of primary squamous-cell carcinoma arising in a stomach damaged by corrosive acid burns are reported. Thirty-three previously reported cases of pure squamous carcinoma of the stomach are tabulated and their pathogenesis is discussed. A plea is made for treating corrosive acid burns of the stomach by some form of resection of the entire area involved rather than by more conservative methods, such as gastrojejunostomy, which have been used in the past.

THE American literature contains comparatively few reports of cases of corrosive gastritis, of either the acute or the chronic variety. Because few patients survive the initial insult for more than twenty-four hours, the concept of the management of such cases is somewhat nebulous. Some of the reports in the literature deal primarily with the late sequelae of corrosive poisoning. Very few patients have survived the initial insult long enough to be followed under medical supervision until the late sequelae of pyloric obstruction appeared. Some steps in the management of such cases have been referred to in a previous publication by . . .

Acid ingestion is known to cause a corrosive stricture of the stomach. Subsequent metaplasia in the gastric mucosa has been noted and cases of malignant change shown to have occurred. Gastrectomy has, therefore, been advocated. A less radical approach of gastrojejunostomy with regular endoscopic follow-up is here recommended.

In 1723, Antoine Deidier, a physician of Montpellier, France, published a work dealing with syphilis, including under that same heading, as was then the custom, gonorrhea and chancroid. It is known that the etiology of syphilis was, at that time, in a most confused state. A favorite theory stated that the syphilitic virus was a sort of corrosive acid which devoured the solid structures of the body and coagulated the humors, much as did vitriol. From his knowledge of chemistry, of which he was professor at Montpellier, Deidier concluded that this idea was erroneous, since the acids have a rapid action on the tissues and do not possess an incubation period as is the case in syphilis. He, therefore, set out to refute this theory and to substitute for it a more plausible one. In his opinion the syphilitic virus was composed of tiny worms, which produced eggs by coupling