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The study aimed to evaluate the association between the changes in ventilatory variables (tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR) and lung ventilation (V.E)) and deoxygenation of m.intescostales (∆SmO2-m.intercostales) during a maximal incremental exercise in 19 male high-level competitive marathon runners. The ventilatory variables and oxygen consumption (V.O2) were recorded breath-by-breath by exhaled gas analysis. A near-infrared spectroscopy device (MOXY®) located in the right-hemithorax allowed the recording of SmO2-m.intercostales. To explore changes in oxygen levels in muscles with high demand during exercise, a second MOXY® records SmO2-m.vastus laterallis. The triphasic model of exercise intensity was used for evaluating changes in SmO2 in both muscle groups. We found that ∆SmO2-m.intercostales correlated with V.O2-peak (r = 0.65; p = 0.002) and the increase of V.E (r = 0.78; p = 0.001), RR (r = 0.54; p = 0.001), but not Vt (p = 0.210). The interaction of factors (muscles × exercise-phases) in SmO2 expressed as an arbitrary unit (a.u) was significant (p = 0.005). At VT1 there was no difference (p = 0.177), but SmO2-m.intercostales was higher at VT2 (p < 0.001) and V.O2-peak (p < 0.001). In high-level competitive marathon runners, the m.intercostales deoxygenation during incremental exercise is directly associated with the aerobic capacity and increased lung ventilation and respiratory rate, but not tidal volume. Moreover, it shows less deoxygenation than m.vastus laterallis at intensities above the aerobic ventilatory threshold.

Amateur runners usually run carrying implements in their hands (keys, a mobile phone, or a bottle of water). However, there is a lack of literature about the effects of different handloads on impact accelerations. Thus, this study aimed to analyse the effects of carrying different objects in the hand on impact accelerations during running. Nineteen male recreational runners (age 24.3 ± 6.8 years, training volume of 25 ± 7.38 km/week) performed twenty minutes of running on a treadmill at 2.78 m/s with four different conditions: no extra weight, with keys, with a mobile phone, and with a bottle of water. Impact acceleration and spatio-temporal parameters were analysed through a wireless triaxial accelerometry system composed of three accelerometers: two placed in each tibia and one placed on the forehead. A higher tibia acceleration rate in the dominant leg was observed when participants ran holding both a mobile phone (p = 0.027; ES = 0.359) and a bottle of water (p =0.027; ES = 0.359), compared to no extra weight. No changes were observed in peak acceleration, acceleration magnitude, and shock attenuation in any other conditions. Likewise, neither stride frequency nor step length was modified. Our results suggest that recreational runners should not worry about carrying objects in their hands, like a mobile phone or a bottle of water, in short races because their effect seems minimal.

RESUMEN : INTRODUCCIÓN: El esguince de tobillo es una de las lesiones más frecuentes de tobillo, la encontramos mucho en nuestra práctica diaria, tanto en el medio recreativo como en el deportivo. Mal tratada predispone a la recidiva. En esta revisión nos centraremos en el complejo ligamentoso lateral de tobillo a nivel general y cómo podemos optimizar el tratamiento gracias a la propiocepción para evitar la recidiva y los esguinces crónicos de tobillo en el medio deportivo. OBJETIVOS: Profundizar en la evidencia científica sobre la evaluación, detección, prevención y tratamiento del esguince de tobillo en corredor de 100 metros lisos. Proponer un plan de tratamiento basado en el uso de la propiocepción en corredores. RESULTADOS: Se procederá a proponer un diagnostico basado en la anamnesis, signos, síntomas observados, palpación y tests específicos. El resultado de las actuaciones diagnosticas nos conducirán a clasificar a los pacientes en grupos: agudos/subagudos e inestables. Se propondrá un plan terapéutico para cada grupo con la finalidad de conseguir los objetivos indicados a través de la propiocepción para el retorno a la práctica deportiva. CONCLUSIONES: Es muy importante no infravalorar los esguinces del complejo lateral del tobillo ya que si no se valoran y tratan de una forma correcta la lesión se cronificará (inestabilidad) o tenderá a la recidiva. El plan de actuación tiene como objetivo optimizar el proceso de curación y prevenir la recidiva. PALABRAS CLAVES: • Esguince de tobillo, Diagnostico, Propiocepción, Etiología, Prevención & control, Rehabilitación ABSTRACT : INTRODUCTION: Ankle sprain is one of the most frequent ankle injuries, we find it a lot in our daily practice, both in recreational and sports environments. Bad delay predisposes to relapse. In this review we will particularly discuss the lateral ankle ligament complex at a general level and how we can optimize the treatment thanks to proprioception to avoid chronic ankle sprains in sports. OBJECTIVES: To deepen knowledge with the greatest possible evidence within the current scientific literature on the evaluation, detection, treatment and prevention by proprioception of ankle sprain in a 100-meter runner. To propose a treatment plan based on the use of proprioception in runners. RESULTS: A diagnosis will be proposed based on the anamnesis, signs, observed symptoms, palpation and specific tests. The result of the diagnostic actions will lead us to classify the patients into groups: acute / subacute and unstable. A therapeutic plan will be proposed for each group in order to achieve the indicated objectives through proprioception for the return to sports practice. CONCLUSIONS: It is very important not to underarm sprains of the lateral ankle complex, since if they are not assessed and treated correctly, the injury will become chronic (instability) or will tend to recur. The action plan aims to optimize the healing process and prevent recurrence. KEYWORDS : · Ankle injury, Diagnostic, Proprioception, Etiology, Prevention & control, Rehabilitation/Physical therapy Grau en Fisioteràpia

En un context de canvis substancials respecte noves formes de turisme basades en la comercialització d’experiències, les curses de muntanya s’han convertit en un fenomen recent de molt interès. Malgrat tot, desconeixem en profunditat les particularitats que identifiquen els corredors de muntanya com a participants d’esdeveniments de trail running. Aquest treball estudia el cas dels integrants de la Pyrenees i la Costa Brava Stage Run. Mitjançant dos estudis de referència sobre el perfil de corredor de muntanya i, l’elaboració d’una enquesta, s’han analitzat 10 blocs de dimensions i 27 variables respecte el comportament turístic, i d’altres factors personals i subjectius. S’han conclòs diferències entre els resultats obtinguts i els estudis de referència, principalment el perfil estudiat indica una major tendència turística, un perfil majoritàriament internacional i un alt nivell d’ingressos. Tanmateix, les noves aportacions d’estudi, indiquen que el corredor de muntanya és principalment amateur i li importa menys el resultat

The study aimed at assessing the acute physiological effects of running a 65-km vs a 107- km mountain ultramarathon. Nineteen athletes (15 males and 4 females) from the shorter race and forty three athletes (26 males and 17 females) from the longer race were enrolled. Body weight, respiratory and lower limb strength were assessed before and after the race. Blood samples were obtained before, after and 24-h post-race. Body weight loss did not differ between races. A decrease in squat jump height (p

A crucial subject in sports is identifying the inter-individual variation in response to training, which would allow creating individualized pre-training schedules, improving runner’s performance. We aimed to analyze heterogeneity in individual responses to two half-marathon training programs differing in running volume and intensity in middle-aged recreational women. 20 women (40 ± 7 years, 61 ± 7 kg, 167 ± 6 cm, and VO2max = 48 ± 6 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1) underwent either moderate-intensity continuous (MICT) or high-intensity interval (HIIT) 12-week training. They were evaluated before and after training with maximal incremental tests in the laboratory (VO2max) and in the field (time to exhaustion, TTE; short interval series and long run). All the women participated in the same half-marathon and their finishing times were compared with their previous times. Although the improvements in the mean finishing times were not significant, MICT elicited a greater reduction (3 min 50 s, P = 0.298), with more women (70%) improving on their previous times, than HIIT (reduction of 2 min 34 s, P = 0.197, 50% responders). Laboratory tests showed more differences in the HIIT group (P = 0.008), while both groups presented homogeneous significant (P < 0.05) increases in TTE. Both in the short interval series and in the long run, HIIT induced better individual improvements, with a greater percentage of responders compared to MICT (100% vs 50% in the short series and 78% vs 38% in the long run). In conclusion, variability in inter-individual responses was observed after both MICT and HIIT, with some participants showing improvements (responders) while others did not (non-responders) in different performance parameters, reinforcing the idea that individualized training prescription is needed to optimize performance.

This study analyses the sporting habits of runners participating in short-distance urban running events to identify groups with different motivations towards the practice of endurance running and participation in urban running events. A sample consisting of 937 participants in the Valencia running circuit was interviewed using a questionnaire consisting of a scale of 22 items to analyse their motives for participating in popular races. An exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis was carried out to check the validity of the instrument, and the analysis identified the following four factors into which the indicators were grouped: psychological and physical motives (3 items), social motives and interest in running events (5 items), occupation of time and social recognition (6 items) and competitive and material motives (3 items). Subsequently, a cluster analysis was performed by combining hierarchical and non-hierarchical methods, and the analysis identified the following three groups of runners with different characteristics: individual hedonists (n = 276), enthusiasts (n = 312) and socializing hedonists (n = 349). Enthusiastic runners consider most motives important when participating in running events, individual hedonists consider individual psychological and physical motives important, and socializing hedonists consider personal and social motives and interest in sport important. Variables related to age, educational level, annual income level, frequency of running, how the individuals went out to run and the level of the runners contributed to differentiating the identified groups. The results confirm the heterogeneous nature of urban runners.

Prior to a marathon race, we conducted a cross sectional study with 122 male and 18 female recreational runners at the Expo. Demographic information, running experience, competition level, training details, goal and finishing times, and PODIUM questionnaire on psychological state variables were collected. Motivation, training volume, experience, and relative performance were comparable between male and female marathon runners. However, men were more ambitious and perceived higher self-confidence and fitness, although overestimated their goals ( M dif = -10.4, SD = 16.7] minutes, p < .001). Women perceived higher social support, reported higher anxiety levels, were more accurate in their estimates ( M dif = -0.1, SD = 17.2 minutes, p = .988). Women were also more open than men to consult with ( RR = 3.39, 95% CI [1.14, 10.11]) and to remunerate ( RR = 1.47, 95% CI [1.18, 1.83]) sport psychologists. Differences in competitiveness might be explained by orientation to competition, personal identity, gender roles and stereotypes, or other physiologic mechanisms. Together with the tendency in men athletes to less likely seek help, been aware of these tendencies could be of help for both sport psychologists and coaches when working with marathon runners.

Pregunta de revisió: És la mesura de paràmetres estructurals i biomecànics una eina adequada per a identificar corredors adults amb risc de sofrir fasciosis plantar?. Objectiu: Valorar l’existència ferma de factors de risc biomecànics i/o estructurals relacionats amb la fasciosis plantar en corredors adults. Metodologia: Es va realitzar una cerca a PubMed, Scopus, PEDro i Cochrane Library d’articles publicats entre l’1 de gener de 2009 i el 31 de desembre de 2017, utilitzant els principals descriptors MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) “Fasciitis, Plantar” i “Running”. Posteriorment es va avaluar segons el sistema GRADE la qualitat metodològica dels articles que compliren els criteris de selecció. Resultats: Es van incloure finalment 4 estudis amb una qualitat metodològica baixa que estudiaven un total de 195 individus. Conclusions: Sembla que l’augment de les càrregues en la zona del retropeu a causa d’alteracions biomecàniques es troben estretament relacionades amb la FP. Aquest augment de les forces durant la carrera pot estar provocat per alteracions estructurals com ara la pronació del retropeu o la forma de l’arc plantar. No obstant, els dèficits metodològics dificulten una estructuració ferma de l’evidència científica en la cerca realitzada, fent necessària la realització d’estudis prospectius de qualitat. Review question: Is the measurement of structural and biomechanical parameters suitable to identify adult runners at risk of plantar fasciosis?. Objective: Evaluate the existence of biomechanical and / or structural factors related to plantar fasciasis in adult runners. Methodology: We did a search in PubMed, Scopus, PEDro and the Cochrane Library of articles published between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2017, using the main MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) descriptors "Fasciitis, Plantar" and "Running”. Then, the methodological quality of the articles that met the selection criteria was evaluated according to the Gade system. Results: Finally, 4 studies with a low methodological quality were studied, which included a total of 195 individuals. Conclusion: It seems that the increase in the loads in rearfoot due to biomechanical alterations are closely related to the FP. This increase in forces during the race may be caused by structural alterations such as the pronation of the rearfoot or the shape of the plantar arc. However, methodological deficits doesn't allow to firmly structure the scientific evidence in the search made, making necessary to carry out prospective quality studies.

Objective:To investigate changes after a mountain ultramarathon (MUM) in the serum concentration of fast (FM) and slow (SM) myosin isoforms, which are fiber-type-specific sarcomere proteins. The changes were compared against creatine kinase (CK), a widely used fiber-sarcolemma-damage biomarker, and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a widely used cardiac biomarker.Methods:Observational comparison of response in a single group of 8 endurance-trained amateur athletes. Time-related changes in serum levels of CK, cTnI, SM, and FM from competitors were analyzed before, 1 h after the MUM, and 24 and 48 h after the start of the MUM by 1-way ANOVA for repeated measures or Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. Pearson correlation coefficient was employed to examine associations between variables.Results:While SM was significantly (P = .009) increased in serum 24 h after the beginning of the MUM, FM and cTnI did not change significantly. Serum CK activity peak was observed 1 h after the MUM (P = .002). Moreover, serum peaks of CK and SM were highly correlated (r = .884, P = .004).Conclusions:Since there is evidence of muscle damage after prolonged mountain running, the increase in SM serum concentration after a MUM could be indirect evidence of slow- (type I) fiber-specific sarcomere disruptions.

El present Treball Final de Grau consisteix en un anàlisi dels nivells de força i flexibilitat mitjançant uns tests en corredors de muntanya amateurs del Centre Excursionista de Cardona. Posteriorment a la realització d’uns tests inicials a cadascun dels corredors, s’ha escollit aleatòriament a la meitat dels corredors per fer-ne un grup control i a la resta se’ls hi ha assignat la tasca de seguiment d’un programa preventiu. Amb aquest es pretén millorar aspectes relacionats amb la força i la flexibilitat i així evitar lesions, especialment en la cintilla iliotibial i en el tensor de la fàscia lata.

Objective: To investigate changes after a mountain ultramarathon (MUM) in the serum concentration of fast (FM) and slow (SM) myosin isoforms, which are fiber-type-specific sarcomere proteins. The changes were compared against creatine kinase (CK), a widely used fiber-sarcolemma-damage biomarker, and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a widely used cardiac biomarker. Methods: Observational comparison of response in a single group of 8 endurance-trained amateur athletes. Time-related changes in serum levels of CK, cTnI, SM, and FM from competitors were analyzed before, 1 h after the MUM, and 24 and 48 h after the start of the MUM by 1-way ANOVA for repeated measures or Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. Pearson correlation coefficient was employed to examine associations between variables. Results: While SM was significantly (P = .009) increased in serum 24 h after the beginning of the MUM, FM and cTnI did not change significantly. Serum CK activity peak was observed 1 h after the MUM (P = .002). Moreover, serum peaks of CK and SM were highly correlated (r = .884, P = .004). Conclusions: Since there is evidence of muscle damage after prolonged mountain running, the increase in SM serum concentration after a MUM could be indirect evidence of slow- (type I) fiber-specific sarcomere disruptions.

El síndrome de estrés tibial medial (SEMT) fue nombrado por primera vez en 1.982. El SEMT tiene la incidencia más alta de lesiones en corredores. Los posibles mecanismos de acción pueden ser desde una periostitis inducida por tracción muscular, hasta una disfun­ción muscular. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: 1) Revisar cuales son los factores de riesgo más susceptibles de provocar el SEMT. 2) Comprobar las tendencias actuales en cuanto al diagnóstico, la prevención y el pronóstico del SEMT. 3) Citar las diferentes alternativas de tratamiento para el SEMT. 4) Valorar el rol que puede desarrollar el podólogo ante el SEMT. Este trabajo consiste en una revisión bibliográfica dónde se han incluido un libro y veintiún artículos obtenidos de PUBMED durante los meses de noviembre de 2015 y abril de 2016. Las conclusiones son: 1) El índice de masa corporal {IMC), el descenso de navicu­lar, las rotaciones de cadera, la flexión plantar excesiva de tobillo parecen ser los factores de riesgo más significativos. 2) Para su diagnostico será necesario realizar unas correctas anamnesis y exploración física del paciente. Además, la resonancia magnética (RM) parece ser la forma de diagnóstico por la imagen más efectiva. 3) Tratar de forma efectiva el SEMT puede resultar complicado puesto que aún no se tiene clara su fisiopatología. 4) Finalmente, el podólogo puede realizar una valoración biomecánica del paciente, aún así, lo más importante para realizar una buena evaluación y una actuación de éxito frente el SEMT es realizar un trabajo interdisciplinar.