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As society evolves as a whole, new demands arise with increasingly demanding prerequisites, consequently requiring more significant effort to be met. Such demands cover emerging applications, such as remote surgeries in Smart Health use cases, whose latency and reliability network requirements cannot be met by current communication systems; or simply improving current applications with more challenging requirements to be achieved, such as increasing the transmission rate in a mobile network, offering Quality of Service (QoS), and consequently, better user experience. Therefore, enabling technologies must be chosen to design an appropriate 6G architecture to address such demands. However, the explosion of emerging applications focused on different scopes and requirements to be met makes choosing these enabling technologies extremely complex and unpredictable. Thus, this article aims to create a methodology for analyzing the relevance of enabling technologies and use it to design an optimal architecture capable of meeting the 6G demands. For this purpose, two methods named as Average (AVG) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) have been selected, whose objective is to determine the relevance of an enabler for the 6G architecture, taking into account different degrees of influencing variables for this analysis, such as adherence to a certain architectural model; popularity in the research area; degree of innovation; synergy with other enablers; and support for requirements. Each of these methods presents a particular result. In the case of the AVG method, the criteria and variables are evaluated independently, and the arithmetic mean is employed to combine the evaluations into a single measure of suitability. In contrast, the AHP method considers the relative importance of criteria and variables in order to classify an optimal set of enabling technologies capable of fulfilling the key roles to be performed by a 6G architecture, and consequently meeting the main

A four node, displacement based, acoustic element is developed. In order to avoid spurious rotational modes, a higher order stiffness is introduced. The higher order stiffness is developed from an incompatible strain field which computes element volume changes under nodal rotational displacements fields. The higher order strain satisfies the IET requirements, non affecting convergence. The higher order stiffness is modulated, element by element, with a factor. Thus, the displacement based formulation is capable of placing the spurious rotational modes over the range of physical compressional modes that can be accurately captured by the mesh. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Caiman crocodilus is an alligatoroid broadly distributed in the neotropics from Mexico to Brazil, where Colombia is the only country that has the complete subspecies complex distributed in its territory. This species has been the focus of many genetic, ecological and morphological studies. However, these studies are limited to traditional morphology methods or have limitations to examine interspecific variation among the four subspecies reported in Colombia. This is the first study of intraspecific variation in the skull of Caiman crocodilus complex distributed in Colombia, using a two-dimensional approach of geometric morphometric on 122 post-hatching ontogenetic cranial series. Morphological differences between species and changes during ontogeny (snout increases its length and, skull roof and orbits decrease their proportions) that represents part of morphological changes in the cranial ontogeny of crocodilians were found. In the morphospace, there was a significant differentiation of C. crocodilus apaporiensis and C. crocodilus crocodilus from C. crocodilus fuscus and C. crocodilus chiapasius. Results from this study revealed that C. crocodilus apaporiensis is a differentiated group from the global complex as well as that the specimens of C. crocodilus chiapasius collected from Medem in Colombia may be showing cryptic morphology in some traits. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

UNLABELLED: Spatial variations in the microstructure of dentine contribute to its mechanical behaviour. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to compare the microstructure and fatigue behaviour of dentine from donors of two different countries. METHODS: Caries-free third molars were obtained from dental practices in Colombia, South America and the US to assemble two age-matched samples. The microstructure of the coronal dentine was evaluated at three characteristic depths (i.e. deep, middle and superficial dentine) using scanning electron microscopy and image processing techniques. The mechanical behaviour of dentine in these three regions was evaluated by the fatigue crack growth resistance. Cyclic crack growth was achieved in-plane with the dentine tubules and the fatigue crack growth behaviour was characterized in terms of the stress intensity threshold and the Paris Law parameters. RESULTS: There was no difference in the tubule density between the dentine of patients from the two countries. However, there were significant differences (p

Estas páginas recogen la experiencia académica e investigativa de varios docentes del departamento de Ingeniería de Diseño de Producto de EAFIT, durante los diez años de existencia de la carrera. De su lectura, los estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado

Caiman crocodilus is an alligatoroid broadly distributed in the neotropics from Mexico to Brazil, where Colombia is the only country that has the complete subspecies complex distributed in its territory. This species has been the focus of many genetic, ecological and morphological studies. However, these studies are limited to traditional morphology methods or have limitations to examine interspecific variation among the four subspecies reported in Colombia. This is the first study of intraspecific variation in the skull of Caiman crocodilus complex distributed in Colombia, using a two-dimensional approach of geometric morphometric on 122 post-hatching ontogenetic cranial series. Morphological differences between species and changes during ontogeny (snout increases its length and, skull roof and orbits decrease their proportions) that represents part of morphological changes in the cranial ontogeny of crocodilians were found. In the morphospace, there was a significant differentiation of C. crocodilus apaporiensis and C. crocodilus crocodilus from C. crocodilus fuscus and C. crocodilus chiapasius. Results from this study revealed that C. crocodilus apaporiensis is a differentiated group from the global complex as well as that the specimens of C. crocodilus chiapasius collected from Medem in Colombia may be showing cryptic morphology in some traits. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

This paper describes the methodology used to design a custom-made cranial implant for a 26 year-old patient, who suffered a lesion in the left frontoparietal region of the skull caused by a fibrous dysplasia. The design of the implant was carried out from the 3D reconstruction of the skull of the patient, obtained by a CT- Scan, using Rapid Form 2006. Once the preliminary design was obtained, 3D models of the injured region of the skull and implant were fabricated in a Rapid Prototyping (RP) machine using the Fused Deposition Modeling Technology (FDM) with the purpose of making a functional and dimensional validation of the implant. Subsequently, the implant was fabricated in titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). With the methodology, the prosthesis was successfully implanted. The surgical time decreased by 50%, compared with the same type of surgery in which standard commercial implants and titanium meshes are used; due, principally, to the need of implementing trial and error procedures, which intend to achieve a good fit of the implant increasing the risk of the patient. Finally, the aesthetic appearance of the patient was recovered, allowing the patient to safely perform daily activities. © 2013 Springer.

El presente artículo tiene por objeto brindar un panorama general sobre los distintos enfoques y programas de investigación que han estudiado la tecnología con las ciencias sociales como base, para analizar su configuración y su relación con la sociedad..

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a material widely used by the medical community due to its Ca/P ratio is comparable to the Ca/P ratio of bones and teeth, which promotes osteoinduction and osteoconduction processes when in contact with bone tissue, either as volume piece or coating. This work focuses on studying the quality of the commercial HA powder MKnano-#MKN-HXAP-S12 µm, after processing, to obtain sintered compact discs with suitable physical and chemical characteristics for implants applications. The HA powder was processed through calcination, grinding, pressing and sintering to evaluate the effect of such as procedures in the compacts dics quality. The raw powder was characterized by laser diffraction, SEM, XRF, XRD, TGA and DSC while the characteristics of the obtained compact discs were determined by dilatometry and XRD to identify the sintering temperature range, constituent phases, the amorphous content and the crystallinity degree, parameters that allow determining their suitability for implants applications. Although, it was not possible to obtain sintered compacts with the suitable chemical composition and without fractures, this work allowed to identify the parameters that determine the suitability of a HA powder to obtain sintered compacts for medical applications, as well as the characterization protocol that allows the evaluation of such parameters. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Caiman crocodilus is an alligatoroid broadly distributed in the neotropics from Mexico to Brazil, where Colombia is the only country that has the complete subspecies complex distributed in its territory. This species has been the focus of many genetic, ecological and morphological studies. However, these studies are limited to traditional morphology methods or have limitations to examine interspecific variation among the four subspecies reported in Colombia. This is the first study of intraspecific variation in the skull of Caiman crocodilus complex distributed in Colombia, using a two-dimensional approach of geometric morphometric on 122 post-hatching ontogenetic cranial series. Morphological differences between species and changes during ontogeny (snout increases its length and, skull roof and orbits decrease their proportions) that represents part of morphological changes in the cranial ontogeny of crocodilians were found. In the morphospace, there was a significant differentiation of C. crocodilus apaporiensis and C. crocodilus crocodilus from C. crocodilus fuscus and C. crocodilus chiapasius. Results from this study revealed that C. crocodilus apaporiensis is a differentiated group from the global complex as well as that the specimens of C. crocodilus chiapasius collected from Medem in Colombia may be showing cryptic morphology in some traits. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Este articulo presenta una formulación en elementos finitos basada en un principio variacional parametrizado para resolver problemas planos de interacción fluido estructura utilizando los desplazamientos como variable de estado para formular el sólido

El presente artículo tiene por objeto brindar un panorama general sobre los distintos enfoques y programas de investigación que han estudiado la tecnología con las ciencias sociales como base, para analizar su configuración y su relación con la sociedad..

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a material widely used by the medical community due to its Ca/P ratio is comparable to the Ca/P ratio of bones and teeth, which promotes osteoinduction and osteoconduction processes when in contact with bone tissue, either as volume piece or coating. This work focuses on studying the quality of the commercial HA powder MKnano-#MKN-HXAP-S12 µm, after processing, to obtain sintered compact discs with suitable physical and chemical characteristics for implants applications. The HA powder was processed through calcination, grinding, pressing and sintering to evaluate the effect of such as procedures in the compacts dics quality. The raw powder was characterized by laser diffraction, SEM, XRF, XRD, TGA and DSC while the characteristics of the obtained compact discs were determined by dilatometry and XRD to identify the sintering temperature range, constituent phases, the amorphous content and the crystallinity degree, parameters that allow determining their suitability for implants applications. Although, it was not possible to obtain sintered compacts with the suitable chemical composition and without fractures, this work allowed to identify the parameters that determine the suitability of a HA powder to obtain sintered compacts for medical applications, as well as the characterization protocol that allows the evaluation of such parameters. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

This paper describes the methodology used to design a custom-made cranial implant for a 26 year-old patient, who suffered a lesion in the left frontoparietal region of the skull caused by a fibrous dysplasia. The design of the implant was carried out from the 3D reconstruction of the skull of the patient, obtained by a CT- Scan, using Rapid Form 2006. Once the preliminary design was obtained, 3D models of the injured region of the skull and implant were fabricated in a Rapid Prototyping (RP) machine using the Fused Deposition Modeling Technology (FDM) with the purpose of making a functional and dimensional validation of the implant. Subsequently, the implant was fabricated in titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). With the methodology, the prosthesis was successfully implanted. The surgical time decreased by 50%, compared with the same type of surgery in which standard commercial implants and titanium meshes are used; due, principally, to the need of implementing trial and error procedures, which intend to achieve a good fit of the implant increasing the risk of the patient. Finally, the aesthetic appearance of the patient was recovered, allowing the patient to safely perform daily activities. © 2013 Springer.