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In order to help the physical and numerical interpretation of Emeraude's steam pilot, two-phase waterfloods at four temperatures (between 30 and 240°C) and a steamflood were performed in the laboratory using the same porous medium (compacted silt) and under reservoir conditions. Dynamic isothermal displacements were interpreted with a thermal simulator taking into account capillary end effects. The corresponding oil-water relative permeability curves were obtained by matching observed pressure drop and oil production. Results show that temperature influences the end-point saturations but not the shape of the curves. The steamflood experiment was carried out in an adiabatic core holder. Oil stripping and production of a large amount of CO2 caused by dissolution of carbonates were pointed out. The numerical interpretation of this experiment, by making use of the oil-water relative permeabilities, provided the three-phase oil relative permeability which is an essential datum for numerical interpretation of a steam drive pilot. Then a parameter study was used to quantify the influence of the different mechanisms involved in hot water and steam floods. Dans le but de faciliter l'interprétation physique et numérique du pilote vapeur d' Emeraude, des balayages eau-huile à quatre températures (entre 30 et 240°C) et un balayage à la vapeur ont été réalisés au laboratoire. Toutes ces expériences ont été effectuées sur le même milieu poreux (silt compacté) et en conditions de réservoir. Les déplacements bi-phasiques isothermes, en écoulement transitoire, ont été interprétés avec un modèle numérique thermique qui prend en compte les effets capillaires aux extrémités de l'échantillon. Les courbes de perméabilités relatives dynamiques eau-huile sont déterminées par calage, sur les courbes expérimentales, de la différence de pression et de la production d'huile simulées. Les résultats montrent que la température influe sur les points extrêmes, mais pas sur la forme, des courbes de perméabilités relatives. L'expérience de balayage à la vapeur a été réalisée dans une cellule porte-échantillon adiabatique. Les observations expérimentales ont mis en évidence l'importance des phénomènes de thermomigration des composants légers de l'huile et de dissolution des carbonates (production importante de CO2). En utilisant les perméabilités relatives eau-huile précédemment déterminées, la simulation numérique de cette expérience a permis d'accéder à la perméabilité relative triphasique à l'huile, donnée essentielle pour l'interprétation numérique d'un pilote de balayage à la vapeur. Enfin, une étude de paramètres a quantifié l'influence des différents mécanismes mis en jeu dans les balayages à l'eau chaude et à la vapeur.

In-Situ Combustion. In-situ combustion (ISC) is an enhanced oil-recovery method. Enhanced oil recovery is broadly described as a group of techniques used to extract crude oil from the subsurface by the injection of substances not originally present in the reservoir with or without the introduction of extraneous energy (Lake 1996). During ISC, a combustion front is propagated through the reservoir by injected air. The heat generated results in higher temperatures leading to a reduction in oil viscosity and an increase of oil mobility. There are two types of ISC processes, dry and wet combustion. In the dry-combustion process, a large part of the heat generated is left unused downstream of the combustion front in the burned-out region. During the wet-injection process, water is co-injected with the air to recover some of the heat remaining behind the combustion zone. ISC is a very complex process. From a physical point of view, it is a problem coupling transport in porous media, chemistry, and thermodynamics. It has been studied for several decades, and the technique has been applied in the field since the 1950s. The complexity was not well understood earlier by ISC operators. This resulted in a high rate of project failures in the 1960s, and contributed to the misconception that ISC is a problem-prone process with low probability of success. However, ISC is an attractive oil-recovery process and capable of recovering a high percentage of oil-in-place, if the process is designed correctly and implemented in the right type of reservoir (Sarathi 1999). This paper investigates the effect of water on the reaction kinetics of a heavy oil by way of ramped temperature oxidation under various conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two companion papers, we report the detailed geological and mineralogical study of two emblematic serpentinized ultramafic bodies of the western North Pyrenean Zone (NPZ), the Urdach massif (this paper) and the Saraillé massif (paper 2). The peridotites have been exhumed to lower crustal levels during the Cretaceous rifting period in the future NPZ. They are associated with Mesozoic pre-rift metamorphic sediments and small units of thinned Paleozoic basement that were deformed during the mantle exhumation event. Based on detailed geological cross-sections and microprobe mineralogical analyses, we describe the lithology of the two major extensional fault zones that accommodated: (i) the progressive exhumation of the lherzolites along the Cretaceous basin axis; (ii) the lateral extraction of the continental crust beneath the rift shoulders and; (iii) the decoupling of the pre-rift cover along the Upper Triassic (Keuper) evaporites and clays, allowing its gliding and conservation in the basin center. These two fault zones are the (lower) crust-mantle detachment and the (upper) cover décollement located respectively at the crust-mantle boundary and at the base of the detached pre-rift cover. The Urdach peridotites were exposed to the seafloor during the Late Albian and underwent local pervasive carbonation and crystallization of calcite in a network of orthogonal veins (ophicalcites). The carbonated serpentinized peridotites were partly covered by debris-flows carrying fragments of both the ultramafics and Paleozoic crustal rocks now forming the polymictic Urdach breccia. The mantle rocks are involved in a Pyrenean overturned fold together with thin units of crustal mylonites. Continent-derived and mantle-derived fluids that circulated along the Urdach crust-mantle detachment led to the crystallization of abundant metasomatic rocks containing quartz, calcite, Cr-rich chlorites, Cr-rich white micas and pyrite. Two samples of metasomatized material from the crust-mantle detachment yielded in situ zircon U/Pb ages of 112.9 ± 1.6 Ma and 109.4 ± 1.2 Ma, thus confirming the Late Albian age of the metasomatic event. The cover décollement is a 30-m thick fault zone which also includes metasomatic rocks of greenschist facies, such as serpentine-calcite association and listvenites, indicating large-scale fluid-rock interactions implying both ultramafic and continental material. The lowermost pre-rift cover is generally missing along the cover décollement due to tectonic disruption during mantle exhumation and continental crust elision. Locally, metasomatized and strongly tectonized Triassic remnants are found as witnesses of the sole at the base of the detached pre-rift cover. We also report the discovery of a spherulitic alkaline lava flow emplaced over the exhumed mantle. These data collectively allow to propose a reconstruction of the architecture and fluid-rock interaction history of the distal domain of the upper Cretaceous northern Iberia margin now inverted in the NPZ.

In two companion papers we report the detailed geological and mineralogical study of two emblematic serpentinized ultramafic bodies of the western North Pyrenean Zone (NPZ), the Urdach massif (paper 1) and the Saraillé massif (this paper). The peridotites have been uplifted to lower crustal levels during the Cretaceous rifting period in the future NPZ. They are associated with Mesozoic pre-rift metamorphic sediments and small units of thinned Paleozoic basement that were deformed during the mantle exhumation event. In the Saraillé massif, both the pre-rift cover and the thin Paleozoic crustal lenses are involved in a Pyrenean recumbent fold having the serpentinized peridotites in its core. Based on detailed geological cross-sections microscopic observations and microprobe mineralogical analyses, we describe the lithology of the two major extensional fault zones that accommodated: (i) the progressive uplift of the lherzolites upward the Cretaceous basin axis, (ii) the lateral extraction of the continental crust beneath the rift margins and, (iii) the decoupling of the pre-rift cover along the Upper Triassic (Keuper) evaporites and clays, allowing its gliding and conservation in the basin center. These two fault zones are the (lower) crust-mantle detachment and the (upper) cover décollement located respectively at the crust-mantle boundary and at the base to the detached pre-rift cover. The Saraillé peridotites were never exposed to the seafloor of the Cretaceous NPZ basins and always remained under a thin layer of crustal mylonites. Field constraints allow to reconstruct the strain pattern of the mantle rocks in the crust-mantle detachment. A 20–50 m thick layer of serpentinized lherzolites tectonic lenses separated by anastomosed shear zones is capped by a thin upper damage zone made up of strongly sheared talc-chlorite schists invaded by pyrite crystallization. The cover décollement is a few decameter-thick fault zone resulting from the brecciation of Upper Triassic layers. It underwent strong metasomatic alteration in the greenschist facies, by multi-component fluids leading to the crystallization of quartz, dolomite, talc, Cr-rich chlorite, amphiboles, magnesite and pyrite. These data collectively allow to propose a reconstruction of the architecture and fluid-rock interaction history of the distal domain of the upper Cretaceous northern Iberia margin now inverted in the NPZ.

Ensuring the safety of patient medication management is a public health priority. In hospitals, the medication circuit involves risks, especially in terms of storage. As part of an institutional project, the deployment of computerized medicine cabinets in our hospital's care units was initiated in 2015. By 2022, almost all care departments were equipped. Each drug picking is carried out by the registered nurse according to the patient's name, in accordance with the administration plan. In addition, local recommendations are to collect medication for a maximum of 24hours. In this context, our objective was to assess nursing professional practices in order to identify the steps requiring action plans. To meet this objective, we i) studied the compliance of computerized drug samplings with prescriptions on a given day throughout the establishment, ii) assessed picking practices with an observational audit, and iii) proposed questionnaires, including practical cases and satisfaction questions. Over 300 prescriptions were analyzed, including 2,511 drugs requiring at least one collect on the day of the assessment. The compliance rate for picking in relation to the drugs prescribed was 44.7%. According to the audit observation, the picking compliance rate was 74.5%. Non-compliances were mainly linked to the selection of the wrong patient at the computerized medicine cabinet and/or to a picking for longer than the recommended duration. Finally, the rate of correct answers to the proposed cases was 61.9%, and nurses were generally satisfied or very satisfied with the equipment., (Copyright © 2024 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The gradual deterioration of articular cartilage was thought to be the central event in osteoarthritis (OA), but recent studies demonstrated the importance of low-grade synovitis in the progression of OA. The Syndecan (SDC) family of membrane proteoglycans is known to be involved in the regulation of inflammation, but there is limited evidence considering the role of syndecans in OA synovitis. Our study aimed to investigate the hip OA synovial membrane expression patterns of SDC1, SDC2 and SDC4, as well as exostosins and sulfotransferases (enzymes involved in the polymerisation and modification of syndecans' heparan sulphate chains). Synovial membrane samples of patients with OA (24) were divided into two groups according to their Krenn synovitis score severity. The immunohistochemical expressions of SDC1, SDC2, SDC4, EXT1, EXT2, NDST1 and NDST2 in synovial intima and subintima were then analysed and compared with the control group (patients with femoral neck fracture). According to our study, the immunoexpression of SDC1, NDST1 and EXT2 is significantly increased in the intimal cells of OA synovial membrane in patients with lower histological synovitis scores and SDC4 in patients with higher synovitis scores, in comparison with non-OA controls. The difference in the expression of SDC2 among the OA and non-OA groups was insignificant. SDC1, SDC4, NDST1 and EXT2 seem to be involved as inflammation moderators in low-grade OA synovitis and, therefore, should be further investigated as potential markers of disease progression and therapeutic goals.

Anti-PD-1 therapy targets intratumoral CD8+ T cells to promote clinical responses in cancer patients. Recent evidence suggests an additional activity in the periphery, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that anti-PD-1 mAb enhances CD8+ T cell responses in tumor-draining lymph nodes by stimulating cytokine production in follicular helper T cells (Tfh). In two different models, anti-PD-1 mAb increased the activation and proliferation of tumor-specific T cells in lymph nodes. Surprisingly, anti-PD-1 mAb did not primarily target CD8+ T cells but instead stimulated IL-4 production by Tfh cells, the major population bound by anti-PD-1 mAb. Blocking IL-4 or inhibiting the Tfh master transcription factor BCL6 abrogated anti-PD-1 mAb activity in lymph nodes while injection of IL-4 complexes was sufficient to recapitulate anti-PD-1 mAb activity. A similar mechanism was observed in a vaccine model. Finally, nivolumab also boosted human Tfh cells in humanized mice. We propose that Tfh cells and IL-4 play a key role in the peripheral activity of anti-PD-1 mAb., (© 2024 Ruggiu et al.)

Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy represents a breakthrough for the treatment of B cell malignancies. Yet, it can lead to severe adverse events, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which may require urgent clinical management. Whether interpatient variability in CAR T cell subsets contributes to CRS is unclear. Here, we show that CD4 + CAR T cells are the main drivers of CRS. Using an immunocompetent model of anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy, we report that CD4 + , but not CD8 + , CAR T cells elicit physiological CRS-like manifestations associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines. In CAR T cell-treated patients, CRS occurrence and severity are significantly associated with high absolute values of CD4 + CAR T cells in the blood. CRS in mice occurs independently of CAR T cell-derived interferon γ (IFN-γ) but requires elevated tumor burden. Thus, adjusting the CD4:CD8 CAR T cell ratio to patient tumor load may help mitigate CAR T cell-associated toxicities., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)