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Effective and durable disease resistance for bacterial blight (BB) of rice is a continuous challenge due to the evolution and adaptation of the pathogen,Xanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae(Xoo), on cultivated rice varieties. Fundamental to this pathogens' virulence is transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors that activate transcription of host genes and contribute differently to pathogen virulence, fitness or both. Host plant resistance is predicted to be more durable if directed at strategic virulence factors that impact both pathogen virulence and fitness. We characterized Tal7b, a minor-effect virulence factor that contributes incrementally to pathogen virulence in rice, is a fitness factor to the pathogen and is widely present in geographically diverse strains ofXoo. To identify sources of resistance to this conserved effector, we used a highly virulent strain carrying a plasmid borne copy of Tal7b to screen an indica multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population. Of 18 QTL revealed by genome-wide association studies and interval mapping analysis, six were specific to Tal7b (qBB-tal7b). Overall, 150 predicted Tal7b gene targets overlapped with qBB-tal7bQTL. Of these, 21 showed polymorphisms in the predicted effector binding element (EBE) site and 23 lost the EBE sequence altogether. Inoculation and bioinformatics studies suggest that the Tal7b target in one of the Tal7b-specific QTL, qBB-tal7b-8, is a disease susceptibility gene and that the resistance mechanism for this locus may be through loss of susceptibility. Our work demonstrates that minor-effect virulence factors significantly contribute to disease and provide a potential new approach to identify effective disease resistance.

Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS) and Non-Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (NTRS) may represent different subtypes of schizophrenia. However, few studies have investigated their PANSS symptom dimensions by Exploratory (EFA) or Confirmatory (CFA). Data from the present study are derived from 1429 patients of the Pattern study. TRS was defined by the use of clozapine in the previous year whereas NTRS by the use of non-clozapine antipsychotics ("by proxy"). Factors were chosen based on the Kaiser criterion and considered valid when loadings were greater than or equal to 0.5. The fit to the data was evaluated by CFA in comparison with well-established PANSS models, using fit indexes. The EFA yielded similar five-factor model in both groups: Negative, Positive, Anxiety/Depression, Cognitive and Excited. CFA showed a satisfactory, but not perfect, fit to the data, as compared with the previous PANSS factor analytic models. Despite the limitations regarding the 'by proxy' definition of TRS, the results of the present study show that there are no differences in the factorial structure of PANSS in patients with TRS and NTRS.

RESUMEN: Introducción: Las principales patologías que requieren tratamiento en cámara hiperbárica son la enfermedad descompresiva y el embolismo arterial gaseoso. Ambas comparten la necesidad de cambios de la presión ambiental y del contenido gaseoso en el organismo. Además del buceo, existen otras situaciones que suponen cambios de presión y por tanto propician el riesgo de presentar lesiones que requieran recompresión. Objetivos: Describir los principales lugares de producción de estas patologías y los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que las generan. Material y Método: Expedientes de accidentes de buceo recogidos en el Centro de Buceo de la Armada desde 1970 hasta 2017. Resultados: Total 392 casos, 345 (88%) se producen en la mar, 36 (9,18%) en cámara hiperbárica, 6 (1,53%) en relación con submarinos y 4 (1,02%) en actividades hipobáricas. Conclusiones: Cualquier situación que suponga un cambio de presión expone al sujeto a presentar una patología descompresiva y a necesitar un tratamiento hiperbárico. El lugar más frecuente es en la mar pero pruebas, en principio no lesivas, como un tratamiento hiperbárico, pueden predisponer a estas lesiones. SUMMARY Introduction: The main pathologies that require a recompression therapy are decompression sickness (DCS) and arterial gas embolism (AGE), boths can be caused by pressure-related activites and certain amount of gas (dissolved or not) in the victim´s blood. Besides diving other pressure-related activities put the person in risk of this pathologies. Aim: To investigate the main place of production of these pathologies and their physiological base. Methods: we reviewed all charts of patients with DCS and AGE from 1970-2017 at Centro de Buceo de la Armada (Cartagena). Results: There were 392 cases, 345 (88%) diving related, 36 (9,18%) hyperbaric chamber-related, 6 (1,53%) submarine activities related and 4 (1,02%) hypobaric activities-related. Conclusions: Diving injuries rates are the most important but any pressure-related activity can be risky even hyperbaric chamber activity, considered the safest pressure-related activity.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical factors associated with changes in HRQoL in outpatients with schizophrenia using both generic and condition-specific HRQoL scales. METHODS: Adult outpatients with schizophrenia at least 18 years of age who did not have an acute psychotic exacerbation in the 3 months prior to baseline were recruited. PANSS dimensions were calculated based on Lindenmayer et al.'s five factors. HRQoL data were assessed by patients using the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS), the Short Form-36 (SF-36), and the EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaires. RESULTS: Out of the 1345 patients included at baseline, 1196 (89%) were evaluated at 12 months. Regression models showed that the factor most consistently associated with HRQoL at endpoint was change in the PANSS negative symptoms score. A decrease in the PANSS negative symptoms score from baseline to 1 year was associated with a decrease in HRQoL during the same period. There were also significant associations of the change in PANSS excitatory factor with all the HRQoL scales except the SF-36 PCS. Female gender was associated with a decrease in all HRQoL ratings. There was also a relationship between years since onset and HRQoL. The longer the time since illness onset, the larger the decrease in HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: This study has found that, in outpatients with schizophrenia, changes in negative and excitement symptoms may have a greater an association with HRQoL than changes in positive, cognitive and depressive symptoms.

RESUMEN: Introducción: Las principales patologías que requieren tratamiento en cámara hiperbárica son la enfermedad descompresiva y el embolismo arterial gaseoso. Ambas comparten la necesidad de cambios de la presión ambiental y del contenido gaseoso en el organismo. Además del buceo, existen otras situaciones que suponen cambios de presión y por tanto propician el riesgo de presentar lesiones que requieran recompresión. Objetivos: Describir los principales lugares de producción de estas patologías y los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que las generan. Material y Método: Expedientes de accidentes de buceo recogidos en el Centro de Buceo de la Armada desde 1970 hasta 2017. Resultados: Total 392 casos, 345 (88%) se producen en la mar, 36 (9,18%) en cámara hiperbárica, 6 (1,53%) en relación con submarinos y 4 (1,02%) en actividades hipobáricas. Conclusiones: Cualquier situación que suponga un cambio de presión expone al sujeto a presentar una patología descompresiva y a necesitar un tratamiento hiperbárico. El lugar más frecuente es en la mar pero pruebas, en principio no lesivas, como un tratamiento hiperbárico, pueden predisponer a estas lesiones.

The Pattern study was conducted to provide longitudinal observational data for individual patients with persistent symptoms of schizophrenia. Pattern is an international, multicenter, non-interventional, prospective cohort study of schizophrenia outpatients who were not considered to be in recovery. In the longitudinal phase reported herein, patients were assessed over 1 year using different clinical rating scales. Patient management followed routine local clinical practice. Primary outcome was disease state, defined by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Negative Symptom Factor Score (NSFS), Positive Symptom Factor Score (PSFS), and Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Scale. In total, 1344 protocol-compliant patients (70.9% male) were included. Patients showed a high stability in disease state between consecutive study visits. Persistent negative persistent symptoms and symptomatic remission were the most prevalent and stable disease states. Patients in relapse generally transitioned to negative persistent symptoms or to symptomatic remission. PANSS, PSP, and quality of life ratings remained relatively stable. Relapses occurred in 10% of patients; probability of relapse was associated with younger age, extra-pyramidal symptoms, and more antipsychotic medications. Despite treatment, schizophrenia symptoms tend to remain stable over time, without overall improvement. One of the greatest challenges in schizophrenia is attainment of full symptom remission.

Resumen Introducción: La neumatosis quística intestinal (NQI) es una entidad poco frecuente que se caracteriza por la presencia de aire en la pared intestinal. En la mayoría de las ocasiones es secundaria a una serie de procesos fundamentalmente intrabdominales y que en su mayoría requieren cirugía urgente, pero en un pequeño porcentaje de casos es idiopática y suele tener un curso más benigno, causada entre otras cosas por una serie de factores mecánicos que ocasionan el daño de la mucosa y por lo tanto predisponen a la formación de quistes. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de un paciente sometido a una hemicolectomía derecha por cáncer de colon y tratado posteriormente con quimioterapia que desarrolla una NQI a los dos años de finalizado el tratamiento. En todo momento el paciente se ha encontrado asintomático a pesar de la evolución de la NQI yel desarrollo de neumoperitoneo asociado. Abstract Introduction: Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is a rare entity characterized by the presence of air in the intestinal wall. In most cases, it is secondary to a number of mainly intra-abdominal processesthat mostly require urgent surgery but, in a small percentage of cases, it is idiopathic and usually has a morebenign course, caused by, among other things, a series of mechanical factors causing mucosal damage andtherefore predisposing to the formation of cysts. Case report: Here we describe a case of a patient undergoingright hemicolectomy for colon cancer and subsequently treated with chemotherapy that developed PCI twoyears after treatment ended. At all times, the patient was asymptomatic, despite the evolution of PCI and thedevelopment of associated pneumoperitoneum.