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4. A multinational Delphi consensus to end the COVID-19 public health threat

Author

Lazarus, J. V., Romero, D., Kopka, C. J., Karim, S. A., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Almeida, G., Baptista-Leite, R., Barocas, J. A., Barreto, M. L., Bar-Yam, Y., Bassat, Q., Batista, C., Bazilian, M., Chiou, S. -T., del Rio, C., Dore, G. J., Gao, G. F., Gostin, L. O., Hellard, M., Jimenez, J. L., Kang, G., Lee, N., Maticic, M., Mckee, M., Nsanzimana, S., Oliu-Barton, M., Pradelski, B., Pyzik, O., Rabin, K., Raina, S., Rashid, S. F., Rathe, M., Saenz, R., Singh, S., Trock-Hempler, M., Villapol, S., Yap, P., Binagwaho, A., Kamarulzaman, A., El-Mohandes, A., Barreto, M., Abdulla, S., Addleman, S., Aghayeva, G., Agius, R., Ahmed, M., Ramy, M. A., Aide, P., Aleman, S., Alfred, J. -P., Ali, S., Aliaga, J., Aloudat, T., Alqahtani, S. A., Al-Salman, J., Amuasi, J. H., Agrawal, A., Anwar, W., Araujo-Jorge, T., Artaza, O., Asadi, L., Awuku, Y., Baker, M., Barberia, L., Bascolo, E., Belcher, P., Bell, L., Benzaken, A., Bergholtz, E., Bhadelia, N., Bhan, A., Bilodeau, S., Bitran, R., Bluyssen, P., Bosman, A., Bozza, F. A., Brinkmann, M. M., Brown, A., Mellado, B., Bukusi, E., Bullen, C., Buonanno, G., Burgess, R., Butler, M., Byakika-Kibwika, P., Cabieses, B., Carlsson, G., Cascini, Fidelia, Chabala, C., Chakroun, M., Cheng, K. K., Chetty, A., Chumachenko, D., Consalves, G., Conway Morris, A., Cordie, A., Corrah, T., Crabtree-Ramirez, B., Dashdorj, N., Davidovitch, N., de Souza, L. E., Dhariwal, A. C., Druica, E., Ergonul, O., Erondu, N. A., Essar, M. Y., Ewing, A., Fanjul, G., Feierstein, D., Feigl-Ding, E., Figueroa, R., Figueroa, J. P., Fisher, D., Flores, W., Forero-Pena, D. A., Frumkin, H., Gamkrelidze, A., Gandhi, M., Garcia, P., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Garcia-Sastre, A., Garg, S., Gbeasor-Komlanvi, F. A., Gershenson, C., Gilada, I., Giovanella, L., Gonzalez, M., Green, M. S., Greenhalgh, T., Griffin, P., Griffin, S., Grinsztejn, B., Anand, T., Guerra, G., Guinto, R., Gujski, M., Guner, R., Hamdy, A., Hancean, M. -G., Haniffa, A., Hartigan-Go, K. Y., Hassan, H. K., Hay, S. I., Heino, M. T. J., Hel, Z., Hotez, P., Hu, J., Hukic, M., Ijsselmuiden, C., Iroko, D., Iskarous, M., Izugbara, C., Jacobs, C., Jadad, A. R., Jehan, F., Jordan, A., Jroundi, I., Kain, K., Kamberi, F., Karamov, E., Karan, A., Katz, R., Katzourakis, A., Kazembe, A., Khamis, F., Khamzayev, K., Khanyola, J., Khunti, K., Kiguli-Malwadde, E., Kim, W. J., Kirenga, B. J., Klimovsky, D., Kmush, B. L., Knaul, F., Kogevinas, M., Kristensen, F., Kumar, D., Kumar, R., Kvalsvig, A., Lacerda, M. V., Lal, A., Lawton, T., Lemery, J., Leonardi, A. J., Li, Y., Lottvall, J., Lounis, M., Maceira, D., Macintyre, C. R., Madani, A., Magiorkinis, G., Malekzadeh, R., Choisy, M., Marcelin, J. R., Marks, G. B., Marr, L., Marrazzo, J., Martina, A., Martin-Moreno, J. M., Mateos, C., Mayxay, M., Mazarati, J. B., Mboup, S., Mcdonald, J., Mcmillan, F., Mechili, E., Medici, A., Davis, S. L. M., Meier, P., Memish, Z. A., Menon, J., Menon, P., Mesiano-Crookston, J., Michie, S., Mikolasevic, I., Milicevic, O., Mishra, A. K., Mohamed, R., Mokdad, A. H., Monroy-Valle, M., Morawska, L., Moschos, S. A., Motawea, K., Mousavi, S. H., Mumtaz, G., Munene, P. K., Munoz Almagro, C., Muriuki, J., Muyingo, S., Naniche, D., Naylor, C. D., Ndembi, N., Nemec, J., Nesteruk, I., Ngaruiya, C., Nguyen, H., Nikolova, D., Nitzan, D., Norheim, O., Noushad, M., Ntoumi, F., Nyborg, G. A., Ochodo, E., Odabasi, Z., Okwen, M. P., Olivia, K., Ong, D. S. Y., Opara, I., Orozco, M., Oshitani, H., Pagel, C., Pai, M., Palsdottir, B., Papatheodoridis, G., Paraskevis, D., Leigh, J. P., Pecoul, B., Peichl, A., Perez-Then, E., Duc, P. P., Philippe, C., Pineda Rojas, A., Pladsen, C., Pozniak, A., Quiroga, R., Qureshi, H., Rampal, S., Ranney, M., Rathe, L., Ratzan, S., Raventos, H., Rees, H., Reis, R., Ricciardi, Walter, Rizk, N., Robalo, M., Robertson, E., Robinson, L., Rokx, C., Ros, T., Rottingen, J. -A., Rubin, M., Ruxrungtam, K., Sadirova, S., Saha, S., Salgado, N., Sanchez, L., Sangaramoorthy, T., Santamaria-Ulloa, C., Santos, R., Sawaf, B., Schneider, M. F., Schooley, R. T., Sener, A., Sepulveda, J., Shah, J., Shibani, M., Shoib, S., Sikazwe, I., Simaitis, A., Gill, A. S., Skhvitaridze, N., Sokolovic, M., Solomon, R., Solorzano, X., Springer, S. A., Srol, J., Staines, A., Stelfox, H. T., Strathdee, S., Sulaiman, L. H., Sutton, B., Svanaes, D., Swed, S., Sypsa, V., Sorensen, K., Tajudeen, R., Tan, A., Tang, J., Tanner, M., Sethi, T., Temmerman, M., Than, K. K., Tinto, H., Tometissi, S. P., Torres, I., Tshering, K. P., Tsiodras, S., Tsofa, B., Vahlne, A., Vargas, J. R., Bernal, I. D. V., Ventura, D., Vilasanjuan, R., Vipond, J., Wamala-Andersson, S., Wargocki, P., West, R., Weyand, A., White, T. M., Wolff, G., Yao, M., Yates, C. A., Yeboah, G., Yee-Sin, L., Yi, S., Teo, Y. -Y., Yong, P., Zamora-Mesia, V., Ovrehus, A., Cascini F. (ORCID:0000-0001-6499-0734), Ricciardi W. (ORCID:0000-0002-5655-688X), Lazarus, J. V., Romero, D., Kopka, C. J., Karim, S. A., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Almeida, G., Baptista-Leite, R., Barocas, J. A., Barreto, M. L., Bar-Yam, Y., Bassat, Q., Batista, C., Bazilian, M., Chiou, S. -T., del Rio, C., Dore, G. J., Gao, G. F., Gostin, L. O., Hellard, M., Jimenez, J. L., Kang, G., Lee, N., Maticic, M., Mckee, M., Nsanzimana, S., Oliu-Barton, M., Pradelski, B., Pyzik, O., Rabin, K., Raina, S., Rashid, S. F., Rathe, M., Saenz, R., Singh, S., Trock-Hempler, M., Villapol, S., Yap, P., Binagwaho, A., Kamarulzaman, A., El-Mohandes, A., Barreto, M., Abdulla, S., Addleman, S., Aghayeva, G., Agius, R., Ahmed, M., Ramy, M. A., Aide, P., Aleman, S., Alfred, J. -P., Ali, S., Aliaga, J., Aloudat, T., Alqahtani, S. A., Al-Salman, J., Amuasi, J. H., Agrawal, A., Anwar, W., Araujo-Jorge, T., Artaza, O., Asadi, L., Awuku, Y., Baker, M., Barberia, L., Bascolo, E., Belcher, P., Bell, L., Benzaken, A., Bergholtz, E., Bhadelia, N., Bhan, A., Bilodeau, S., Bitran, R., Bluyssen, P., Bosman, A., Bozza, F. A., Brinkmann, M. M., Brown, A., Mellado, B., Bukusi, E., Bullen, C., Buonanno, G., Burgess, R., Butler, M., Byakika-Kibwika, P., Cabieses, B., Carlsson, G., Cascini, Fidelia, Chabala, C., Chakroun, M., Cheng, K. K., Chetty, A., Chumachenko, D., Consalves, G., Conway Morris, A., Cordie, A., Corrah, T., Crabtree-Ramirez, B., Dashdorj, N., Davidovitch, N., de Souza, L. E., Dhariwal, A. C., Druica, E., Ergonul, O., Erondu, N. A., Essar, M. Y., Ewing, A., Fanjul, G., Feierstein, D., Feigl-Ding, E., Figueroa, R., Figueroa, J. P., Fisher, D., Flores, W., Forero-Pena, D. A., Frumkin, H., Gamkrelidze, A., Gandhi, M., Garcia, P., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Garcia-Sastre, A., Garg, S., Gbeasor-Komlanvi, F. A., Gershenson, C., Gilada, I., Giovanella, L., Gonzalez, M., Green, M. S., Greenhalgh, T., Griffin, P., Griffin, S., Grinsztejn, B., Anand, T., Guerra, G., Guinto, R., Gujski, M., Guner, R., Hamdy, A., Hancean, M. -G., Haniffa, A., Hartigan-Go, K. Y., Hassan, H. K., Hay, S. I., Heino, M. T. J., Hel, Z., Hotez, P., Hu, J., Hukic, M., Ijsselmuiden, C., Iroko, D., Iskarous, M., Izugbara, C., Jacobs, C., Jadad, A. R., Jehan, F., Jordan, A., Jroundi, I., Kain, K., Kamberi, F., Karamov, E., Karan, A., Katz, R., Katzourakis, A., Kazembe, A., Khamis, F., Khamzayev, K., Khanyola, J., Khunti, K., Kiguli-Malwadde, E., Kim, W. J., Kirenga, B. J., Klimovsky, D., Kmush, B. L., Knaul, F., Kogevinas, M., Kristensen, F., Kumar, D., Kumar, R., Kvalsvig, A., Lacerda, M. V., Lal, A., Lawton, T., Lemery, J., Leonardi, A. J., Li, Y., Lottvall, J., Lounis, M., Maceira, D., Macintyre, C. R., Madani, A., Magiorkinis, G., Malekzadeh, R., Choisy, M., Marcelin, J. R., Marks, G. B., Marr, L., Marrazzo, J., Martina, A., Martin-Moreno, J. M., Mateos, C., Mayxay, M., Mazarati, J. B., Mboup, S., Mcdonald, J., Mcmillan, F., Mechili, E., Medici, A., Davis, S. L. M., Meier, P., Memish, Z. A., Menon, J., Menon, P., Mesiano-Crookston, J., Michie, S., Mikolasevic, I., Milicevic, O., Mishra, A. K., Mohamed, R., Mokdad, A. H., Monroy-Valle, M., Morawska, L., Moschos, S. A., Motawea, K., Mousavi, S. H., Mumtaz, G., Munene, P. K., Munoz Almagro, C., Muriuki, J., Muyingo, S., Naniche, D., Naylor, C. D., Ndembi, N., Nemec, J., Nesteruk, I., Ngaruiya, C., Nguyen, H., Nikolova, D., Nitzan, D., Norheim, O., Noushad, M., Ntoumi, F., Nyborg, G. A., Ochodo, E., Odabasi, Z., Okwen, M. P., Olivia, K., Ong, D. S. Y., Opara, I., Orozco, M., Oshitani, H., Pagel, C., Pai, M., Palsdottir, B., Papatheodoridis, G., Paraskevis, D., Leigh, J. P., Pecoul, B., Peichl, A., Perez-Then, E., Duc, P. P., Philippe, C., Pineda Rojas, A., Pladsen, C., Pozniak, A., Quiroga, R., Qureshi, H., Rampal, S., Ranney, M., Rathe, L., Ratzan, S., Raventos, H., Rees, H., Reis, R., Ricciardi, Walter, Rizk, N., Robalo, M., Robertson, E., Robinson, L., Rokx, C., Ros, T., Rottingen, J. -A., Rubin, M., Ruxrungtam, K., Sadirova, S., Saha, S., Salgado, N., Sanchez, L., Sangaramoorthy, T., Santamaria-Ulloa, C., Santos, R., Sawaf, B., Schneider, M. F., Schooley, R. T., Sener, A., Sepulveda, J., Shah, J., Shibani, M., Shoib, S., Sikazwe, I., Simaitis, A., Gill, A. S., Skhvitaridze, N., Sokolovic, M., Solomon, R., Solorzano, X., Springer, S. A., Srol, J., Staines, A., Stelfox, H. T., Strathdee, S., Sulaiman, L. H., Sutton, B., Svanaes, D., Swed, S., Sypsa, V., Sorensen, K., Tajudeen, R., Tan, A., Tang, J., Tanner, M., Sethi, T., Temmerman, M., Than, K. K., Tinto, H., Tometissi, S. P., Torres, I., Tshering, K. P., Tsiodras, S., Tsofa, B., Vahlne, A., Vargas, J. R., Bernal, I. D. V., Ventura, D., Vilasanjuan, R., Vipond, J., Wamala-Andersson, S., Wargocki, P., West, R., Weyand, A., White, T. M., Wolff, G., Yao, M., Yates, C. A., Yeboah, G., Yee-Sin, L., Yi, S., Teo, Y. -Y., Yong, P., Zamora-Mesia, V., Ovrehus, A., Cascini F. (ORCID:0000-0001-6499-0734), and Ricciardi W. (ORCID:0000-0002-5655-688X)

Abstract

Despite notable scientific and medical advances, broader political, socioeconomic and behavioural factors continue to undercut the response to the COVID-19 pandemic1,2. Here we convened, as part of this Delphi study, a diverse, multidisciplinary panel of 386 academic, health, non-governmental organization, government and other experts in COVID-19 response from 112 countries and territories to recommend specific actions to end this persistent global threat to public health. The panel developed a set of 41 consensus statements and 57 recommendations to governments, health systems, industry and other key stakeholders across six domains: communication; health systems; vaccination; prevention; treatment and care; and inequities. In the wake of nearly three years of fragmented global and national responses, it is instructive to note that three of the highest-ranked recommendations call for the adoption of whole-of-society and whole-of-government approaches1, while maintaining proven prevention measures using a vaccines-plus approach2 that employs a range of public health and financial support measures to complement vaccination. Other recommendations with at least 99% combined agreement advise governments and other stakeholders to improve communication, rebuild public trust and engage communities3 in the management of pandemic responses. The findings of the study, which have been further endorsed by 184 organizations globally, include points of unanimous agreement, as well as six recommendations with >5% disagreement, that provide health and social policy actions to address inadequacies in the pandemic response and help to bring this public health threat to an end.

Published
2022

6. Image challenge: left sided facial swelling in a patient with COVID-19

Author

Chowdhury, M, Takata, J, Beegun, I, Burd, C, Tatla, T, and Corrah, T

Subjects
otorhinolaryngologic diseases
Abstract

A 68-year-old man with diabetes presented with shortness of breath, left sided facial swelling, and nasal discharge. He had recently returned from India and PCR was positive for SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. CT head and diffusion-weighted MRI sinuses were performed and the patient underwent endoscopic sinus surgery before being transferred to a specialist skull base centre.

Published
2021

13. Immunometabolic Signatures Predict Risk of Progression to Active Tuberculosis and Disease Outcome

Author

Duffy, F.J., Weiner, J., Hansen, S., Tabb, D.L., Suliman, S., Thompson, E., Maertzdorf, J., Shankar, S., Tromp, G., Parida, S., Dover, D., Axthelm, M.K., Sutherland, J.S., Dockrell, H.M., Ottenhoff, T.H.M., Scriba, T.J., Picker, L.J., Walzl, G., Kaufmann, S.H.E., Zak, D.E., Parida, S.K., Golinski, R., Jacobson, M., McEwen, G., Black, G.F., Spuy, G. van der, Stanley, K., Kriel, M., Plessis, N. du, Nene, N., Loxton, A.G., Chegou, N.N., Scriba, T., Fisher, M., Mahomed, H., Hughes, J., Downing, K., Penn-Nicholson, A., Mulenga, H., Abel, B., Bowmaker, M., Kagina, B., Kwong, W., Hanekom, C.W., Klein, M.R., Haks, M.C., Ranken, K.L.F., Geluk, A., Meijgaarden, K.E. van, Joosten, S.A., Baarle, D. van, Miedema, F., Boom, W.H., Thiel, B., Sadoff, J., Sizemore, D., Ramachandran, S., Barker, L., Brennan, M., Weichold, F., Muller, S., Geiter, L., Schoolnik, G., Dolganov, G., T. van, Mayanja-Kizza, H., Joloba, M., Zalwango, S., Nsereko, M., Okwera, B., Kisingo, H., Smith, S., Gorak-Stolinska, P., Hur, Y.G., Lalor, M., Lee, J.S., Crampin, A.C., French, N., Ngwira, B., Smith, A.B., Watkins, K., Ambrose, L., Simukonda, F., Mvula, H., Chilongo, F., Saul, J., Branson, K., Kassa, D., Abebe, A., Mesele, T., Tegbaru, B., Howe, R., Mihret, A., Aseffa, A., Bekele, Y., Iwnetu, R., Tafesse, M., Yamuah, L., Ota, M., Sutherland, J., Hill, P., Adegbola, R., Corrah, T., Antonio, M., Togun, T., Adetifa, I., Donkor, S., Andersen, P., Rosenkrands, I., Doherty, M., Weldingh, K., and GC6-74 Consortium

Subjects
transcriptomics, tuberculosis, inflammation, household contact, biomarker, host-pathogen interaction, metabolomics, rhesus macaque
Published
2019

20. Rate of decline of percentage CD4+ cells is faster in HIV-1 than in HIV-2 infection

Author

Jaffar, S., Wilkins, A., Ngom, P.T., Sabally, S., Corrah, T., Bangali, J.E., Rolfe, M., and Whittle, H.C.

Subjects
HIV (Viruses), HIV infection -- Development and progression, Health
Abstract

In Gambia, Africa, HIV-1 causes more sickness and death than HIV-2 even though HIV-2 is more widespread in this community. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are two different strains of HIV. In a study of 310 patients, those with HIV-1 had faster disease progression and faster decreases in immune system function.

Published
1997

22. [Accepted Manuscript] The path to longer and healthier lives for all Africans by 2030: the Lancet Commission on the future of health in sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Agyepong, I.A., Sewankambo, N., Binagwaho, A., Coll-Seck, A.M., Corrah, T., Ezeh, A., Fekadu, A., Kilonzo, N., Lamptey, P., Masiye, F., Mayosi, B., Mboup, S., Muyembe, J.J., Pate, M., Sidibe, M., Simons, B., Tlou, S., Gheorghe, A., Legido-Quigley, H., McManus, J., Ng, E., O'Leary, M., Enoch, J., Kassebaum, N., and Piot, P.

Published
2017

24. Impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on pneumonia in The Gambia: population-based surveillance and case-control studies.

Author

Mackenzie, GA, Hill, PC, Sahito, SM, Jeffries, DJ, Hossain, I, Bottomley, C, Uchendu, U, Ameh, D, Ndiaye, M, Osuorah, CD, Adeyemi, O, Pathirana, J, Olatunji, Y, Abatan, B, Ahameefula, E, Muhammad, BS, Fombah, AE, Saha, D, Mackenzie, R, Plumb, I, Akano, A, Ebruke, B, Ideh, RC, Kuti, B, Githua, P, Olutunde, E, Ofordile, O, Green, E, Usuf, E, Badji, H, Ikumapayi, UNA, Manjang, A, Salaudeen, R, Nsekpong, ED, Jarju, S, Antonio, M, Sambou, S, Ceesay, L, Lowe-Jallow, Y, Sowe, D, Jasseh, M, Mulholland, K, Knoll, M, Levine, OS, Howie, SR, Adegbola, RA, Greenwood, BM, Corrah, T, Mackenzie, GA, Hill, PC, Sahito, SM, Jeffries, DJ, Hossain, I, Bottomley, C, Uchendu, U, Ameh, D, Ndiaye, M, Osuorah, CD, Adeyemi, O, Pathirana, J, Olatunji, Y, Abatan, B, Ahameefula, E, Muhammad, BS, Fombah, AE, Saha, D, Mackenzie, R, Plumb, I, Akano, A, Ebruke, B, Ideh, RC, Kuti, B, Githua, P, Olutunde, E, Ofordile, O, Green, E, Usuf, E, Badji, H, Ikumapayi, UNA, Manjang, A, Salaudeen, R, Nsekpong, ED, Jarju, S, Antonio, M, Sambou, S, Ceesay, L, Lowe-Jallow, Y, Sowe, D, Jasseh, M, Mulholland, K, Knoll, M, Levine, OS, Howie, SR, Adegbola, RA, Greenwood, BM, and Corrah, T

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are used in many low-income countries but their impact on the incidence of pneumonia is unclear. The Gambia introduced PCV7 in August, 2009, and PCV13 in May, 2011. We aimed to measure the impact of the introduction of these vaccines on pneumonia incidence. METHODS: We did population-based surveillance and case-control studies. The primary endpoint was WHO-defined radiological pneumonia with pulmonary consolidation. Population-based surveillance was for suspected pneumonia in children aged 2-59 months (minimum age 3 months in the case-control study) between May 12, 2008, and Dec 31, 2015. Surveillance for the impact study was limited to the Basse Health and Demographic Surveillance System (BHDSS), whereas surveillance for the case-control study included both the BHDSS and Fuladu West Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Nurses screened all outpatients and inpatients at all health facilities in the surveillance area using standardised criteria for referral to clinicians in Basse and Bansang. These clinicians recorded clinical findings and applied standardised criteria to identify patients with suspected pneumonia. We compared the incidence of pneumonia during the baseline period (May 12, 2008, to May 11, 2010) and the PCV13 period (Jan 1, 2014, to Dec 31, 2015). We also investigated the effectiveness of PCV13 using case-control methods between Sept 12, 2011, and Sept 31, 2014. Controls were aged 90 days or older, and were eligible to have received at least one dose of PCV13; cases had the same eligibility criteria with the addition of having WHO-defined radiological pneumonia. FINDINGS: We investigated 18 833 children with clinical pneumonia and identified 2156 cases of radiological pneumonia. Among children aged 2-11 months, the incidence of radiological pneumonia fell from 21·0 cases per 1000 person-years in the baseline period to 16·2 cases per 1000 person-years (23% decline, 95% CI 7-36) in 2014-15. In the

Published
2017

25. Abstracts of the Eighth EDCTP Forum, 6-9 November 2016.

Author

Makanga, M, Beattie, P, Breugelmans, G, Nyirenda, T, Bockarie, M, Tanner, M, Volmink, J, Hankins, C, Walzl, G, Chegou, N, Malherbe, S, Hatherill, M, Scriba, TJ, Zak, DE, Barry, CE, Kaufmann, SHE, Noor, A, Strub-Wourgaft, N, Phillips, P, Munguambe, K, Ravinetto, R, Tinto, H, Diro, E, Mahendrahata, Y, Okebe, J, Rijal, S, Garcia, C, Sundar, S, Ndayisaba, G, Sopheak, T, Ngoduc, T, Van Loen, H, Jacobs, J, D'Alessandro, U, Boelaert, M, Buvé, A, Kamalo, P, Manda-Taylor, L, Rennie, S, Mokgatla, B, Bahati, Ijsselmuiden, C, Afolabi, M, Mcgrath, N, Kampmann, B, Imoukhuede, E, Alexander, N, Larson, H, Chandramohan, D, Bojang, K, Kasaro, MP, Muluka, B, Kaunda, K, Morse, J, Westfall, A, Kapata, N, Kruuner, A, Henostroza, G, Reid, S, Alabi, A, Foguim, F, Sankarganesh, J, Bruske, E, Mfoumbi, A, Mevyann, C, Adegnika, A, Lell, B, Kranzer, K, Kremsner, P, Grobusch, M, Sabiiti, W, Ntinginya, N, Kuchaka, D, Azam, K, Kampira, E, Mtafya, B, Bowness, R, Bhatt, N, Davies, G, Kibiki, G, Gillespie, S, Lejon, V, Ilboudo, H, Mumba, D, Camara, M, Kaba, D, Lumbala, C, Fèvre, E, Jamonneau, V, Bucheton, B, Büscher, P, Chisenga, C, Sinkala, E, Chilengi, R, Chitundu, H, Zyambo, Z, Wandeler, G, Vinikoor, M, Emilie, D, Camara, O, Mathurin, K, Guiguigbaza-Kossigan, D, Philippe, B, Regassa, F, Hassane, S, Bienvenu, SM, Fabrice, C, Ouédraogo, E, Kouakou, L, Owusu, M, Mensah, E, Enimil, A, Mutocheluh, M, Ndongo, FA, Tejiokem, MC, Texier, G, Penda, C, Ndiang, S, Ndongo, J-A, Guemkam, G, Sofeu, CL, Afumbom, K, Faye, A, Msellati, P, Warszawski, J, Vos, A, Devillé, W, Barth, R, Klipstein-Grobusch, K, Tempelman, H, Venter, F, Coutinho, R, Grobbee, D, Ssemwanga, D, Lyagoba, F, Magambo, B, Kapaata, A, Kirangwa, J, Nannyonjo, M, Nassolo, F, Nsubuga, R, Yebra, G, Brown, A, Kaleebu, P, Nylén, H, Habtewold, A, Makonnen, E, Yimer, G, Burhenne, J, Diczfalusy, U, Aklillu, E, Steele, D, Walker, R, Simuyandi, M, Beres, L, Bosomprah, S, Ansumana, R, Taitt, C, Lamin, JM, Jacobsen, KH, Mulvaney, SP, Leski, T, Bangura, U, 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Devillé, W, Barth, R, Klipstein-Grobusch, K, Tempelman, H, Venter, F, Coutinho, R, Grobbee, D, Ssemwanga, D, Lyagoba, F, Magambo, B, Kapaata, A, Kirangwa, J, Nannyonjo, M, Nassolo, F, Nsubuga, R, Yebra, G, Brown, A, Kaleebu, P, Nylén, H, Habtewold, A, Makonnen, E, Yimer, G, Burhenne, J, Diczfalusy, U, Aklillu, E, Steele, D, Walker, R, Simuyandi, M, Beres, L, Bosomprah, S, Ansumana, R, Taitt, C, Lamin, JM, Jacobsen, KH, Mulvaney, SP, Leski, T, Bangura, U, Stenger, D, De Vries, S, Zinsou, FJ, Honkpehedji, J, Dejon, JC, Loembe, MM, Bache, B, Pakker, N, Van Leeuwen, R, Hounkpatin, AB, Yazdanbakhsh, M, Bethony, J, Hotez, P, Diemert, D, Bache, BE, Fernandes, JF, Obiang, RM, Kabwende, AL, Grobusch, MP, Krishna, S, Kremsner, PG, Todagbe, AS, Nambozi, M, Kabuya, J-B, Hachizovu, S, Mwakazanga, D, Kasongo, W, Buyze, J, Mulenga, M, Geertruyden, J-P, Gitaka, J, Chan, C, Kongere, J, Kagaya, W, Kaneko, A, Kabore, N, Barry, N, Kabre, Z, Werme, K, Fofana, A, Compaore, D, Nikiema, F, Some, F, Djimde, A, Zongo, I, Ouedraogo, B, Kone, A, Sagara, I, Björkman, A, Gil, JP, Nchinda, G, Bopda, A, Nji, N, Ambada, G, Ngu, L, Tchadji, J, Sake, C, Magagoum, S, Njambe, GD, Lisom, A, Park, CG, Tait, D, Sibusiso, H, Manda, O, Croucher, K, Van Der Westhuizen, A, Mshanga, I, Levin, J, Nanvubya, A, Kibengo, F, Jaoko, W, Pala, P, Perreau, M, Namuniina, A, Kitandwe, P, Tapia, G, Serwanga, J, Yates, N, Fast, P, Mayer, B, Montefiori, D, Tomaras, G, Robb, M, Lee, C, Wagner, R, Sanders, E, Kilembe, W, Kiwanuka, N, Gilmour, J, Kuipers, H, Vooij, D, Chinyenze, K, Priddy, F, Ding, S, Hanke, T, Pantaleo, G, Ngasala, B, Jovel, I, Malmberg, M, Mmbando, B, Premji, Z, Mårtensson, A, Mwaiswelo, R, Agbor, L, Apinjoh, T, Mwanza, S, Chileshe, J, Joshi, S, Malunga, P, Manyando, C, Laufer, M, Dara, A, Niangaly, A, Sinha, I, Brodin, D, Fofana, B, Dama, S, Dembele, D, Sidibe, B, Diallo, N, Thera, M, Wright, K, Gil, J, Doumbo, O, Baraka, V, Nabasumba, C, Francis, F, Lutumba, P, Mavoko, H, Alifrangis, M, Van Geertruyden, J-P, Sissoko, S, Sangaré, C, Toure, S, Sanogo, K, Diakite, H, Doumbia, D, Haidara, K, Julé, A, Ashurst, H, Merson, L, Olliaro, P, Marsh, V, Lang, T, Guérin, P, Awuondo, K, Njenga, D, Nyakarungu, E, Titus, P, Sutamihardja, A, Lowe, B, Ogutu, B, Billingsley, P, Soulama, I, Kaboré, M, Coulibaly, A, Ouattara, M, Sanon, S, Diarra, A, Bougouma, E, Ouedraogo, A, Sombie, B, Kargougou, D, Ouattara, D, Issa, N, Tiono, A, Sirima, S, Chaponda, M, Dabira, E, Dao, F, Dara, N, Coulibaly, M, Tolo, A, Maiga, H, Ouologuem, N, Niangaly, H, Botchway, F, Wilson, N, Dickinson-Copeland, CM, Adjei, AA, Wilson, M, Stiles, JK, Hamid, MA, Awad-Elgeid, M, Nasr, A, Netongo, P, Kamdem, S, Velavan, T, Lasry, E, Diarra, M, Bamadio, A, Traore, A, Coumare, S, Soma, B, Dicko, Y, Sangare, B, Tembely, A, Traore, D, Haidara, A, Dicko, A, Diawara, E, Beavogui, A, Camara, D, Sylla, M, Yattara, M, Sow, A, Camara, GC, Diallo, S, Mombo-Ngoma, G, Remppis, J, Sievers, M, Manego, RZ, Endamne, L, Hutchinson, D, Held, J, Supan, C, Salazar, CLO, Bonkian, LN, Nahum, A, Sié, A, Abdulla, S, Cantalloube, C, Djeriou, E, Bouyou-Akotet, M, Mordmüller, B, Siribie, M, Sirima, SB, Ouattara, SM, Coulibaly, S, Kabore, JM, Amidou, D, Tekete, M, Traore, O, Haefeli, W, Borrmann, S, Kaboré, N, Kabré, Z, Nikèma, F, Compaoré, D, Somé, F, Djimdé, A, Ouédraogo, J, Chalwe, V, Miller, J, Diakité, H, Greco, B, Spangenberg, T, Kourany-Lefoll, E, Oeuvray, C, Mulry, J, Tyagarajan, K, Magsaam, B, Barnes, K, Hodel, EM, Humphreys, G, Pace, C, Banda, CG, Denti, P, Allen, E, Lalloo, D, Mwapasa, V, Terlouw, A, Mwesigwa, J, Achan, J, Jawara, M, Ditanna, G, Worwui, A, Affara, M, Koukouikila-Koussounda, F, Kombo, M, Vouvoungui, C, Ntoumi, F, Etoka-Beka, MK, Deibert, J, Poulain, P, Kobawila, S, Gueye, NG, Seda, B, Kwambai, T, Jangu, P, Samuels, A, Kuile, FT, Kariuki, S, Barry, A, Bousema, T, Okech, B, Egwang, T, Corran, P, Riley, E, Ezennia, I, Ekwunife, O, Muleba, M, Stevenson, J, Mbata, K, Coetzee, M, Norris, D, Moneke-Anyanwoke, N, Momodou, J, Clarke, E, Scott, S, Tijani, A, Djimde, M, Vaillant, M, Samouda, H, Mensah, V, Roetynck, S, Kanteh, E, Bowyer, G, Ndaw, A, Oko, F, Bliss, C, Jagne, YJ, Cortese, R, Nicosia, A, Roberts, R, D'Alessio, F, Leroy, O, Faye, B, Cisse, B, Gerry, S, Viebig, N, Lawrie, A, Ewer, K, Hill, A, Nebie, I, Tiono, AB, Sanou, G, Konate, AT, Yaro, BJ, Sodiomon, S, Honkpehedji, Y, Agobe, JCD, Zinsou, F, Mengue, J, Richie, T, Hoffman, S, Nouatin, O, Ngoa, UA, Edoa, JR, Homoet, A, Engelhon, JE, Massinga-Louembe, M, Esen, M, Theisen, M, Sim, KL, Luty, AJ, Moutairou, K, Dinko, B, King, E, Targett, G, Sutherland, C, Likhovole, C, Ouma, C, Vulule, J, Musau, S, Khayumbi, J, Okumu, A, Murithi, W, Otu, J, Gehre, F, Zingue, D, Kudzawu, S, Forson, A, Mane, M, Rabna, P, Diarra, B, Kayede, S, Adebiyi, E, Kehinde, A, Onyejepu, N, Onubogu, C, Idigbe, E, Ba, A, Diallo, A, Mboup, S, Disse, K, Kadanga, G, Dagnra, Y, Baldeh, I, Corrah, T, De Jong, B, Antonio, M, Musanabaganwa, C, Musabyimana, JP, Karita, E, Diop, B, Nambajimana, A, Dushimiyimana, V, Karame, P, Russell, J, Ndoli, J, Hategekimana, T, Sendegeya, A, Condo, J, Binagwaho, A, Okonko, I, Okerentugba, P, Opaleye, O, Awujo, E, Frank-Peterside, N, Moyo, S, Kotokwe, K, Mohammed, T, Boleo, C, Mupfumi, L, Chishala, S, Gaseitsiwe, S, Tsalaile, L, Bussmann, H, Makhema, J, Baum, M, Marlink, R, Engelbretch, S, Essex, M, Novitsky, V, Saka, E, Kalipalire, Z, Bhairavabhotla, R, Midiani, D, Sherman, J, Mgode, G, Cox, C, Bwana, D, Mtui, L, Magesa, D, Kahwa, A, Mfinanga, G, Mulder, C, Borain, N, Petersen, L, Du Plessis, J, Theron, G, Holm-Hansen, C, Tekwu, EM, Sidze, LK, Assam, JPA, Eyangoh, S, Niemann, S, Beng, VP, Frank, M, Atiadeve, S, Hilmann, D, Awoniyi, D, Baumann, R, Kriel, B, Jacobs, R, Kidd, M, Loxton, A, Kaempfer, S, Singh, M, Mwanza, W, Milimo, D, Moyo, M, Kasese, N, Cheeba-Lengwe, M, Munkondya, S, Ayles, H, De Haas, P, Muyoyeta, M, Namuganga, AR, Kizza, HM, Mendy, A, Tientcheu, L, Ayorinde, A, Coker, E, Egere, U, Coussens, A, Naude, C, Chaplin, G, Noursadeghi, M, Martineau, A, Jablonski, N, Wilkinson, R, Ouedraogo, HG, Matteelli, A, Regazzi, M, Tarnagda, G, Villani, P, Sulis, G, Diagbouga, S, Roggi, A, Giorgetti, F, Kouanda, S, Bidias, A, Ndjonka, D, Olemba, C, Souleymanou, A, Mukonzo, J, Kuteesa, R, Ogwal-Okeng, J, Gustafsson, LL, Owen, J, Bassi, P, Gashau, W, Olaf, K, Dodoo, A, Okonkwo, P, Kanki, P, Maruapula, D, Seraise, B, Einkauf, K, Reilly, A, Rowley, C, Musonda, R, Framhein, A, Mpagama, S, Semvua, H, Maboko, L, Hoelscher, M, Heinrich, N, Mulenga, L, Kaayunga, C, Davies, M-A, Egger, M, Musukuma, K, Dambe, R, Usadi, B, Ngari, M, Thitiri, J, Mwalekwa, L, Fegan, G, Berkley, J, Nsagha, D, Munamunungu, V, Bolton, C, Siyunda, A, Shilimi, J, Bucciardini, R, Fragola, V, Abegaz, T, Lucattini, S, Halifom, A, Tadesse, E, Berhe, M, Pugliese, K, De Castro, P, Terlizzi, R, Fucili, L, Di Gregorio, M, Mirra, M, Zegeye, T, Binelli, A, Vella, S, Abraham, L, Godefay, H, Rakotoarivelo, R, Raberahona, M, Randriamampionona, N, Andriamihaja, R, Rasamoelina, T, Cornet, M, De Dieu Randria, MJ, Benet, T, Vanhems, P, Andrianarivelo, MR, Chirwa, U, Michelo, C, Hamoonga, R, Wandiga, S, Oduor, P, Agaya, J, Sharma, A, Cavanaugh, S, Cain, K, Mukisa, J, Mupere, E, Worodria, W, Ngom, JT, Koro, F, Godwe, C, Adande, C, Ateugieu, R, Onana, T, Ngono, A, Kamdem, Y, Ngo-Niobe, S, Etoa, F-X, Kanengoni, M, Ruzario, S, Ndebele, P, Shana, M, Tarumbiswa, F, Musesengwa, R, Gutsire, R, Fisher, K, Thyagarajan, B, Akanbi, O, Binuyo, M, Ssengooba, W, Respeito, D, Mambuque, E, Blanco, S, Mandomando, I, Cobelens, F, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Tamene, A, Topp, S, Mwamba, C, Padian, N, Sikazwe, I, Geng, E, Holmes, C, Sikombe, K, Hantuba, Czaicki, N, Simbeza, S, Somwe, P, Umulisa, M, Ilo, J, Kestelyn, E, Uwineza, M, Agaba, S, Delvaux, T, Wijgert, J, Gethi, D, Odeny, L, Tamandjou, C, Kaindjee-Tjituka, F, Brandt, L, Cotton, M, Nel, E, Preiser, W, Andersson, M, Adepoju, A, Magana, M, Etsetowaghan, A, Chilikwazi, M, Sutcliffe, C, Thuma, P, Sinywimaanzi, K, Matakala, H, Munachoonga, P, Moss, W, Masenza, IS, Geisenberger, O, Agrea, P, Rwegoshora, F, Mahiga, H, Olomi, W, Kroidl, A, Kayode, G, Amoakoh-Coleman, M, Ansah, E, Uthman, O, Fokam, J, Santoro, M-M, Musolo, C, Chimbiri, I, Chikwenga, G, Deula, R, Massari, R, Lungu, A, Perno, C-F, Ndzengue, G, Loveline, N, Lissom, A, Flaurent, T, Sosso, S, Essomba, C, Kpeli, G, Otchere, I, Lamelas, A, Buultjens, A, Bulach, D, Baines, S, Seemann, T, Giulieri, S, Nakobu, Z, Aboagye, S, Owusu-Mireku, E, Danso, E, Hauser, J, Hinic, V, Pluschke, G, Stinear, T, Yeboah-Manu, D, Elshayeb, A, Siddig, ME, Ahmed, AA, Hussien, AE, Kabwe, M, Tembo, J, Chilukutu, L, Chilufya, M, Ngulube, F, Lukwesa, C, Enne, V, Wexner, H, Mwananyanda, L, Hamer, D, Sinyangwe, S, Ahmed, Y, Klein, N, Maeurer, M, Zumla, A, Bates, M, Beyala, L, Etienne, G, Anthony, N, Benjamin, A, Ateudjieu, J, Chibwe, B, Ojok, D, Tarr, CA, Perez, GM, Omeonga, S, Kibungu, F, Meyer, A, Lansana, P, Mayor, A, Onyango, P, Van Loggerenberg, F, Furtado, T, Boggs, L, Segrt, A, Dochez, C, Burnett, R, Mphahlele, MJ, Miiro, G, Mbidde, E, Peshu, N, Kivaya, E, Ngowi, B, Kavishe, R, Maowia, M, Sandstrom, E, Ayuo, E, Mmbaga, B, Leisegang, C, Thorpe, M, Batchilly, E, N'Guessan, J-P, Kanteh, D, Søfteland, S, Sebitloane, M, Vwalika, B, Taylor, M, Galappaththi-Arachchige, H, Holmen, S, Gundersen, SG, Ndhlovu, P, Kjetland, EF, Kombe, F, Toohey, J, Pienaar, E, Kredo, T, Cham, PM, Abubakar, I, Dondeh, BL, Vischer, N, Pfeiffer, C, Burri, C, Musukwa, K, Zürcher, S, Mwandu, T, Bauer, S, Adriko, M, Mwaura, P, Omolloh, K, Jones, C, Malecela, M, Hamidu, BA, Jenner, TE, Asiedu, LJ, Osei-Atweneboana, M, Afeke, I, Addo, P, Newman, M, Durnez, L, Eddyani, M, Ammisah, N, Abas, M, Quartey, M, Ablordey, A, Akinwale, O, Adeneye, A, Ezeugwu, S, Olukosi, Y, Adewale, B, Sulyman, M, Mafe, M, Okwuzu, J, Gyang, P, Nwafor, T, Henry, U, Musa, B, Ujah, I, Agobé, JCD, Grau-Pujol, B, Sacoor, C, Nhabomba, A, Casellas, A, Quintó, L, Subirà, C, Giné, R, Valentín, A, Muñoz, J, Nikiema, M, Ky-Ba, A, Comapore, KAM, Sangare, L, Oluremi, A, Michel, M, Camara, Y, Sanneh, B, Cuamba, I, Gutiérrez, J, Lázaro, C, Mejia, R, Adedeji, A, Folorunsho, S, Demehin, P, Akinsanya, B, Cowley, G, Da Silva, ET, Nabicassa, M, De Barros, PDP, Blif, MM, Bailey, R, Last, A, Mahendradhata, Y, Gotuzzo, E, De Nys, K, Casteels, M, Nona, SK, Lumeka, K, Todagbe, A, Djima, MM, Ukpong, M, Sagay, A, Khamofu, H, Torpey, K, Afiadigwe, E, Anenih, J, Ezechi, O, Nweneka, C, Idoko, J, Muhumuza, S, Katahoire, A, Nuwaha, F, Olsen, A, Okeyo, S, Omollo, R, Kimutai, R, Ochieng, M, Egondi, T, Moonga, C, Chileshe, C, Magwende, G, Anumudu, C, Onile, O, Oladele, V, Adebayo, A, Awobode, H, Oyeyemi, O, Odaibo, A, Kabuye, E, Lutalo, T, Njua-Yafi, C, Nkuo-Akenji, T, Anchang-Kimbi, J, Mugri, R, Chi, H, Tata, R, Njumkeng, C, Dodoo, D, Achidi, E, Fernandes, J, Bache, EB, Matakala, K, Searle, K, Greenman, M, and Rainwater-Lovett, K

Published
2017

26. Reaching millennium development goal 4 - the Gambia

Author

Jasseh, M, Webb, E, Jaffar, S, Howie, S, Townend, J, Smith, P, Greenwood, B, and Corrah, T

Abstract

Objective To describe how, through a DSS in a rural area of The Gambia, it has been possible to measure substantial reductions in child mortality rates and how we investigated whether the decline paralleled the registered fall in malaria incidence in the country. Methods Demographic surveillance data spanning 19.5years (1 April 1989-30 September 2008) from 42 villages around the town of Farafenni, The Gambia, were used to estimate childhood mortality rates for neonatal, infant, child (1-4years) and under-5 age groups. Data were presented in five a priori defined time periods, and annual rates per 1000 live births were derived from Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities. Results From 1989-1992 to 2004-2008, under-5 mortality declined by 56% (95% CI: 48-63%), from 165 (95% CI: 151-181) per 1000 live births to 74 (95% CI: 65-84) per 1000 live births. In 1- to 4-year-olds, mortality during the period 2004-2008 was 69% (95% CI: 60-76%) less than in 1989-1992. The corresponding mortality decline in infants was 39% (95% CI: 23-52%); in neonates, it was 38% (95% CI: 13-66%). The derived annual under-5 mortality rates declined from 159 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 45 per 1000 live births in 2008, thus implying an attainment of MDG4 seven years in advance of the target year of 2015. Conclusion Achieving MDG4 is possible in poor, rural areas of Africa through widespread deployment of relatively simple measures that improve child survival, such as immunisation and effective malaria control. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Published
2016

27. The role of cytotoxic T-cells in HIV infection

Author

Rowland-Jones, S, Dong, T, Krausa, P, Sutton, J, Newell, H, Ariyoshi, K, Gotch, F, Sabally, S, Corrah, T, Kimani, J, MacDonald, K, Plummer, F, Ndinya-Achola, J, Whittle, H, and McMichael, A

Subjects
virus diseases
Abstract

HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are believed to play a major role in controlling virus levels through the asymptomatic period of HIV infection. For the rational design of an HIV vaccine, we need to know whether protective immunity can ever develop following HIV exposure in people who remain uninfected. We have detected HIV-specific CTL in 5/6 repeatedly exposed, persistently seronegative female sex-workers in The Gambia. Their CTL, repeatedly detected over two years, recognise epitopes presented by HLA-B35 which are cross-reactive between HIV-1 and HIV-2, suggesting they could have been primed first by HIV-2 exposure and subsequently boosted by exposure to HIV-1. Using previously identified clade B HIV-1 epitope peptides, we have now detected HIV-specific CTL in 6/15 highly exposed and apparently HIV-resistant Kenyan prostitutes, predominantly towards epitopes highly conserved between B and the Kenyan A and D clades of HIV-1. This CTL activity towards conserved virus epitopes may represent protective immunity to HIV generated in response to repeated exposure, and prophylactic HIV vaccines should aim to generate similar CTL responses.

Published
2016

29. Host-Directed Therapies for Tackling Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: Learning From the Pasteur-Bechamp Debates

Author

Zumla, A, Maeurer, M, Chakaya, J, Hoelscher, M, Ntoumi, F, Rustomjee, R, Vilaplana, C, Yeboah-Manu, D, Rasolofo, V, Munderi, P, Singh, N, Aklillu, E, Padayatchi, N, Macete, E, Kapata, N, Mulenga, M, Kibiki, G, Mfinanga, S, Nyirenda, T, Mboko, L, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Rakotosamimanana, N, Bates, M, Mwaba, P, Reither, K, Gagneux, S, Edwards, S, Mfinanga, E, Abdulla, S, Cardona, P-J, Russell, JBW, Gant, V, Noursadeghi, M, Elkington, P, Bonnet, M, Menendez, C, Dieye, TN, Diarra, B, Maiga, A, Aseffa, A, Parida, S, Wejse, C, Petersen, E, Kaleebu, P, Oliver, M, Craig, G, Corrah, T, Tientcheu, L, Antonio, M, McHugh, TD, Sheikh, A, Ippolito, G, Ramjee, G, Kaufmann, SHE, Churchyard, G, Steyn, AJC, Grobusch, MP, Sanne, I, Martinson, N, Mandansein, R, Wilkinson, RJ, Wallis, RS, Mayosi, B, and Schito, M

Subjects
Time Factors, PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS, Immunology, Antitubercular Agents, REGIMENS, Microbiology, host-directed therapy, PARTNERSHIPS, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant, DRUGS, Humans, MOXIFLOXACIN, DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES, Precision Medicine, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, Host-Directed Therapies Network (HDT-NET) Consortium, Science & Technology, treatment, repurposed drugs, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, 06 Biological Sciences, Combined Modality Therapy, ADJUNCT THERAPIES, OPPORTUNITIES, Infectious Diseases, TRIALS, tuberculosis, Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Published
2015

30. Childhood pneumonia and crowding, bed-sharing and nutrition: a case-control study from The Gambia

Author

Howie, SRC, Schellenberg, J, Chimah, O, Ideh, RC, Ebruke, BE, Oluwalana, C, Mackenzie, G, Jallow, M, Njie, M, Donkor, S, Dionisio, KL, Goldberg, G, Fornace, K, Bottomley, C, Hill, PC, Grant, CC, Corrah, T, Prentice, AM, Ezzati, M, Greenwood, BM, Smith, PG, Adegbola, RA, Mulholland, K, Howie, SRC, Schellenberg, J, Chimah, O, Ideh, RC, Ebruke, BE, Oluwalana, C, Mackenzie, G, Jallow, M, Njie, M, Donkor, S, Dionisio, KL, Goldberg, G, Fornace, K, Bottomley, C, Hill, PC, Grant, CC, Corrah, T, Prentice, AM, Ezzati, M, Greenwood, BM, Smith, PG, Adegbola, RA, and Mulholland, K

Abstract

SETTING: Greater Banjul and Upper River Regions, The Gambia. OBJECTIVE: To investigate tractable social, environmental and nutritional risk factors for childhood pneumonia. DESIGN: A case-control study examining the association of crowding, household air pollution (HAP) and nutritional factors with pneumonia was undertaken in children aged 2-59 months: 458 children with severe pneumonia, defined according to the modified WHO criteria, were compared with 322 children with non-severe pneumonia, and these groups were compared to 801 neighbourhood controls. Controls were matched by age, sex, area and season. RESULTS: Strong evidence was found of an association between bed-sharing with someone with a cough and severe pneumonia (adjusted OR [aOR] 5.1, 95%CI 3.2-8.2, P < 0.001) and non-severe pneumonia (aOR 7.3, 95%CI 4.1-13.1, P < 0.001), with 18% of severe cases estimated to be attributable to this risk factor. Malnutrition and pneumonia had clear evidence of association, which was strongest between severe malnutrition and severe pneumonia (aOR 8.7, 95%CI 4.2-17.8, P < 0.001). No association was found between pneumonia and individual carbon monoxide exposure as a measure of HAP. CONCLUSION: Bed-sharing with someone with a cough is an important risk factor for severe pneumonia, and potentially tractable to intervention, while malnutrition remains an important tractable determinant.

Published
2016

34. Childhood pneumonia and crowding, bed-sharing and nutrition: a case-control study from The Gambia

Author

Howie, S. R. C., primary, Schellenberg, J., additional, Chimah, O., additional, Ideh, R. C., additional, Ebruke, B. E., additional, Oluwalana, C., additional, Mackenzie, G., additional, Jallow, M., additional, Njie, M., additional, Donkor, S., additional, Dionisio, K. L., additional, Goldberg, G., additional, Fornace, K., additional, Bottomley, C., additional, Hill, P. C., additional, Grant, C. C., additional, Corrah, T., additional, Prentice, A. M., additional, Ezzati, M., additional, Greenwood, B. M., additional, Smith, P. G., additional, Adegbola, R. A., additional, and Mulholland, K., additional

Published
2016
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35. Etiology of severe childhood pneumonia in the Gambia, West Africa, determined by conventional and molecular microbiological analyses of lung and pleural aspirate samples.

Author

Howie, SRC, Morris, GAJ, Tokarz, R, Ebruke, BE, Machuka, EM, Ideh, RC, Chimah, O, Secka, O, Townend, J, Dione, M, Oluwalana, C, Njie, M, Jallow, M, Hill, PC, Antonio, M, Greenwood, B, Briese, T, Mulholland, K, Corrah, T, Lipkin, WI, Adegbola, RA, Howie, SRC, Morris, GAJ, Tokarz, R, Ebruke, BE, Machuka, EM, Ideh, RC, Chimah, O, Secka, O, Townend, J, Dione, M, Oluwalana, C, Njie, M, Jallow, M, Hill, PC, Antonio, M, Greenwood, B, Briese, T, Mulholland, K, Corrah, T, Lipkin, WI, and Adegbola, RA

Abstract

Molecular analyses of lung aspirates from Gambian children with severe pneumonia detected pathogens more frequently than did culture and showed a predominance of bacteria, principally Streptococcus pneumoniae, >75% being of serotypes covered by current pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Multiple pathogens were detected frequently, notably Haemophilus influenzae (mostly nontypeable) together with S. pneumoniae.

Published
2014

36. Screening for tuberculosis among 2381 household contacts of sputum-smear-positive cases in The Gambia

Author

Jackson Sillah, D., Hill, P. C., Fox, A., Brookes, R. H., Donkor, S. A., Lugos, M. D., Howie, S. R. C., Fielding, K. R., Jallow, A., Lienhardt, Christian, Corrah, T., Adegbola, R. A., and McAdam, K. P.

Subjects
tuberculosis, screening, ELISPOT, tuberculin skin test, hemic and immune systems, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bacterial infections and mycoses, complex mixtures, The Gambia
Abstract

Contact investigation is a key component of tuberculosis (TB) control in developed, but not developing, countries. We aimed to measure the prevalence of TB among household contacts of sputum-smear-positive TB cases in The Gambia and to assess the sensitivity of an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in this regard. Household contacts of adult smear-positive TB patients were assessed by questionnaire, purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test, ELISPOT assay, physical examination, chest X-ray and sputum/gastric aspirate. Thirty-three TB cases were identified from 2174 of 2381 contacts of 317 adult smear-positive pulmonary TB patients, giving a prevalence of 1518/100000. The cases identified tended to have milder disease than those passively detected. The sensitivity of ESAT-6/CFP-10 ELISPOT test as a screening test for TB disease was estimated as 71%. Fifty-six per cent of contacts with a PPD skin test result >= 10 mm induration had detectable responses to ESAT-6/CFP-10 by ELISPOT, 11% with a negative PPD skin test (

Published
2007

39. Antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns among helicobacter pylori strains from the gambia, west africa

Author

Secka, O., Berg, D.E., Antonio, M., Corrah, T., Tapgun, M., Walton, R., Thomas, V., Galano-Frutos, Juan J., Sancho, Javier, Adegbola, R.A., Thomas, J.E., Secka, O., Berg, D.E., Antonio, M., Corrah, T., Tapgun, M., Walton, R., Thomas, V., Galano-Frutos, Juan J., Sancho, Javier, Adegbola, R.A., and Thomas, J.E.

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is a globally important and genetically diverse gastric pathogen that infects most people in developing countries. Eradication efforts are complicated by antibiotic resistance, which varies in frequency geographically. There are very few data on resistance in African strains. Sixty-four Gambian H. pylori strains were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. The role of rdxA in metronidazole (Mtz) susceptibility was tested by DNA transformation and sequencing; RdxA protein variants were interpreted in terms of RdxA structure. Forty-four strains (69%) were resistant to at least 8 ¿g of Mtz/ml. All six strains from infants, but only 24% of strains from adults, were sensitive (P=0.0031). Representative Mtz-resistant (Mtzr) strains were rendered Mtz susceptible (Mtzs) by transformation with a functional rdxA gene; conversely, Mtzs strains were rendered Mtzr by rdxA inactivation. Many mutations were found by Gambian H. pylori rdxA sequencing; mutations that probably inactivated rdxA in Mtz r strains were identified and explained using RdxA protein's structure. All of the strains were sensitive to clarithromycin and erythromycin. Amoxicillin and tetracycline resistance was rare. Sequence analysis indicated that most tetracycline resistance, when found, was not due to 16S rRNA gene mutations. These data suggest caution in the use of Mtz-based therapies in The Gambia. The increasing use of macrolides against respiratory infections in The Gambia calls for continued antibiotic susceptibility monitoring. The rich variety of rdxA mutations that we found will be useful in further structure-function studies of RdxA, the enzyme responsible for Mtz susceptibility in this important pathogen. Copyright © 2013, American Society for Microbiology.

Published
2013

41. Food intake increases liver stiffness measurements and hampers reliable values in patients with chronic hepatitis B and healthy controls: the PROLIFICA experience in The Gambia

Author

Lemoine, M., primary, Shimakawa, Y., additional, Njie, R., additional, Njai, H. F., additional, Nayagam, S., additional, Khalil, M., additional, Goldin, R., additional, Ingiliz, P., additional, Taal, M., additional, Nyan, O., additional, Corrah, T., additional, D'Alessandro, U., additional, and Thursz, M., additional

Published
2013
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42. Strengthening capacity, collaboration and quality of clinical research in Africa: EDCTP Networks of Excellence

Author

Kitua, A.Y., Corrah, T., Herbst, K., Nyirenda, T., Agwale, S., Makanga, M., Mgone, C.S., Kitua, A.Y., Corrah, T., Herbst, K., Nyirenda, T., Agwale, S., Makanga, M., and Mgone, C.S.

Abstract

Developing countries bear 90% of the global disease burden, but only access about 10% of globally available health research funding. Weak south–south networking hampers effective use of limited resources, production of critical mass of quality scientists, career opportunities and incentives to retain the few available scientists. The south must urgently act strategically to accelerate generation of talented scientists, create enabling environment and incentives to retain scientists and attract back those in diaspora. The creation of strong networks of excellence for clinical research among southern academic and research institutions is a novel strategic approach championed by European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership to achieve the aforementioned goals and mitigate the high disease burden. It will promote strong collaboration, resource sharing and cross-mentorship allowing each partner to grow with complementary capacities that support each other rather than compete negatively. It will enable the south and Africa in particular to participate actively and own the means for solving its own health problems and raise the professional quality and capacity of southern institutions to forge better and equal partnership with northern institutions.

Published
2009

43. Incidence of Tuberculosis and the Predictive Value of ELISPOT and Mantoux Tests in Gambian Case Contacts

Author

Myer, L, Hill, PC, Jackson-Sillah, DJ, Fox, A, Brookes, RH, de Jong, BC, Lugos, MD, Adetifa, IM, Donkor, SA, Aiken, AM, Howie, SR, Corrah, T, McAdam, KP, Adegbola, RA, Myer, L, Hill, PC, Jackson-Sillah, DJ, Fox, A, Brookes, RH, de Jong, BC, Lugos, MD, Adetifa, IM, Donkor, SA, Aiken, AM, Howie, SR, Corrah, T, McAdam, KP, and Adegbola, RA

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Studies of Tuberculosis (TB) case contacts are increasingly being utilised for understanding the relationship between M. tuberculosis and the human host and for assessing new interventions and diagnostic tests. We aimed to identify the incidence rate of new TB cases among TB contacts and to relate this to their initial Mantoux and ELISPOT test results. METHODS AND FINDINGS: After initial Mantoux and ELISPOT tests and exclusion of co-prevalent TB cases, we followed 2348 household contacts of sputum smear positive TB cases. We visited them at 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months and 24 months, and investigated those with symptoms consistent with TB. Those who were diagnosed separately at a government clinic had a chest x-ray. Twenty six contacts were diagnosed with definite TB over 4312 person years of follow-up (Incidence rate 603/100,000 person years; 95% Confidence Interval, 370-830). Nine index and secondary case pairs had cultured isolates available for genotyping. Of these, 6 pairs were concordant and 3 were discordant. 2.5% of non-progressors were HIV positive compared to 12% of progressors (HR 6.2; 95% CI 1.7-22.5; p = 0.010). 25 secondary cases had initial Mantoux results, 14 (56%) were positive ; 21 had initial ELISPOT results, 11 (52%) were positive; 15 (71%) of 21 tested were positive by one or the other test. Of the 6 contacts who had concordant isolates with their respective index case, 4 (67%) were Mantoux positive at recruitment, 3 (50%) were ELISPOT positive; 5 (83%) were positive by one or other of the two tests. ELISPOT positive contacts, and those with discordant results, had a similar rate of progression to those who were Mantoux positive. Those negative on either or both tests had the lowest rate of progression. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate of TB disease in Gambian TB case contacts, after screening for co-prevalent cases, was 603/100,000 person years. Since initial ELISPOT test and Mantoux tests were each positive in only just

Published
2008

49. Using ELISPOT to Expose False Positive Skin Test Conversion in Tuberculosis Contacts

Author

Ratner, A, Hill, PC, Jeffries, DJ, Brookes, RH, Fox, A, Jackson-Sillah, D, Lugos, MD, Donkor, SA, de Jong, BC, Corrah, T, Adegbola, RA, McAdam, KP, Ratner, A, Hill, PC, Jeffries, DJ, Brookes, RH, Fox, A, Jackson-Sillah, D, Lugos, MD, Donkor, SA, de Jong, BC, Corrah, T, Adegbola, RA, and McAdam, KP

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Repeat tuberculin skin tests may be false positive due to boosting of waned immunity to past mycobacterial exposure. We evaluated whether an ELISPOT test could identify tuberculosis (TB) contacts with boosting of immunity to non-tuberculous mycobacterial exposure. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted tuberculin and ELISPOT tests in 1665 TB contacts: 799 were tuberculin test negative and were offered a repeat test after three months. Those with tuberculin test conversion had an ELISPOT, chest X-ray and sputum analysis if appropriate. We compared converters with non-converters, assessed the probability of each of four combinations of ELISPOT results over the two time points and estimated boosting with adjustment for ELISPOT sensitivity and specificity. 704 (72%) contacts had a repeat tuberculin test; 176 (25%) had test conversion, which increased with exposure to a case (p = 0.002), increasing age (p = 0.0006) and BCG scar (p = 0.06). 114 tuberculin test converters had ELISPOT results: 16(14%) were recruitment positive/follow-up positive, 9 (8%) positive/negative, 34 (30%) negative/positive, and 55 (48%) were negative/negative. There was a significant non-linear effect of age for ELISPOT results in skin test converters (p = 0.038). Estimates of boosting ranged from 32%-41% of skin test converters with increasing age. Three converters were diagnosed with TB, two had ELISPOT results: both were positive, including one at recruitment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We estimate that approximately one third of tuberculin skin test conversion in Gambian TB case contacts is due to boosting of immunity to non-tuberculous mycobacterial exposure. Further longitudinal studies are required to confirm whether ELISPOT can reliably identify case contacts with tuberculin test conversion that would benefit most from prophylactic treatment.

Published
2007

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