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The importance of strong coordination for research on public health and social measures was highlighted at the Seventy-fourth World Health Assembly in 2021. This article describes efforts undertaken by the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop a global research agenda on the use of public health and social measures during health emergencies. This work includes a multistep process that started with a global technical consultation convened by WHO in September 2021. The consultation included experts from around the world and from a wide range of disciplines, such as public health, education, tourism, finance and social sciences, and aimed to identify research and implementation approaches based on lessons learnt during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. To prepare for future epidemics and pandemics, it is essential to adopt a more robust, comparable and systematic research approach to public health and social measures. Such comprehensive approach will better inform agile, balanced and context-specific implementation decisions during future emergencies. This article describes the methods used to develop global research priorities for public health and social measures and the next steps needed. La soixante-quatorzieme Assemblee mondiale de la Sante en 2021 a souligne l'importance d'une coordination solide pour la recherche sur la sante publique et les mesures sociales. Le present article decrit les efforts entrepris par ('Organisation mondiale de la sante (OMS) pour elaborer un programme de recherche mondial sur l'utilisation des mesures de sante publique et des mesures sociales lors de situations d'urgence sanitaire. Ce travail comprend un processus en plusieurs etapes qui a commence par une consultation technique mondiale organisee par l'OMS en septembre 2021. La consultation a reuni des experts du monde entier issus d'un large eventail de disciplines telles que la sante publique, l'education, le tourisme, la finance et les sciences sociales. Elle visait a identifier des approches de recherche et de mise en reuvre fondees sur les enseignements tires de la pandemie de maladie a coronavirus de 2019. Pour se preparer aux futures epidemies et pandemies, il est essentiel d'adopter une approche de recherche plus solide, comparable et systematique en matiere de sante publique et de mesures sociales. Cette approche globale permettra de mieux eclairer les decisions de mise en reuvre agiles, equilibrees et adaptees au contexte lors des futures situations d'urgence. Le present article decrit les methodes appliquees pour definir les priorites mondiales de recherche en matiere de sante publique et de mesures sociales, ainsi que les prochaines etapes a franchir. En la 74.a Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, celebrada en 2021, se destaco la importancia de una solida coordinacion en la investigacion sobre salud publica y medidas sociales. Este articulo describe los esfuerzos que ha emprendido la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para desarrollar un programa mundial de investigacion sobre el uso de medidas sociales y de salud publica durante las emergencias sanitarias. Este trabajo incluye un proceso de varios pasos que comenzo con una consulta tecnica mundial que convoco la OMS en septiembre de 2021. La consulta incluyo a expertos de todo el mundo y de una gran variedad de disciplinas, como la salud publica, la educacion, el turismo, las finanzas y las ciencias sociales, y tuvo como objetivo identificar enfoques de investigacion y aplicacion basados en las lecciones aprendidas durante la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019. Para prepararse ante futuras epidemias y pandemias, es esencial adoptar un enfoque de investigacion mas solido, comparable y sistematico en materia de salud publica y medidas sociales. Este enfoque integral informara mejor las decisiones de aplicacion agiles, equilibradas y adaptadas al contexto durante futuras emergencias. En este articulo se describen los metodos utilizados para elaborar las prioridades mundiales de investigacion sobre salud publica y medidas sociales, asi como los proximos pasos necesarios. [phrase omitted], Introduction Public health and social measures refer to non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented by individuals, communities and governments at all levels. Public health and social measures are a key strategy to offer [...]

Objective To report experiences in Bihar, India's most densely populated state, with a state government programme to train community health workers (CHWs) to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the state's predominantly rural population of 128 million. Methods In May 2021, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, the Bihari government initiated a 1-day COVID-19 training programme for rural, unaccredited CHWs who had recently completed a community health education course from the National Institute of Open Schooling. The use of primary health centre buildings and doctors to deliver COVID-19 training and the existence of certification data on CHWs who participated in the community health education course streamlined implementation and minimized costs. After COVID-19 training, CHWs were paid as first responders and COVID-19 treatment workers by the Bihari government. Findings Overall, 15 000 CHWs in Bihar completed the COVID-19 training programme in 2021 and a further 30 000 were enrolled. A survey of CHWs carried out after COVID-19 training had started found that 80% (81/102) were satisfied with training and felt they were receiving information from reliable sources. Conclusion The training and mobilization of a team of CHWs helped ease pressure on a stressed, rural, health-care system in Bihar and improved its preparedness for future COVID-19 outbreaks. The success of the training programme illustrates how local initiatives can help address gaps in the health workforce and extend the reach of public health care into rural areas, in addition to improving COVID-19 responses. Objectif Rendre compte des experiences effectuees au Bihar, l'Etat le plus densement peuple d'Inde, dans le cadre d'un programme gouvernemental de formation des agents de sante communautaires (ASC) destine a lutter contre la pandemie de maladie a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) au sein d'une population de 128 millions de personnes, majoritairement issues d'un milieu rural. Methodes En mai 2021, durant la deuxieme vague de la pandemie de COVID-19 en Inde, le gouvernement Bihari a instaure un programme de formation a la COVID-19 d'une journee pour les ASC ruraux non agrees qui avaient recemment termine un cours d'education a la sante communautaire au National Institute of Open Schooling. L'utilisation des medecins et des locaux du centre de soins de sante primaires pour assurer la formation a la COVID-19, ainsi que l'existence de donnees de certification sur les ASC ayant participe au cours d'education a la sante communautaire ont facilite la mise en reuvre et limite les couts. A l'issue de la formation, les ASC etaient remuneres par le gouvernement Bihari en tant que premiers intervenants et professionnels en matiere de prise en charge de la COVID-19. Resultats Au total, 15 000 ASC ont suivi le programme de formation a la COVID-19 au Bihar en 2021, et 30 000 autres s'y sont inscrits. Selon une enquete menee aupres des ASC apres le lancement de la formation, 80% (81/102) des participants en etaient satisfaits et avaient l'impression de recevoir des informations provenant de sources fiables. Conclusion Former et mobiliser une equipe d'ASC a permis de diminuer la pression exercee sur un systeme de soins de sante rural deborde au Bihar, et de mieux le preparer a de futures epidemies de COVID-19. Le succes de ce programme de formation illustre la maniere dont les initiatives locales peuvent contribuer a combler le manque de personnel soignant et rendre les soins de sante publics plus accessibles dans les regions rurales, en plus d'ameliorer la lutte contre la COVID-19. Objetivo Informar de las experiencias en Bihar, el estado mas densamente poblado de la India, sobre la aplicacion de un programa del gobierno estatal para formar a los agentes de salud comunitarios (ASC) con el fin de controlar la pandemia de la coronavirosis de 2019 (COVID-19) en una poblacion de 128 millones de personas, en su mayoria de zonas rurales. Metodos En mayo de 2021, durante la segunda oleada de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en la India, el gobierno de Bihari puso en marcha un programa de formacion sobre la COVID-19 de un dia de duracion para los ASC de las zonas rurales, sin acreditacion, que acababan de terminar un curso de educacion de salud comunitaria del Instituto Nacional de Ensenanza Abierta. Gracias a la utilizacion de los edificios de los centros de salud primaria y de los medicos para impartir la formacion sobre la COVID-19 y a la existencia de datos de certificacion de los ASC que habian participado en el curso de educacion de salud comunitaria, se agilizo la ejecucion y se minimizaron los costes. Despues de la formacion sobre la COVID-19, el gobierno de Bihari pago a los ASC como personal de primera intervencion y atencion de la COVID-19. Resultados En total, 15 000 ASC de Bihar completaron el programa de formacion sobre la COVID-19 en 2021 y otros 30 000 se inscribieron. Una encuesta realizada a los ASC tras el inicio de la formacion sobre la COVID-19 revelo que el 80 % (81/102) estaban satisfechos con la formacion y opinaban que estaban recibiendo informacion de fuentes fiables. Conclusion La formacion y la movilizacion de un grupo de ASC ayudo a aliviar la presion sobre un sistema sanitario rural sometido a tension en Bihar y mejoro su preparacion para futuros brotes de la COVID-19. El exito del programa de formacion ilustra como las iniciativas locales pueden ayudar a subsanar las deficiencias del personal sanitario y ampliar el alcance de la atencion sanitaria publica en las zonas rurales, ademas de mejorar la contencion de la COVID-19., Introduction Community health workers (CHWs) can extend the reach of health-care systems to low-resource communities. (1) In India, due to a shortage of doctors, (2) these health workers play an [...]

The usefulness and safety of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems in adult patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported. Using CGM might reduce the exposure patients and healthcare workers to COVID-19 and limit the use of personal protective equipment during the pandemic. CGM devices measure glucose in the subcutaneous interstitial fluid, but the accuracy of this technique has not been established in critically ill patients. The artificial pancreas, STG-55 (Nikkiso, Tokyo), is a closed-loop device that conducts continuous blood glucose monitoring using a peripheral vein. We used the STG-55 for glucose control in a 60-year-old woman with severe COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit. Due to severe respiratory failure, the patient was intubated, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was introduced. Because she had hyperglycemia despite high-dose intravenous insulin therapy, we decided to use STG-55 for glucose control. The STG-55 safely titrated the insulin infusion and monitored glucose levels. Fifty-six hours after adopting the STG-55, it was removed because the blood sampling failed. No episodes of hypoglycemia were observed despite deep sedation during this period. In conclusion, this case demonstrates the potential utility of an artificial pancreas in patients with severe COVID-19., Author(s): Takuya Hinoue [sup.1], Tomoaki Yatabe [sup.2], Himuro Fujiwara [sup.1], Osamu Nishida [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.256115.4, 0000 0004 1761 798X, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Fujita Health [...]

With the expanding use of molecular assays, viral pathogens are increasingly recognized among critically ill adult patients with community-acquired severe respiratory illness; studies have detected respiratory viral infections (RVIs) in 17-53% of such patients. In addition, novel pathogens including zoonotic coronaviruses like the agents causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019 nCoV) are still being identified. Patients with severe RVIs requiring ICU care present typically with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Oseltamivir is the most widely used neuraminidase inhibitor for treatment of influenza; data suggest that early use is associated with reduced mortality in critically ill patients with influenza. At present, there are no antiviral therapies of proven efficacy for other severe RVIs. Several adjunctive pharmacologic interventions have been studied for their immunomodulatory effects, including macrolides, corticosteroids, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, sirolimus, statins, anti-influenza immune plasma, and vitamin C, but none is recommended at present in severe RVIs. Evidence-based supportive care is the mainstay for management of severe respiratory viral infection. Non-invasive ventilation in patients with severe RVI causing acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and pneumonia is associated with a high likelihood of transition to invasive ventilation. Limited existing knowledge highlights the need for data regarding supportive care and adjunctive pharmacologic therapy that is specific for critically ill patients with severe RVI. There is a need for more pragmatic and efficient designs to test different therapeutics both individually and in combination., Author(s): Yaseen M. Arabi [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3], Robert Fowler [sup.4] [sup.5] [sup.6], Frederick G. Hayden [sup.7] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412149.b, 0000 0004 0608 0662, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin [...]

Byline: Ananya. Ray, Sumit. Dhanda, Varun. Mahajan, Suman. Arora Sir, The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted a myriad of amendments to minimise the spread of infection. In obstetric [...]

Byline: Hariharan. Subramanian, Jayaram. Ilangovan, Protiti. Chatterjee Sir, The choice of anaesthesia for caesarean section in pregnant patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pneumonia is not straightforward.[1],[2] The incidence of [...]

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted higher education, including academic libraries. This paper compares the use of library resources (including interlibrary loan, website and discovery tool pageviews, database use, patron interactions, etc.) at three university libraries before and after the pandemic. The latter part of the 2019 and 2020 spring semesters are the time frames of focus, although two control time frames from earlier in those semesters are used to determine how the semesters differed when the coronavirus was not a factor. The institutions experienced similar patterns of use across many metrics., INTRODUCTION The year 2020 will be remembered as the year of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Around the world, hundreds of thousands of people died from the disease, schools and businesses [...]