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Este libro, resultado del congreso homonimo realizado en 2015 en el instituto de investigaciones antropologicas de la Universidad nacional autonoma de Mexico, busca desarrollar una aproximacion critica a los procesos recientes de patrimonializacion alimentaria desde la perspectiva de las ciencias sociales. el objetivo es interrogar la construccion, difusion y apropiacion de la nocion de patrimonio alimentario en el ambito local, como tambien explorar la diversidad de estos constructos a traves de las formas en las que se expresan en la region latinoamericana. El patrimonio alimentario forma parte del patrimonio cultural de una sociedad o grupo. El patrimonio cultural consiste en las multiples actividades y objetos que dan evidencia de modos de conducta aprendidos y de sus manifestaciones tangibles e intangibles, transmitidos de una generacion a la siguiente y de una sociedad o individuo a otro. Es decir, el patrimonio cultural da evidencia de una cultura.

Este libro, resultado del congreso homonimo realizado en 2015 en el instituto de investigaciones antropologicas de la Universidad nacional autonoma de Mexico, busca desarrollar una aproximacion critica a los procesos recientes de patrimonializacion alimentaria desde la perspectiva de las ciencias sociales. el objetivo es interrogar la construccion, difusion y apropiacion de la nocion de patrimonio alimentario en el ambito local, como tambien explorar la diversidad de estos constructos a traves de las formas en las que se expresan en la region latinoamericana. El patrimonio alimentario forma parte del patrimonio cultural de una sociedad o grupo. El patrimonio cultural consiste en las multiples actividades y objetos que dan evidencia de modos de conducta aprendidos y de sus manifestaciones tangibles e intangibles, transmitidos de una generacion a la siguiente y de una sociedad o individuo a otro. Es decir, el patrimonio cultural da evidencia de una cultura.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of diarrhea and its association with drug use in elderly outpatients. METHODS: The study was carried out by 133 general practitioners (GPs) who referred to 24 geriatric units in Italy. The demographic data, disability, gastrointestinal symptoms, and current medications were evaluated using a structured interview, including the evaluation of the activities of daily living (ADL), the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and the gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale (GSRS). RESULTS: The study included 5,387 elderly subjects who regularly completed the structured interview. In total, 488 patients (9.1% of the whole population, 210 men and 278 women, mean age 75.6 6.2 yr, range 65–100 yr) reported diarrhea, that is, items 11 and 12 of the GSRS, during the 7-day period before the interview. The prevalence of diarrhea significantly increased with older age (P= 0.025), the severity of ADL (P < 0.0001) and IADL disability (P < 0.0001), and the number of drugs taken (P= 0.0002). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of diarrhea was significantly associated with the use of antibiotics (odds ratio [OR] 4.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.95–10.73), proton pump inhibitors (OR 2.97, 95% CI 2.03–4.35), allopurinol (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.26–3.81), psycholeptics (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.26–2.61), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.01–2.89), and angiotensin II receptor blockers (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.08–1.99), also accounting for sex, age, and the use of antidiarrheal agents and drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders. CONCLUSION: Diarrhea is a common problem in elderly outpatients. Its prevalence increases with old age, the severity of disability, and the number of drugs. Monitoring the presence of diarrhea and its complications in elderly patients who need treatments with drugs significantly associated with diarrhea may be clinically useful.

Background. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDTa) on cariogenic dental biofilm. Types of Studies Reviewed. Studies in vivo, in vitro, and in situ were included. Articles that did not address PDTa, those that did not involve cariogenic biofilm, those that used microorganisms in the plankton phase, and reviews were excluded. Data extraction and quality assessments were performed independently by two raters using a scale. Results. Two hundred forty articles were retrieved; only seventeen of them met the eligibility criteria and were analyzed in the present review. Considerable variability was found regarding the methodologies and application protocols for antimicrobial PDTa. Two articles reported unfavorable results. Practical Implications. The present systematic review does not allow drawing any concrete conclusions regarding the efficacy of antimicrobial PDTa, although this method seems to be a promising option.

Streptococcus thermophilus is a major component of dairy starters used for the manufacture of yoghurt and cheese. In this study, the CO2 metabolism of S. thermophilus DSM 20617T grown either in a nitrogen or an enriched carbon dioxide atmosphere was analyzed using both genetic and proteomic approaches. Growth experiments performed in a chemically defined medium revealed that CO2 depletion resulted in bacterial arginine, aspartate and uracil auxotrophy. Moreover, carbon dioxide depletion governed a significant change in cell morphology and a high reduction in biomass production. A comparative proteomic analysis revealed that cells of S. thermophilus showed a different degree of energy status depending on the CO2 availability. In agreement with proteomic data, cells grown under nitrogen showed a significantly higher milk acidification rate compared to those grown in enriched carbon dioxide atmosphere. Experiments carried out on S. thermophilus wild-type and its derivative mutant inactivated in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and carbamoylphosphate synthethase activities, responsible for fixing CO2 to organic molecules, suggested that the anaplerotic reactions governed by these enzymes have a central role in bacterial metabolism. Our results reveal the capnophilic nature of this microorganism, underlining the essential role of carbon dioxide in S. thermophilus physiology and suggesting potential applications in dairy fermentation processes.