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This paper describes a parametric assessment of energy usage budgets for selected building envelope assemblies. The simulation study was conducted as part of a project to develop building envelope assemblies that are energy efficient and durable under extreme cold outdoor climates and indoor conditions typically found in these climes. Energy costs in northern Canada are high especially in the Arctic where communities are accessible only by air or boat or ice roads. Energy efficiency is therefore a primary objective here however this objective must be balanced with transportation and construction costs, which are also high. The objective of the simulation study was to compare the energy performance of proposed high performance wall assemblies with typical baseline wall assemblies. Four high performance walls were compared with two baseline walls, one a wall typical of low latitude regions, and the second a typical arctic wall assembly. Seven locations were selected for analysis, 2 representing western, 2 representing central, and 3 representing eastern arctic conditions. Three buildings were simulated, a fully detached home, a middle unit of a multiunit residence, and an end unit of a multiunit residence. A model for estimating the change in energy consumption with changes in wall thermal conductance was developed. Obviously the most highly insulated wall system exhibits the best performance with respect to space heating consumption. Recommending a wall type was outside the scope of this study but within the scope of the larger project. The objective of this work was to provide a method to easily determine change in space heating consumption due to a change in wall construction, which can then be used as the basis for a total life cycle assessment of the proposed walls., The Fourth International Building Physics Conference: Energy Efficiency and New Approaches: 15 June 2009, Istanbul, Turkey

The hygrothermal performance of building envelope systems is dictated by their responses to combined heat, air and moisture fluctuations produced by exterior and interior conditions. Research has focused on both laboratory experimentation and modeling of envelope systems by computer programs (hygrothermal tools). Experimental studies played a crucial role in the development of hygrothermal tools, and continue to offer useful information for their improvement. To be used with confidence, however, hygrothermal tools must be verified and, if possible, validated. To date, no comprehensive schemes for benchmarking hygrothermal tools exist as, for example, exist for energy simulation tools. Three comparisons are typically used to show the practical merits of simulation tools: inter-model, analytical, and empirical. This paper demonstrates how confidence in a 1-dimensional hygrothermal simulation tool can be built by such comparisons, and proposes them as the basis for a verification and validation methodology., ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Seminar 47 Benchmarking Hygrothermal Tools: 24 January 2009, Chicago

This research developed two wall-testing protocols for evaluating wall assemblies for the cold outdoor climates and indoor conditions typical of the Canadian arctic. The testing phase evaluated the hygrothermal performance of wall assemblies and provided input for hygrothermal simulations. The exterior test protocol is based on four parameters: temperature, wind, atmospheric moisture, and solar irradiance; and represents winter, spring, and summer. The interior protocol is based on data obtained from a survey of interior conditions of Canadian houses located in cold regions. It is comprised of two parameters, temperature and interior moisture, and is intended to be used in conjunction with the exterior protocol., 4th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics, June 16, 2008, Copenhagen, Denmark

This paper provides an overview of a project focused on developing a GIS-based framework for evaluating building façade performance and maintenance prioritization. Climate effects are discussed in relation to wall response and expected damage arising from the deterioration of façade components is given. Loss in functional performance of components is examined and the consequences of these losses are related to maintenance interventions., 11th International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components: 11 May 2008, Istanbul, Turkey

This report provides an update on completed tasks as well as activities ahead in the Project entitled Engineered Building Envelope to Accommodate High Performance Insulation with Outdoor/indoor Climate extremes. It also reports on the selection of promising wall assemblies for investigation of their hygrothermal, energy and environmental performance, with the project partners. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and Natural Resources Canada are partners with NRC-IRC in this project. Five innovative wall systems have been selected for assessment, and will be compared to a conventional type of wall construction. The composition of the wall assemblies is described in the report.

The objective of the experimental study of the project is to characterize the thermal response and the moisture resistance of test specimens of selected wall assemblies subjected to indoor and outdoor conditions typically encountered in the Canadian North. The data collected will provide input for a complementary study aiming at predicting hygrothermal performance under different scenarios using numerical modeling software., L'étude expérimentale menée dans le cadre du projet a pour but de caractériser la réaction thermique et la résistance à l'humidité d'échantillons de murs choisis exposés à des conditions intérieures et extérieures caractéristiques du Nord canadien. Les données recueillies seront utilisées au cours d'une étude complémentaire visant à prédire la performance hygrothermique pour différents scénarios et menée à l'aide d'un logiciel de modélisation numérique.

This report has been compiled based on experimental work carried out in the laboratories of theInstitute for Research in Construction, a review of pertinent literature and feedback obtained fromdifferent experts and practitioners of window installation. It forms the initial part (Phase 1) of aseries of three reports prepared on the 'Performance Evaluation of Wall-Window InterfaceDetails'. Of the eight chapters provided in this report, the first three provide an introduction to thework in which the approach to the performance assessment process is described, the developmentand rationale for the test method are given, and a summary description of the test specimens isoffered.

Workshop on Computational Tools and Technologies for Construction Practitioners, February 13, 2008, London, Ontario, Canada

This paper presents selected findings of a field survey of the indoor temperature and relative humidity conditions in 24 homes located in one northern coastal climate and two climates North of the 60th parallel in support of research intended to improve the durability building envelopes for extreme northern and northern coastal climates. The study examined the relationship of occupancy load and heat distribution to indoor relative humidity and associated moisture problems such as mould. The data will be used to design a test protocol for the assessment of the hygrothermal response of large-scale wall test specimens, which will be subjected to extreme environmental loads on both the interior and the exterior sides., Thermal Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings X International Conference: 2 December 2007, Clearwater, Florida

This climate sensitivity study studied the effects of wind-driven rain on a stucco-clad wall using the advanced hygrothermal model, hygIRC. Simulations were made for a number of climatic conditions based on the moisture index (MI) and for amounts of water deposited inside a wall. The moisture index was based on the severity of a given climate in respect to wall assemblies and the degree of wetting and drying to which a wall could potentially be subjected. The failure criteria was the concurrent occurrence of temperature and relative humidity above thresholds of 10oC and 95% respectively, for ninety consecutive days at any location of wood-based material in the wall., Thermal Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings X International Conference: 2 December 2007, Clearwater Beach, FL.

Résumé:La modélisation numérique du transport de chaleur, d'air et d'humidité dans une paroi de l'enveloppe du bâtiment permet de comparer des stratégies de conception d'enveloppe pour une variété de climats extérieurs et de conditions intérieures. L'accumulation d'humidité, les cycles de gel et dégel et la distribution des températures à chaque couche de la paroi sont des indicateurs de la réponse prédite par le modèle. Les modèles numériques ont des avantages et des limites et ceux-ci doivent être bien compris pour utiliser cet outil de façon fiable. Cet exposé présente les caractéristiques du modèle hygrothermique hygIRC 1-D développé à l'IRC-CNRC.

This document is the collection of community consultation notes summarizing input received during 3 consultation sessions which NRC-IRC researchers conducted in Whitehorse YT, Yellowknife NT and Arviat NU in February 2007.The objective of these consultations was to establish a dialogue with northern communities on their needs and constraints related to housing projects, as well as their experience with the applicability and performance of different construction methods for exterior walls in an arctic context., Aussi disponible en français: Rapport provisoire, TÂCHE 2B - Consultation des collectivités locales sur les méthodes de construction des murs

The focus of this study was to examine the reliability of models that are available in the open literature for simulating the interior moisture conditions, comparing the predicted interior relative humidity to measured data. Four models, for predicting the indoor relative humidity in houses were tested against measured relative humidity data for 25 houses.The models considered were primarily developed as design tools.

On-going discussions on various forms of moisture transport in buildings have often focused on the nature of vapour diffusion in wall assemblies. Recent field investigations at the Institute for Research in Construction (IRC), NRC Canada, have yielded data on the effect of solar radiation on the exterior surface temperature of wall assemblies. On a sunny day in August 2004, on the exterior surface of a south-facing wall, a temperature rise close to 25°C over the surrounding air temperature was recorded. Coincident increases in the absolute humidity ratio of the air in the cavity behind the brick were measured, suggesting inward drive of brick moisture into that cavity. A laboratory facility at IRC, called the Envelope Environmental Exposure Facility (EEEF) has been used to launch an investigation on the behaviour of the vapour diffusion in exterior walls exposed to solar radiation. A 2.4 m by 2.4 m test specimen of a simple wallassembly was constructed, the exterior surface of the specimen soaked in simulated rain conditions and subsequently heated by infrared heaters to mimic the rise in surface temperature due to solar radiation. The wall was fully instrumented for temperature and relative humidity measurements at both surfaces as well as at every interface. This paper presents a brief description of the EEEF, details of the test specimen and data collection, and data from the above experiment. A clear indication of an inward diffusion of water vapour across the wall as the exterior surface is heated is derived from both laboratory controlled and field experiments, 11th Canadian Building Science and Technology Conference, 22 March 2007, Banff, Alberta

Inadequate detailing practice and defective installation of windows has accounted for a significant number of premature failures of the building envelope. This has spurred the development of alternative construction details to manage water intrusion at the wall-window interface. Laboratory investigations focused on assessing the effectiveness of wall-window interface details to manage rainwater intrusion in the wall assembly have provided an effective way to obtain useful information on the varying performance of different interface details. Previous studies undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of details typically used in wood frame low-rise wall assemblies have shown the degree to which different details manage rainwater intrusion and the extent of fault tolerance of these systems. This paper offers a report on more selected results obtained from evaluating the watertightness of a series of four wall-window interface details representative of construction practice across Canada. A brief overview of four sets of wallwindow interface details and variations on their implementation are described in general and details for a set, comprised of two specific wall-window interface details evaluated in the study are provided. The set of two variations of interface details described were configured for a fixed PVC window incorporating mounting flanges and installed in a rainscreen wall. The results of water penetration tests are provided in terms of water entry through deficiencies in the cladding, water collection within the assembly and the severity of the simulated wind-driven rain loads. The effectiveness of the two approaches to window installation in managing rainwater entry is discussed., 11th Canadian Building Science and Technology Conference: 22 March 2007, Banff, Alberta

Consultation Sessions: 09 February 2007, Whitehorse, Yukon

Consultation Meeting: 06 February 2007, Yellowknife, Whitehorse Yukon, Arviat Nunavut

Consultation Meetings: 06 February 2007, Yellowknife and Arviat, Nunavut

Consultation Meetings: 06 February 2007, Yellowknife, Whitehorse, Yukon, Arviat, Nunavut

The 5 Benchmark exercises specified in the HAMSTAD EU work project (HAMSTAD WP2) were completed using an unmodified version of hygIRC 1-D, version 1.1, available for sale to the public. The objective of the work was to successfully complete the exercises using an 'out of the box' version of hygIRC 1-D. All the benchmarks were successfully completed. The results consistently were within the 0.1% confidence band of acceptance specified or close to the original results of the HAMSTAD project where it was not possible to estimate the confidence limits. Successful completion of these exercises using an unmodified version of hygIRC demonstrates the reliability and robustness of hygIRC 1-D version 1.1 as a hygrothermal simulation tool.

The first objective of this task was to characterize two types of extreme climates in Canada. The two typesof climates were extremely cold climates and extremely wet, humid, and cool climates. The secondobjective was to select potential locations for field investigations. The criteria for characterizing theclimates were the energy efficiency of the building envelope and the durability and sustainability of thebuilding envelope, specifically walls., Le premier objectif de cette tâche était de caractériser deux (2) types de climats extrêmes au Canada, soit le climat à très grands froids et le climat très humide, pluvieux et frais. Le second objectif était de sélectionner des emplacements potentiels pour des enquêtes in-situ. Les critères employés aux fins de la caractérisation des climats ont été l'efficacité énergétique, la durabilité et la viabilité de l'enveloppe du bâtiment, plus particulièrement des murs.

As the Integrated Design Process (IDP) approach is beginning to make a difference in theconstruction industry so too is the concept of the Virtual Lab beginning to change the process of evaluating the performance of building systems, specifically envelope systems. This paper elaborates the concept of the virtual lab and provides an example, evaluating the hygrothermal performance of wall systems. The virtual lab could be viewed as one component of the IDP or as a complimentary framework designed to provide information about the performance and durability of wall systems. The impetus behind the development of the Virtual Lab is cost. Performance testing in the laboratory or in the field can be expensive. Assessing durability can be even costlier and results may not be available in a timely fashion. The proposed solution to these difficulties is the judicious combination of computer modelling to predict performance and durability with laboratory testing. The basic framework of the Virtual Lab is presentedhere. Development of the simulation components of the virtual lab, as described in this paper, comprises three stages: (1) development of the model or simulation of a component, assembly or system providing estimates of performance or durability, (2) the laboratory testing providing information on boundary conditions and loading to be used by performance and durability models as well as benchmarking tests to enhance confidence in the simulation results, and (3) the field testing or evaluation to provide further validation of the model, information on boundary conditions, and valuable information on in-service conditions and performance., 10th Conference on Building Science and Technology, May 12, 2005, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Inadequate detailing and defective installation of windows has accounted for a significant number of premature failures of the building envelope. This has spurred the development of alternative construction details to control water intrusion at the wall-window interface. However, it is not known how effective these construction details may be over the life expectancy of the wall assembly. Laboratory investigations can provide an effective way to obtain reliable, insightful information regarding the effectiveness of specific wall-window interface details on their ability to influence rainwater entry to the wall assembly. A study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of such details typically used in wood frame low-rise wall assemblies to manage rainwater. An overview of the experimental approach and test protocol is given and includes a description of the test apparatus and the basis for estimating the effects on specimenssubjected to simulated climate loads. The test specimen configuration is described and details of specific wall-window interfaces evaluated in the study are provided. Results on water entry for the different wallwindow interface configurations are provided and the effectiveness of different details is discussed., 10th Canadian Conference on Building Science & Technology (10BS&T), May 12, 2005, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Aussi disponible en français: Modélisation rapide et fiable des transferts de chaleur et d'humidité de part et d'autre de l'enveloppe du bâtiment

Software. Also available in French: http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/fra/projets/irc/hygirc.html

Aussi disponible en français: Maintenant disponible! La version 1-D du modèle hygIRC pour évaluer la performance hygrométrique des murs

e-Sim 2004 Conference: 10 June 2004, Vancouver, B.C.

1-D hygIRC is a user-friendly one-dimensional version of IRC's hygIRC, a state-of-the-art hygrothermal computer model. 1-D hygIRC has being made available for public release. The basic component modules comprising 1-D hygIRC are: the recently benchmarked hygIRC solver, a climate database containing 30 to 40 years of hourly weather data for 19 Canadian and 6 US cities, a material database containing the hygrothermal properties of 80 common construction as measured at IRC, a building envelope design tool integrated with the material properties database, and models to derive interior temperature and relative humidity conditions. 1-D hygIRC also provides the user with easy to use tools for output analysis. Optional provisions have also been made for the user to specify their own weather, interior conditions, or material property data, if they wish to investigate other parameters than those provided. The model simulates the hygrothermal response of each element to changing environmental conditions on either side of the envelope on an hourly basis. This produces information on the temperature and relative humidity distributions within the wall assembly and the changes over time. Time series plots of temperature, moisture contents, and other output parameters can be viewed for the wall layers or the entire wall where applicable. 1-D hygIRC also contains the freeze-thaw cycles and a moisture index developed for use with hygIRC. Users can animate the results to give a picture of the wall response over time. This program is targeted to engineers, architects, building scientists, contractors and other professionals. The framework of 1-D hygIRC was built to facilitate case studies allowing the user to readily conduct parametric studies, studies where several parameters are changed one at a time to gauge the sensitivity of the wall response. 1-D hygIRC can be downloading from IRC web site (http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/projects/irc/hygirc.html)., eSim 2004 Conference: 09 June 2004, Vancouver, B.C.

The fundamental function of the building envelope is its separation of the outside and the inside environments to that indoor conditions can be controlled to meet many requirements (for example, comfort and energy efficiency). The design and construction of durable, efficient walls requires consideration of the climate loads to which these building components will be exposed. A wall assembly that is trouble free in one area of the country may not perform adequately in another. This is because, although the building physics do not change, the heat, air and moisture (liquid and vapour) control strategies may need to integrate different levels of redundancy for different climate conditions. The severity of the climate for a building site cannot be changed, but it needs to be acknowledged and be incorporated in the design of the wall assemblies. Understanding the climate loads acting on building components is an important step towards effective design of moisture-management strategies., Aussi disponible en français: L'estimation des surcharges climatiques au profit de la conception de murs résistants à l'humidité, Building Science Insight 2003: Effective Moisture Control In Light Frame Walls of Low-Rise Buildings, 7 October 2003, 15 Cities across Canada

Uncontrolled moisture accumulation in the building envelope reduces the structural integrity of components through mechanical, chemical and biological degradation. Damage induced by moisture includes rotting of wood studs and other wood-based products, efflorescence and spalling of masonry systems, and rusting of wall fasteners. Also, excessive moisture in the envelope may affect the health of occupants by providing favourable conditions for harmful organisms. For building occupants, building become "unfit-for-use" due to either questionable structural integrity of the envelope or to unhealthy indoor environment. In addition, moisture can adversely affect non-health and safety performance factors such as the effectiveness of thermal insulation and aesthetic appearance., Aussi disponible en français: Une méthode intégrée pour élaborer des stratégies de gestion de l'humidité dans les murs extérieurs, BSI 2003 of the Seminar, 1 October 2003, 15 Locations in Canada

Premature failures of building envelopes in some North American locations appear to be climate related. An IRC-led research consortium called MEWS (Moisture Management of Exterior Wall Systems) developed a method using hygrothermal modelling to identify locations where walls may experience moisture related problems. The method classifies climates by a Moisture Index (MI) based on wetting and drying potentials. Responses of various wall systems to the climatic inputs of Moisture Reference Years (MRY, selected according to their MI) were examined for seven North American locations spanning the MI range of climate severity. The study linked the likelihood of failure to construction deficiencies allowing excessive amounts of rain into the wall, and generally confirmed a direct relationship between hygrothermal response and MI.Application of MI and MRY did, however, reveal anomalies for some climates. MI can post warning flags, but hygrothermal modelling is required to explore potential problems in depth., The 9th Conference on Building Science Technology, 27 February 2003, Vancouver, British Columbia

By 1997, several field surveys in North America had indicated that rain penetration in exterior walls and poor construction detailing contributed to the shortening of the service life of recently built exterior walls of low-rise buildings in climates with high exterior moisture loads. There was a movement in industry to rethink the ways that exterior walls had been put together in recent years, as well as a renewed appreciation that exterior climates vary in severity from one location to another. In 1998, IRC/NRC initiated a research consortium with industry partners to develop guidelines for moisture management for exterior wall systems (MEWS) in low-rise residential buildings of North America. Partners represented the wood industry, manufacturers of cladding systems, insulation materials and water resistive barriers as well as building owners and managers. The project was broken down into several tasks, from a review of literature on current construction practice to experimental work in the laboratory and mathematical modelling. The following four types of cladding systems were included in the project: Portland cement plaster (stucco), Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS), masonry and siding, over wood-frame construction.This TG8 report is a research document. The objectives of the report are three-fold: to describe the research approach in some detail (chapter 1), to summarize its application to the four types of wall assemblies (chapters 2 - 5) and to draw general conclusions (chapter 6), based on the observations in chapters 2 - 5. The reader is strongly advised to consult the research team before the information presented in this report is used for building design considerations.

The objective of this report is to communicate, in a very concise form, some of the accomplishments of the MEWS (Moisture Management for Exterior Wall Systems) project. This will be done in terms of the research methodology adopted, as well as the outcome of its application to the first type of walls analysed in the project - Stucco-clad exterior wood-frame wall assemblies. Only a few examples will be cited in this report. Many reports have been produced detailing the process followed and the results obtained. The interested reader is welcome to refer to these documents for a more detailed investigation of any selected topics.

Task 4 - Environmental Conditions consisted of two main objectives: the first objective was to provide input for the parametric simulation phase of Task 7- Hygrothermal Analysis and the rain penetration test portion of Task 6 - System Performance; the second objective was to develop a method for classifying for US and Canadian climates with respect to moisture loading. Hourly weather data for approximately 400 Canadian and US locations were collected. The data spans 30 or more years. A list of 40 candidate cities was created from the locations available. Data for the 40 cities, 27 American and 13 Canadian, were analyzed and converted into the appropriate format for the Advanced Hygrothermal Model (AHM). A method for calculating a moisture index based on two independent indices, the wetting index and the drying index was developed characterize the locations in the 40 city set. From the candidate list five cities were selected: Wilmington NC, Seattle WA, Ottawa ON, Winnipeg MB, and Phoenix AZ for detailed analysis. Reference years to be input to the AHM as part of the parametric study were determined for each of the five cities selected for detailed analysis. A modified method for calculating the moisture index cities was used to select reference years. The modified method included the effect of wind-driven rain and the effect of orientation. For selecting reference years the definition of the wetting index included the direction of predominantrainfall. A wet year, a dry year, and an average year were defined as reference years for each of the five selected cities. Finally, five methods of calculating wind driven rain were reviewed and found to be ingeneral agreement. Experimental results confirm the validity of the methods reviewed. Straube's method for calculating the amount of wind driven rain impinging on a wall was selected for use. It was chosen because it is generally the most conservative of the methods considered and was also the method selected for incorporation into the AHM. Two spray rates, 100 L/m 2 -h (1.7 L/min-m 2 ) and 200 L/m 2 -h (3.4 L/min-m 2 ) and a maximum pressure level of 700 Pa +/- 300 Pa cycled at 0.5 Hz were determined from the literature and climate data. These recommendations were used in the rain penetration portion of Task 6. The second objective was to develop a method for classifying climates with respect to moisture loading. Climates were classified using a similar method used to classify the 40 candidate cities. Climates were classified according to their potential for moisture loading. Five groups were defined: Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3, Zone 4, and Zone 5. A provisional contour map showing isopotentials for Canada and the United States was created.

Effective moisture control in the building envelope is essential if acceptable service life is to be achieved for the built environment. Effective moisture control implies both minimizing moisture entry into the system, and maximizing the exit of moisture, which does enter, so that no component in the system stays 'too wet' for 'too long'. But what is "too wet" and "too long"? At the institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, a research project called MEWS 1 (Moisture Management for Exterior Wall Systems) was initiated to answer the above questions. The project has now resulted in a methodology that leads to design considerations for improved moisture management strategies for any wall assembly at any geographic region in North America. The methodology includes the integration of information from a review of field practices (Rousseau et al., 2002), extensive measurements of hygrothermal properties of building materials (Kumaran et al., 2002), definition of environmental loads (Cornick et al., 2002), investigation on damage functions (Nofal and Kumaran 1998), experiments on wind-driven rain penetration (Lacasse et al., 2001) and a detailed parametric analysis using a benchmarked and advanced hygrothermal model called hygIRC (Maref et al.2001; Mukhopadhyaya et al. 2001). This paper attempts only to summarize the methodology and lists some of the observations from its application to stucco-clad (Portland cement plaster) wood-frame walls. A full description of each module in the methodology is beyond the scope of this paper 2., 6th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries: 17 June 2002, Trondheim, Norway

Also presented at BECOR Seminar in Ottawa on Jan. 22, 2002., OBEC Seminar: 14 March 2002, Hamilton, Ontario

Nous décrivons brièvement certains éléments relatifs à la limitation de la pénétration de la pluie dans les murs extérieurs : l'indice directionnel de pluie chassée et l'effet de la taille des gouttes de pluie sur le mouillage des façades.

12th International Brick/Block Masonry Conference, June 25, 2000, Madrid, Spain

Aussi disponible en français: La Tour de la Paix placée sous haute surveillance

The energy savings attributable to efficient lighting and office equipment technologies are often quoted for the technology in isolation. However, the reduced heat generated by energy-efficient lighting and office equipment will also have an impact on the cooling and heating requirements of a building. Thus, the actual energy savings could be higher or lower than the direct electrical savings of the energy-efficient technology in isolation. This study predicts overall energy savings using DOE-2.1E simulations of a typical officebuilding in six North American climates. We performed a variety of parametric simulations, and the cooling and heating energy impacts were expressed as a fraction of the direct electrical energy impact (ACIAL and MAL, respectively). For each city, ACIAL varied little with the source of the direct savings (lighting or office equipment), building envelope variations (U-value and solar aperture), or the magnitude of the directsavings (up to 54.1 k w ) . Whether the source of the direct savings came from power density reductions or zoning/control strategies also had only a small effect However, cooling system type (economizer or futed outdoor air) had a large effect. H A L varied substantially with envelope U-value, solar aperture, and the magnitude of the direct savings. In the case of cooling, our results agree well with a previously publishedsimplified method for calculating the overall impact of lighting power density reductions, and offer the potential to expand the scope of the method. However, our results suggest that in the case of heating this simplified method may not be generally valid. Note, though, that our conclusions are based on the assumption of a VAV system with economizer, and that a strong dependence on system type is expected. Our work also led directly to a new method of generating lighting power demand profiles for office buildings,and this new method is referenced.

This paper describes the development process for the new energy code. A key element of this process is the LCC procedure employed to determine the building envelope requirements. This procedure involved development of a simple regression model to predict heating and cooling energy; development of a computerized analysis procedure to permit rapid LCC analysis; identification of representative wall, roof, and window constructions along with the thermal performance characteristics and construction cost for each; consultation with the provinces and territories to determine appropriate energy costs and economic assumptions to use in the LCC analysis for each region; and an established process for developing national model (building) codes that achieves consensus through a balanced committee structure and extensive public review., Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings VI: 04 December 1995, Clearwater, Florida, U.S.A.

Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings VI: 04 December 1995, Clearwater, Florida, U.S.A.

This document describes a calculation procedure proposed for tradeoff compliance as given in Subsection 3.4.2. This report is intended to serve as the basis for the specification which will be referenced in the Code and published by the Canadian Commission for Building and Fire Codes.