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Different social exchange relationships among family members and between family and non-family stakeholders influence individual, group, and family-firm outcomes. Although many studies provide insights into social exchange relationships in family businesses, these studies are scattered across multiple literatures. Using the lens of social exchange theory, we review and organize 74 such studies. After discussing what is known and what gaps remain, we juxtapose our review with new theorizing about social exchanges to elicit research opportunities for family business research and for leveraging the family business context to "give back" to social exchange theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the importance of leader–follower relationships in the workplace has been widely acknowledged, the impact of changes in such relationships has not been adequately examined in the literature. Leader–member exchange (LMX) theory and research have suggested that leader–follower relationships develop, mature, and then stabilize. Integrating recent work that has found important and impactful within-individual variations in what was thought to be relatively unvarying relationships, we theorize that leader–follower relationships (like other linkage types), are not only differentiated (varying between people) but also fluctuate across time periods (varying within people). We also discuss how people can understand their relationships better by comparing them to a relevant and proximal referent; this underlines how prior levels of LMX serve as a lens by which followers evaluate their current LMX. Across two studies, we discuss how comparing this week's LMX to last week's LMX can signal improvement (i.e., gains) or deterioration (i.e., losses) in the relationship, with differential implications for positive and negative affect. We also provide additional insights into LMX fluctuations by contrasting within- and between-individual variance in established and newly founded relationships, and by examining those incidents that are more likely to influence LMX in a given week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon direct interviews and secondary sources, this article presents a qualitative comparative analysis of 39 ransomware attacks, 26 of which occurred shortly before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and 13 of which took place during the pandemic. The research objective was to gain an understanding of how ransomware attacks changed tactics across this period. Using inductive content analysis, a number of key themes emerged, namely (1) ransomware attackers have adopted more sinister tactics and now commit multiple crimes to maximise their return; (2) the expanded attack surface caused by employees working from home has greatly aggravated the risk of malicious intrusion; (3) the preferred attack vectors have changed, with phishing and VPN exploits now to the fore; (4) failure to adapt common business processes from off-line to on-line interaction has created vulnerabilities; (5) the ongoing laissez-faire attitude toward cybersecurity and lack of preparedness continues to be a substantial problem; and (6) ransomware attacks now pose potentially severe consequences for individuals, whose personal data has become a central part of the game. Recommendations are proposed to address these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marana Middle School in Tucson, Ariz., scrapped its traditional P.E. program that emphasized team sports and shifted to a program that focuses on lifetime fitness, student choice in activities, and nutrition and health education. The program also includes student leadership development and informal community service. As a result, Marana students have become more active. Some days, 40 or more kids participate in lunchtime intramural programs. Participation in after-school P.E. offerings has also increased.