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Camera traps (CTs) have been increasingly used for wildlife monitoring worldwide. In the tropics, most CT inventories target wildlife‐friendly sites, and CTs are commonly placed towards wildlife trails. However, it has been argued that this placement strategy potentially provides biased results in comparison to more systematic or randomized approaches. Here, we investigated the impact of CT placement on the remotely sensed mammal diversity in a tropical forest in Gabon by comparing pairs of systematically placed and wildlife‐trail‐oriented CTs. Our survey protocol consisted of 15–17 sampling points arranged on a 2 km2 grid and left for one month in the field. This protocol was replicated sequentially in four areas. Each sampling point comprised a CT pair: the ‘systematic CT’, installed at the theoretical point and systematically oriented towards the most uncluttered view; and the ‘trail CT’, placed within a 20‐m radius and facing a wildlife trail. For the vast majority of species, the detection probabilities were comparable between placements. Species average capture rates were slightly higher for trail‐based CTs, though this trend was not significant for any species. Therefore, the species richness and composition of the overall community, such as the spatial distribution patterns (from evenly spread to site‐restricted) of individual species, were similarly depicted by both placements. Opting for a systematic orientation ensures that pathways used preferentially by some species—and avoided by others—will be sampled proportionally to their density in the forest undergrowth. However, trail‐based placement is routinely used, already producing standardised data within large‐scale monitoring programmes. Here, both placements provided a comparable picture of the mammal community, though it might not be necessarily true in depauperate areas. Both types of CT data can nevertheless be combined in multi‐site analyses, since methods now allow accounting for differences in study design and detection bias in original CT data.

International audience; In social species, the transmission and maintenance of infectious diseases depends on the contact patterns between individuals within groups and on the interactions between groups. In southern Africa, the Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) is a vector for many pathogens that can infect sympatric livestock. Although intragroup contact patterns of Cape buffalo have been relatively well described, how groups interact with each other and risks for pathogen transmission remain poorly understood. We identified and compared spatial behavior and contact patterns between neighboring groups of Cape buffalo under contrasting environments: within the seasonally flooded environment of the Okavango Delta in Botswana and the semi-arid environment of northern Kruger National Park in South Africa. We used telemetry data collected between 2007 and 2015 from 10 distinct groups. We estimated seasonal overlap and proximity between home ranges of pairwise neighboring groups, and we quantified seasonal contact patterns between these groups. We defined contact patterns within variable spatiotemporal windows compatible with the transmission of diseases carried by the Cape buffalo: bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, and Rift Valley fever (mosquito-borne transmission). We examined the effects of habitat and distance to water on contact location. In both study populations, neighboring buffalo groups were highly spatially segregated in the dry and rainy seasons. Inter-group contact patterns were characterized by very few direct and short-term indirect (within 0-2 days) contacts, lasting on average 1 hour and 2 hours, respectively. Contact patterns were generally consistent across populations and seasons, suggesting species-specific behavior. In the drier study site, the probability of indirect and vector-borne contacts generally decreased during the dry season with increasing distance to water. In the seasonally flooded area, only the probability of vector-borne contact decreased with increasing distance to water. Our results highlight the importance of dry season water availability in influencing the dynamics of indirectly transmitted Cape buffalo pathogens but only in areas with low water availability. The results from this study have important implications for future modeling of pathogen dynamics in a single host, and the ecology and management of Cape buffalo at the landscape level.

International audience; Interfaces between protected areas and their peripheries in southern Africa are subject to interactions between wildlife and livestock that vary in frequency and intensity. In these areas, the juxtaposition between production and conservation land uses in a context of increasing anthropisation can create issues associated with human-wildlife coexistence and raises concerns for biodiversity conservation, local development and livelihoods. This literature review aimed at addressing the need to consolidate and gather in one article current knowledge on potential uses of satellite remote sensing (SRS) products by movement ecologists to investigate the sympatry of wildlife/domestic ungulates in savanna interface environments. A keyword querying process of peer reviewed scientific paper, thesis and books has been implemented to identify references that (1) characterize the main environmental drivers impacting buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) and cattle (Bos taurus & Bos indicus) movements in southern Africa environments, (2) describe the SRS contribution to discriminate and characterize these drivers. In total, 327 references have been selected and analyzed. Surface water, precipitation, landcover and fire emerged as key drivers impacting the buffalo and cattle movements. These environmental drivers can be efficiently characterized by SRS, mainly through open-access SRS products and standard image processing methods. Applying SRS to better understand buffalo and cattle movements in semi-arid environments provides an operational framework that could be replicated in other type of interface where different wild and domestic species interact. There is, however, a need for animal movement ecologists to reinforce their knowledge of remote sensing and/or to increase pluridisciplinary collaborations.

In 2011, the Government of Uzbekistan established the Lower Amu Darya State Biosphere Reserve (LABR). This reserve aims to conserve the Tugay, an endangered riparian forest ecosystem straddling the main rivers of Central Asia's drylands, which is under extreme anthropogenic pressure. The LABR has reintroduced Bukhara red deer (Cervus hanglu bactrianus), a subspecies endemic to Asia whose numbers declined severely over the 20th century. The LABR development project aims to provide operational support to the Uzbek authorities for their application to join the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. GIZ (German Society for International Cooperation) requested CIRAD to provide a science-based estimate of the deer population in the LABR, using an internationally recognized method, and to issue recommendations to ensure ecologically and socio-economically sustainable management. The survey of the Bukhara red deer population began in October 2019. The study area covered 88 km2. The survey design consisted of 12 parallel straight lines 1400 m apart; the total transect length was 65 km. During the count, 127 observations of individuals or herds were made and a total of 336 individuals were observed. The data were analysed using DISTANCE 7.3 software. The encounter rates were 1.95 obs./km and 5.17 animals/km. The estimated density was 24 deer/km2 and the estimated total population was 2,112 deer [1,320 - 3,344, 95% CI]. The proportion of dead, dying or severely affected trees was roughly estimated at 10%, and the proportion of trees affected but with a good chance of survival at 15%. In the southern core area of the LABR, a very high proportion of seedlings and suckers was being eaten and the forest is no longer regenerating. Maintaining a population of 24 deer/km2 in the southern core area of LABR clearly seems incompatible with either the conservation of the Tugay forest ecosystem or the peaceful coexistence of deer with human populations adjacent to the LABR. Options to mitigate deer pressure include translocation to the northern core area of the LABR or other areas, and regulation of the deer population. The density is too high to ensure effective preservation of the species locally, although the deer population is under severe pressure in Asia as a whole.

With the expansion of urbanization, urban cases of human-wildlife conflict are increasing worldwide. Africa's population, currently at 1.3 billion, is expected to reach 4 billion by 2100 . In this context, human-elephant interactions are expected to increase. Cases of urban elephant conflicts remain poorly documented, although they do exist. In November 2014, the Chirundu Elephant Programme launched an elephant education protocol involving the use of a chilli pepper gas dispenser to deter elephants as an alternative solution to the killing of elephants found scavenging in towns and seen to be a problem. As attempts at deterrence were recorded, the opportunity arose to document an urban case of elephant conflict and its underlying social drivers. From 1 November 2014 to 3 October 2015, elephants were deterred from entering Chirundu, by a team operating on the ground. Results from a soft-systems analysis showed that only a few bulls were responsible for most of the incursions. The elephants fed at any opportunity and displayed enough behavioural flexibility and innovative behaviours to thrive in an urban setting. A lack of environmental awareness and the complete absence of waste disposal systems, combined with the crumbling infrastructure, largely encouraged the conflict situation, maintaining negative attitudes and low elephant acceptance among locals. Elephants have been effectively chased away, and better town planning, environmental education and human' involvement in resolving the human-elephant conflict problem were encouraged, so as to increase tolerance to wildlife. As the population of towns are expected to “mushroom” in the coming decades, many emerging in traditional elephant migratory routes and rangelands, the effective methods of non-lethal management need to be developed.

Fission-fusion dynamics allow animals to flexibly balance costs and benefits of group living, and respond to changing environmental conditions by adjusting group size. Most studies on fission-fusion dynamics published to date focus on one population only, but little is known about the degree of variation in fission-fusion dynamics within the same species. In this study, we investigated the consistency of patterns and drivers of fission-fusion dynamics across three populations of Cape buffalo, in different protected areas in southern Africa (Hwange National Park and Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, Kruger National Park, South Africa). During 2008-2013, we tracked 54 adult female buffalos in different groups using GPS collars. We used GPS-tracking data to assess home-range overlap (HRO) and association patterns between individuals. We also investigated the temporal dynamics of fission-fusion events at daily and seasonal scales and examined the main ecological factors influencing those events. We found that in all populations association patterns increased non-linearly with HRO, similarly across seasons, but remain highly variable for specific HRO. Fission-fusion dynamics varied seasonally and similarly in all populations: fission and fusion frequency, as well as the duration of fusion periods, was greater in the wet season than in the dry season. Duration of fission periods were shorter in the wet season. At the daily scale, fission and fusion events were more likely to occur in the early morning and from mid-afternoon to early evening. Finally, whilst habitat structure did not influence both fusion and fission locations, we showed a strong effect of water availability on fission-fusion dynamics in one population. Our study shade light on the consistency of fissionfusion dynamics within species.

Le volet faune des plans d'aménagement, tel qu'il est conçu et fonctionne actuellement, n'associe pas assez les populations riveraines à la gestion de la faune dans les concessions forestières. Une approche plus inclusive aurait l'avantage de responsabiliser et motiver les populations riveraines dans le contrôle de l'accès à la ressource dans leur terroir. Les bénéfices attendus d'une telle approche sont, d'une part, la réduction des conflits sociaux avec les populations riveraines et des coûts financiers occasionnés par les opérations de lutte anti-braconnage et de surveillance pour le concessionnaire forestier, et, d'autre part, la sortie de l'ombre de la chasse villageoise dans les concessions forestières, dont dépendent significativement les populations riveraines pour leur alimentation et subsistance. La collaboration entre IFO et les communautés de Liouesso dans la création d'une aire communautaire de chasse dans l'unité Forestière d'Aménagement Ngombé, dans le Nord Congo, a permis de dégager les pistes d'actions vers cette approche novatrice.

International audience; Wild boars and domestic pigs belong to the same species (Sus scrofa). When sympatric populations of wild boars, feral pigs, and domestic pigs share the same environment, interactions between domestic and wild suids (IDWS) are suspected to facilitate the spread and maintenance of several pig pathogens which can impact on public health and pig production. However, information on the nature and factors facilitating those IDWS are rarely described in the literature. In order to understand the occurrence, nature, and the factors facilitating IDWS, a total of 85 semi-structured interviews were implemented face to face among 25 strict farmers, 20 strict hunters, and 40 hunting farmers in the main traditional pig-farming regions of Corsica, where IDWS are suspected to be common and widespread. Different forms of IDWS were described: those linked with sexual attraction of wild boars by domestic sows (including sexual interactions and fights between wild and domestic boars) were most frequently reported (by 61 and 44% of the respondents, respectively) in the autumn months and early winter. Foraging around common food or water was equally frequent (reported by 60% of the respondents) but spread all along the year except in winter. Spatially, IDWS were more frequent in higher altitude pastures were pig herds remain unattended during summer and autumn months with limited human presence. Abandonment of carcasses and carcass offal in the forest were equally frequent and efficient form of IDWS reported by 70% of the respondents. Certain traditional practices already implemented by hunters and farmers had the potential to mitigate IDWS in the local context. This study provided quantitative evidence of the nature of different IDWS in the context of extensive commercial outdoor pig farming in Corsica and identified their spatial and temporal trends. The identification of those trends is useful to target suitable times and locations to develop further ecological investigations of IDWS at a finer scale in order to better understand diseases transmission patterns between populations and promote adapted management strategies.

La filière des viandes sauvages en Afrique centrale est caractérisée par un système de production structuré, mais illégal (bien que toléré) et de ce fait déconnecté des enquêtes et statistiques nationales. En conséquence, l'information sur cette filière reste parcellaire, incomplète, voire construite sur des données obsolètes, et cela pénalise toute tentative de gestion et d'encadrement de l'exploitation de la faune sauvage, dans une optique de durabilité au carrefour de problématiques de conservation et de sécurité alimentaire. Ce chapitre présente une approche et une série d'outils innovants pour pallier ce déficit en information. Dans un premier temps, quelques principes de construction collective de connaissances sont exposés, notamment l'importance d'une organisation sociale pour intégrer les savoirs, définir collectivement les contenus et proposer des formes de restitution qui permettent de piloter l'action, mais avant tout de valider la qualité des données. Puis est présentée une panoplie d'outils de communication nomades de popularisation récente et d'imagerie numérique à usage multiscalaire. Enfin, le cas de la construction d'indices de changement écologique pour le suivi du prélèvement d'espèces cynégétiques est abordé, de façon à illustrer: 1. la collecte d'information via des applications hébergées sur les téléphones mobiles des acteurs impliqués; 2. l'intégration des données récoltées dans un système cohérent et 3. leur restitution via des services informationnels qui aident à penser les actions de régulation et observer leurs impacts.

La gestion de la faune sauvage et de la viande de brousse dans un contexte de chasse communautaire suppose la mise en oeuvre d'approches participatives et adaptatives qui impliquent les communautés locales dans les diverses étapes de la prise de décision en termes de gestion. Dans ce chapitre, nous présentons l'approche méthodologique suivie dans le cadre du projet "Gestion de la faune et du secteur viande de brousse en Afrique centrale" dans six sites d'étude de trois pays d'Afrique centrale (Gabon, Congo, République démocratique du Congo). L'approche adoptée se base sur une démarche de gestion adaptative et se divise en trois étapes principales: 1. le diagnostic préliminaire approfondi qui permet d'avoir une vision d'ensemble du système communauté-faune au temps 0 (identification du territoire de chasse, acteurs impliqués dans l'utilisation de la faune, instances de décision existantes, pratiques et niveaux de prélèvements, état de la ressource faunique, contribution de la viande de brousse vis-à-vis d'autres sources de protéines et la filière viande de brousse); 2. le développement du plan de gestion participatif de la chasse qui inclut le développement ou la validation de la structure de gouvernance locale pour la prise de décision, l'identification des défis pour une utilisation durable, la définition d'un plan d'action pour pallier ces défis, et la définition d'un plan de chasse; 3. la mise en oeuvre du plan de gestion de la chasse et de la viande de brousse qui implique le développement d'outils pour le suivi, la création d'une instance de résolution de conflits et des mécanismes de financement durables. Nous détaillons chacune de ces étapes afin de faciliter la réplication de la démarche dans d'autres sites en Afrique centrale.

Mathematical models play an important role in improving our understanding of the processes underlying the epidemiology of infectious diseases. One of the key parameters of these models is the contact rate between infectious and susceptible hosts which, despite its direct impact on the frequency of the transmission of parasites and pathogens, is often estimated but rarely measured accurately. This is particularly true for multi-species systems involving complex transmission cycles, such as most Neglected Tropical Diseases, including vector-borne zoonotic diseases, especially when they involve wildlife hosts. However, technical and analytical advances over the past decade (radio-tracking technology, spatial and network analysis,..) have provided opportunities for revising our understanding of key processes and underlying drivers of contacts between hosts. Using examples of ecological and epidemiological studies carried out in Southern Africa during the past decade, we illustrate how focusing on contact patterns allows a better understanding of processes that may result in pathogen transmission between wildlife and livestock population, with important consequences for the management of these interface areas. We use data from sympatric radio-collared African buffalos (Syncerus caffer) and cattle at the periphery of two protected areas in Zimbabwe to assess epidemiologically relevant direct and indirect interspecific contacts. The contact windows defined are compatible with the transmission of various pathogens including brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis and tick-borne disease. We analyse the variations in time and space of the respective contact patterns and identify key periods (seasons) and key sites (resources) that could be targeted to reduce the frequency of transmission of the parasites and pathogens of interest. Finally, we evaluate the relevance of these approaches based on interspecific contact patterns for selected Neglected Tropical Diseases in SE Asia.

Infectious causes of cattle abortions have significant impacts on livestock and people the health in developing countries. Adopting One Health principles for coordinated surveillance and simultaneous preventative actions in animal and human populations has proved to be efficient and cost-effective. However, wild ruminants can also be infected with the same abortive pathogens, which may considerably complicate the management strategies. We synthesise the results of several eco-epidemiology and ethno-veterinary studies carried out over the past decade in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area in Zimbabwe. Serological surveys indicated that Rift valley fever virus circulate in cattle and African buffalo populations, whereas brucellosis apparently infects only cattle. In areas where there was no physical barrier between cattle and wildlife, farmers interviewed perceived that the number of cattle abortions was higher, and the proportion of farmers perceiving wildlife as playing a role in livestock abortions was higher compared to other sites. Monitoring of movements of sympatric cattle and buffalo with GPS collars demonstrated seasonal home range overlap potentially resulting in interspecific transmission of brucellosis and RVF through aborted foetuses. Several management options are discussed including awareness campaigns, vaccination and other preventive actions to limit infective contacts between wildlife, livestock and people. (Texte intégral)

If wildlife is considered as a renewable natural resource, for many rural Africans the occurrence of human wildlife conflict (HWC) overshadows expected outcomes from conservation and co-management initiatives. To reduce the magnitude of HWC, modern approaches deal with problem animals that cause conflicts while increasing the level of tolerance in the affected human populations. Assessing the local impact of HWC is part of this mitigation package, the objective been to provide timely information to adapt strategies and actions as data indicates what works and why. Lack of communication and trust between wildlife authorities and people concerned by HWC makes the effectiveness of the reporting poor, which raises the question of selecting the most appropriate technology for a real-time monitoring scheme with the capacity to inform decision-makers and improve the understanding of conflicts. To explore the feasibility of HWC monitoring, a series of tests was conducted in central Africa with KoBoCollect, an application from the KoBoToolbox an open source of tools for data collection and analysis based on OpenDataKit. With this application, data were collected using Smartphone on and off-line then synchronized into a database. Involving a regional HWC working group the 5W&H method was chosen to develop data trees of the key information needed to understand HWC problems. The 30+ variables were selected to develop an electronic form and responses to questions been facilitated by multiple choice responses with checkbox options. After a 9 month field test from April to December 2015, more than 300 electronic submissions were collected from Congo (42%), DRC (28%), Gabon (19%) and Cameroun (7%). Not surprisingly the elephant is the species most often involved in HWC (51%) followed by the hippo (11%) and rodents (11%), the other 11 species involved in HWC playing a minor role. If human casualties were rare (2%), the most predominant impact was crop raiding (82%). Mitigation measures were assessed according to the set of solutions of an existing HWC toolbox. Only making noise (33%) or fire (26%) appeared to be solutions mainly applied by local communities. Tested also to monitor hunting pressure in the same region KoBoCollect appears to be an easy to use tool to collect data at low cost in remote areas but questions remain on how to promote and popularize such an approach to fulfill management needs at landscape, national and regional levels. (Texte intégral)

The health of animals and people is a public good, which determines the amount of food, the labour force and well-being of the poorest rural communities. In socio-ecosystems where people coexist with pristine nature, development and conservation objectives need to be concurrently achieved. Health issues at the wildlife/livestock/human interface need to be addressed to mitigate the negative outcomes of these interactions. In parallel, the multisectorial dimension of the health issue can be used to trigger more interaction among stakeholders in these socio-ecosystems. Here, we present the Research Platform "Production and Conservation in Partnership", a collaboration between Zimbabwean and French Research institutions launched in 2007, implementing applied research to promote the coexistence between people and nature in Transfrontier Conservation Areas of southern Africa. The platform is currently expending regionally. The "health & environment" issue is one of the pillars of the platform. We present the community demand-driven, bottom-up applied research agenda that the platform is developing through a local and regional post-graduate training programme. After 10 years of existence, the platform has supported close to 100 postgraduate projects with extensive fieldwork in interface areas and has maintained its objective of scientific excellence through a strong publication policy supported by all partners. (Texte intégral)

At a human/livestock/wildlife interface, Escherichia coli populations were used to assess the risk of bacteria and antibioresistance dissemination between hosts. We used phenotypic and genotypic characterization techniques to describe the structure and the level of antibioresistance of E. coli commensal populations and the resistant Enterobacteriaceae carriage of sympatric African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle populations characterized by their contact patterns in the southern part of Hwange ecosystem in Zimbabwe. Our results 1) confirmed our assumption that buffalo and cattle share similar phylogroup profiles, 2) identified a significant gradient of antibioresistance from isolated buffalo to buffalo in contact with cattle and cattle populations; 3) evidenced the dissemination of tetracycline, trimethoprim and amoxicillin resistance genes (tet, dfrA, blaTEM-1in 26 isolated sub-dominant E. coli strains between nearby buffalo and cattle populations that led us 4) to hypothesize the role of the human/animal interface in the dissemination of genetic material from human to cattle and towards wildlife. The study of antibiotic resistance dissemination in multi-host systems and at anthropised/natural interface is necessary to better understand and mitigate its multiple threats. These results also contribute to attempts aiming at using E. coli as a tool for the identification of pathogen transmission pathway in multi-host systems. (Texte intégral)