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Referencias bibliográficas • Adamo, K. B., Ferraro, Z. M., Goldfield, G., Keely, E., Stacey, D., Hadjiyannakis, S., Jean-Philippe, S., Walker, M., & Barrowman, N. J. (2013). The Maternal Obesity Management (MOM) trial protocol: A lifestyle intervention during pregnancy to minimize downstream obesity. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 35 (1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2013.02.010 • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). ACOG committee opinion No. 650: Physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126 (6), e135–e42. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001214 • Barakat, D.-B. A., Franco, E., Rollán-Malmierca, A., Brik, M., Vargas, M., et al. (2019). Guías clínicas para el ejercicio físico durante el embarazo. Progresos Obstet y Ginecol, 62 (5), 464–471 doi: 10.20960/j.pog.00231. • Barakat, R., Pelaez, M., Cordero, Y., Perales, M., Lopez, C., Coteron, J., & Mottola, M. F. (2016). Exercise during pregnancy protects against hypertension and macrosomia: Randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 214 (5), 649 e1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.039 • Barakat, R., Pelaez, M., Lopez, C., Lucia, A., & Ruiz, J. R. (2013). Exercise during pregnancy and gestational diabetes-related adverse effects: A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47 (10), 630–636. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091788 • Barakat, R., Ruiz, J. R., & Lucia, A. (2009). Exercise during pregnancy and risk of maternal anaemia: A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43 (12), 954–956. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.055764 • Borodulin, K. M., Evenson, K. R., Wen, F., Herring, A. H., & Benson, A. M. (2008). Physical activity patterns during pregnancy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40 (11), 1901–1908. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817f1957 • Bruno, R., Petrella, E., Bertarini, V., Pedrielli, G., Neri, I., &, Community-based supervised group exercise may be an effective option to increase activity levels throughout pregnancy. Previous studies that have explored predictors of low adherence to exercise during pregnancy have not examined group-based settings. We analysed an international cohort of 347 pregnant women who participated in group-based prenatal exercise interventions (from <20 weeks to 34–36 weeks pregnant). Probable adherence predictors informed by previous literature that were assessed included: pre-pregnancy physical activity level and body mass index (BMI) classification, age, number of previous pregnancies, and education level. Adherence was measured by attendance. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to explore the relationship between the selected predictors and high adherence (≥70%). Post-secondary education level versus only secondary (aOR 5.28; CI 1.67; 16.72) or primary level (aOR 13.82; CI 4.30; 44.45) presented greater likelihood to have high adherence to the exercise intervention than low adherence. Future research and public health initiatives should consider implementing strategies to overcome education-related barriers to improve accessibility to prenatal exercise., Depto. de Didáctica de las Lenguas, Artes y Educación Física, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Párraga-Montilla, JA, García-Ramos, A, Castaño-Zambudio, A, Capelo-Ramírez, F, González-Hernández, JM, Cordero-Rodríguez, Y, and Jiménez-Reyes, P. Acute and delayed effects of a resistance training session leading to muscular failure on mechanical, metabolic, and perceptual responses. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2220-2226, 2020-This study explored the acute and delayed (24 and 48 hours after exercise) effects of a resistance training session leading to muscular failure. Eleven resistance-trained men completed a training session consisting on 3 sets of repetitions to failure during the back-squat exercise performed at the maximum possible speed with a load equivalent to a mean propulsive velocity (MPV) of 1 m·s (≈60% of 1 repetition maximum). A number of mechanical (number of repetitions and starting MPV of the set, MPV achieved against the 1MPV load, countermovement jump [CMJ] height, and handgrip strength), metabolic (lactate, uric acid, and ammonia concentrations), and perceptual (OMNI-RES perceived exertion) variables were measured. The results revealed (a) a decrease of 38.7% in set 2 and 54.7% in set 3 of the number of repetitions performed compared with the first set (p < 0.05), (b) a reduction in the MPV of the repetitions and an increase in lactate concentration and OMNI-RES values with the succession of sets (p < 0.05), (c) comparable decrements in CMJ height after the 3 sets (25-32%), (d) a decrease in CMJ height (p < 0.05; 6.7-7.9%) and in the MPV attained against the 1MPV load (p < 0.05; 13-14%) after 24 and 48 hours of completing the training session, but no significant changes were observed in handgrip strength (p > 0.05; <2%), and (e) uric acid and ammonia concentrations above the basal levels (p < 0.05). The large decrements in mechanical performance together with the high metabolic stress discourage the frequent use of resistance training sessions leading to muscular failure, Depto. de Didáctica de las Lenguas, Artes y Educación Física, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Referencias bibliográficas • Deputy N, Sharma A, Kim S, Hinkle S. Prevalence and characteristics associated with gestational weight gain adequacy. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;125:773–781. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000739 • Goldstein RF, Abell SK, Ranasinha S, Misso M, Boyle JA, Black MH, et al. Association of gestational weight gain with maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2017;317:2207–2225. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.3635 • Perales M, Artal R, Lucia A. Exercise during pregnancy. JAMA. 2017;317:1113–1114. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.0593 • Tobias DK, Stuart JJ, Li S, Chavarro J, Rimm EB, Rich-Edwards J, et al. Association of history of gestational diabetes with long-term cardiovascular disease risk in a large prospective cohort of US women. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:1735–1742. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.2790 • Behrens I, Basit S, Lykke JA, Ranthe MF, Wohlfahrt J, Bundgaard H, et al. Association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and later risk of cardiomyopathy. JAMA. 2016;315:1026–1033. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.1869 • Palinski W. Effect of maternal cardiovascular conditions and risk factors on offspring cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2014;129:2066–2077. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001805 • Mottola MF, Davenport MH, Ruchat SM, Davies GA, Poitras V, Gray C, et al. 2019 Canadian guideline for physical activity throughout pregnancy. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52:1339–1346. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100056 • Perales M, Valenzuela PL, Barakat R, Cordero Y, Peláez M, López C, et al. Gestational exercise and maternal and child health: effects until delivery and at post-natal follow-up. J Clin Med. 2020;9:379. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020379 • Álvarez C, Ramírez-Campillo R, Ramírez-Vélez R, Izquierdo M. Effects and prevalence of nonresponders after 12 weeks of high-intensity interval or resistance training in women with insulin resistance: a randomized trial. J Appl Physiol. 2017;122:985–996. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01037.2016 • Álvarez, Pregnancy exercise can prevent excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypertension (GH), but inter-individual variability has not been explored. We aimed to analyze the prevalence--and potential sociodemographic and medical predictors of--non-responsiveness to gestational exercise, and the association of non-responsiveness with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Among 688 women who completed a supervised light-to-moderate intensity exercise program (three ~1-h sessions/week including aerobic, resistance, and pelvic floor muscle training) until near-term, those who showed EGWG, GDM or GH were considered 'non-responders'. A low prevalence of non-responders was observed for GDM (3.6%) and GH (3.4%), but not for EGWG (24.2%). Pre-pregnancy obesity was the strongest predictor of non-responsiveness for GH (odds ratio 8.40 [95% confidence interval 3.10-22.78] and EGWG (5.37 [2.78-10.39]), whereas having a highest education level attenuated the risk of being non-responder for GDM (0.10 [0.02-0.49]). Non-responsiveness for EGWG was associated with a higher risk of prolonged labor length, instrumental/cesarean delivery, and macrosomia, and of lower Apgar scores. No association with negative delivery outcomes was found for GDM/GH. In summary, women with pre-pregnancy obesity might require from additional interventions beyond light-to-moderate intensity gestational exercise (e.g., diet and/or higher exercise loads) to ensure cardiometabolic benefits, Depto. de Didáctica de las Lenguas, Artes y Educación Física, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

This study aims to assess the nutritional status of Aymara and non-Aymara children in Arica, comparing anthropometric measurements of boys and girls aged 4-10 to inform interventions for child health and development. We conducted a non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional study in Arica, Chile. The sample included 458 children, with equal representation of Aymara and non-Aymara children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Trained research assistants collected anthropometric data using standardized techniques. IBM SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis, including Student's t-test and the Levene test. Both Aymara and non-Aymara children showed high prevalence of overweight and obesity. Boys had a meso-endomorph somatotype, while girls had an endomorph somatotype. Among 8-year-olds, non-Aymara children had a slightly higher mean body weight (35.87, SD 4.50) compared to Aymara children (32.27, SD 4.31), but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, 10-year-old Aymara girls had a significantly higher mean body mass index (22.34, SD 4.21) than non-Aymara girls (20.10, SD 3.58) (p=0.05). Regarding body fat percentage, 10-yearold non-Aymara girls had a slightly higher mean (31.01, SD 5.64) than Aymara girls (26.12, SD 5.63), but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The study found high levels of overweight and obesity in children from northern Chile, increasing with age for both Aymara and non-Aymara groups. The somatotype patterns were consistent across both groups. Although the differences between Aymara and non-Aymara children were not statistically significant, the Aymara group showed slightly higher levels of overweight and obesity. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm these results and identify potential trends. Efforts should focus on promoting healthy nutrition and physical activity to address the growing problem of overweight and obesity in this region., Depto. de Didáctica de las Lenguas, Artes y Educación Física, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Referencias bibliográficas: • Bosco, C., & Komi, P.V. (1979). Mechanical characteristics and fiber composition of human leg extensor muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 41(4), 275-284. • Bosco, C., Komi, P.V., & Ito, A. (1981). Prestretch potentiation of human skeletal muscle during ballistic movement. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 111(2), 135-140. • Bosco, C., Viitasalo, J.T., Komi, P.V., & Luhtanen, P. (1982). Combined effect of elastic energy and myoelectrical potentiation during stretch-shortening cycle exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 114(4), 557-565. • Boullosa, D.A., Abreu, L., Beltrame, L.G. Behm, D.G. (2013). The acute effect of different set configurations on jump potentiation. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(8), 2059-2066. • Cormie, P., McBride, J.M., & McCaulley, G.O. (2009). Power-time, force-time, and velocity-time curve analysis of the countermovement jump: Impact of training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), 177-186. • Dowling, J.J., & Vamos, L. (1993). Identification of kinetic and temporal factors related to vertical jump performance. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 9(2), 95-110. • Earp, J.E., Kraemer, W.J., Cormie, P., Volek, J.S., Maresh, C.M., Joseph, M., & Newton, R.U. (2011). Influence of muscle-tendon unit structure on rate of force development during the squat, countermovement, and drop jumps. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(2), 340-347. • Floría, P., Gómez-Landero, L.A., Suárez-Arrones, L., & Harrison, A.J. (2016). Kinetic and kinematic analysis for assessing the differences in countermovement jump performance in rugby players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(9), 2533-2539. • Gathercole, R.J., Sporer, B.C., Stellingwerff, T., & Sleivert, G.G. (2015). Comparison of the capacity of different jump and sprint field tests to detect neuromuscular fatigue. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(9), 2522-2531. •, The aim of this study was to look at differences in countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and selected kinetic parameters in athletes of different training backgrounds and to examine the relationships between these parameters. The subjects were 14 endurance athletes, 12 sprinters, and 13 fire-fighter aspirants (controls); each performed two CMJ on a force plate. The best jump of two attempts was selected and the following parameters were calculated: CMJ height (h), peak power (PP), normalized vertical stiffness (Kvert), rate of force development (RFD), peak RFD (pRFD) during concentric phase, and the ratio between pRFD and the time of its occurrence (iRFD). Sprinters exhibited greater h, PP, Kvert and RFD values than the other groups. A strong correlation was revealed between PP and h, and between pRFD and Kvert in all groups. The magnitude of correlations improved with iRFD when compared to pRFD (.5-.6 vs. .7-.9). There were strong correlations (r>.7) between PP, Kvert, and both pRFD and iRFD only for the endurance athletes group. From these results, it would be recommended to record different RFD calculations during CMJ evaluations, including the new RFD index (iRFD), in athletes of different training backgrounds., Depto. de Didáctica de las Lenguas, Artes y Educación Física, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Se presenta un proyecto de innovación docente llevado a cabo con alumnos y alumnas de segundo curso del Grado en Maestro en Educación Primaria. Los objetivos principales fueron: 1) implementar en la asignatura de Educación Física y su Didáctica, una metodología docente basada en el enfoque investigación-acción-reflexión para la configuración de contenidos que garanticen el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones oficiales sobre actividad física y salud y 2) comparar el nivel de intensidad pronosticado por los estudiantes para cada actividad (criterio subjetivo de selección) con la medida objetiva-post mediante acelerometría. La actividad física se registró mediante acelerómetros triaxiales (WGT3X-BT). Se registraron datos antropométricos, el nivel de esfuerzo percibido mediante la escala de Borg y el nivel de intensidad pronosticada para cada actividad mediante una escala Likert. A los estudiantes se les ofreció formación sobre la configuración de actividades físicas y el manejo de su intensidad en función de diversos parámetros (espacio, tiempo, materiales, etc.). Los resultados muestran como los futuros maestros y maestras tienden a sobreestimar la intensidad de las actividades y juegos planteados. La medición objetiva mediante acelerometría está más cercana a la intensidad percibida postesfuerzo que a la pronosticada. Tras la formación recibida, los estudiantes realizaron propuestas razonables para incrementar el nivel de intensidad de los juegos propuestos.

We studied the influence of pregnancy exercise on maternal/offspring cardiometabolic health until delivery and at follow-up. We pooled data from two randomized controlled trials from our group that were performed following the same methodology (one unpublished). We also collected follow-up data de novo from the participants of both trials and their offspring. In total, 1348 women with uncomplicated, singleton gestations were assigned to an intervention (n = 688, performing a supervised, moderate-intensity exercise program (three sessions/week)) or control group (n = 660). Maternal outcomes were excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG), gestational hypertension/diabetes and, at follow-up, return to pre-pregnancy weight within six months, hypertension, overweight/obesity, and other cardiometabolic conditions. Offspring outcomes were macrosomia and low-birthweight and, at follow-up, overweight/obesity, low-weight, and cardiometabolic conditions. Adherence to the intervention, which proved safe, was > 95%. Pregnancy exercise reduced the risk of EGWG, gestational hypertension, and diabetes (adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval: 0.60 (0.46–0.79), 0.39 (0.23–0.67), and 0.48 (0.28–0.84)), and it was associated with a greater likelihood of returning to pre-pregnancy weight (2.37 (1.26–4.54)) and a lower risk of maternal cardiometabolic conditions (0.27 (0.08–0.95)) at the end of follow-up (median 6.1 years (interquartile range 1.8)). Pregnancy exercise also reduced the risk of macrosomia (0.36 (0.20–0.63)) and of childhood overweight/obesity during the first year (0.20 (0.06–0.63)). Our findings suggest that pregnancy exercise might protect maternal/offspring health., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)/FEDER, Universidad de Alcalá, Depto. de Didáctica de las Lenguas, Artes y Educación Física, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Aim: To investigate the influence of a moderate exercise program during pregnancy on the maternal health perception. Methods. A randomised controlled trial was performed. 101 primiparous women were allocated into the control group (CG, n=51) and the exercise group (EG, n=50), lost to follow-up 13, 11.4%. Women on the EC were asked to participate in a supervised exercise program during from 10-14 to 36 weeks of gestation (70-75 sessions, 55-60 min/session, three times per week). Women in the CG received usual care. All women were asked to fill in validated questionnaires about health perception and urinary incontinence before and after the intervention. Results. At the end of the intervention there were statistically significant differences between groups on health perception [very good: EG 35, 70% vs. CG 5, 9.8%; good: EG 15, 30% vs. CG 16, 31%; average EG 0, 0.0% vs. CG 26, 51%; poor EG 0, 0.0% vs. CG 3, 5.9%; very poor: EG 0, 0.0% vs. CG 1, 2% (p<.001)]. What is more, women in the EG showed less urinary incontinence [ICIQ-SF Score EG 0.30 (SD1.3) vs. CG 3.1 (SD4.1), p<.001]. Conclusions. A supervised physical exercise program during pregnancy which includes pelvic floor muscle training, improves health perception and it is effective on primary prevention of urinary incontinence., Objetivo; Investigar la influencia de un programa de ejercicio físico de intensidad moderada realizado durante toda la gestación sobre la percepción de salud de la gestante. Material y métodos; Se desarrolló un ensayo clínico aleatorizado controlado. 101 mujeres primíparas fueron distribuidas aleatoriamente en dos grupos (grupo control (GC) n=51, grupo intervención (GI) n=50, muestra perdida 13, 11.4%). El GI participó en un programa de ejercicio físico desde la semana de gestación 10-14 hasta el final de la gestación (70-75 sesiones de 55-60 min, tres veces por semana). El GC recibió la atención médica regular. Todas las gestantes rellenaron dos cuestionarios validados sobre salud percibida e incontinencia urinaria, antes y después de la intervención. Resultados; Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre grupos en la salud percibida al final de la intervención [muy buena: GI 35, 70% vs. GC 5, 9.8%; buena: GI 15, 30% vs. GC 16, 31%; regular GI 0, 0.0% vs. GC 26, 51%; mala GI 0, 0.0% vs. GC 3, 5.9%; muy mala: GI 0, 0.0% vs. GC 1, 2% (p<.001)]. Además el GI padeció menos incontinencia urinaria [Puntuación ICIQ-SF GI 0.30 (SD1.3) vs. GC 3.1 (SD4.1), p<.001]. Conclusiones; Un programa de ejercicio físico supervisado, de intensidad moderada realizado durante toda la gestación que incluya ejercicios de fortalecimiento del suelo pélvico, mejora la percepción de la salud en las gestantes y es efectivo en la prevención primaria de la incontinencia urinaria.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a moderate exercise program developed during pregnancy on control of excessive maternal weight gain, maternal glucose tolerance and cases of Gestational Diabetes (GDM). A clinical, randomized controlled trial was used. A collaboration between the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Health Center of Torrelodones (Madrid) and the Technic University of Madrid supported the study. Fifty-five pregnant women without obstetric contraindications were studied (age= 32.9±3.9 years), all of them were caucasian, 25 in the treatment group and 30 in the control group. A physical exercise program (land/water) three times per week during pregnancy was developed. According to our results, the treatment group showed a lower maternal weight gain than in the control group (12,8±3,6 kg and 14,7 kg ± 3,4 g respectively, p=0.03). The values in the 50gm maternal glucose screen test are lower in the intervention group than in the control group (102.9±17.7 gm/dL vs 125.6±30.8 gm/dL respectively, p=0.002). No women were diagnosed with GD in the treatment group, while the control group reported 2 cases. The exercise program performed during pregnancy reduced maternal weight gain, values of the maternal glucose screen test and appears to prevent GD., El presente trabajo pretendió conocer la eficacia de un programa de ejercicio físico moderado desarrollado durante todo el embarazo en el control de la excesiva ganancia de peso materno, la tolerancia materna a la glucosa y el desarrollo de la Diabetes Gestacional (DG). Se realizó un ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, no apareado, no enmascarado mediante una colaboración entre el Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Centro de Salud de Torrelodones y la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. 55 gestantes sin contraindicaciones obstétricas fueron estudiadas, (edad=32,9±3,9 años), todas ellas caucásicas, 25 en el grupo de tratamiento y 30 en el de control. Se desarrolló un programa de ejercicio físico (seco/agua) durante todo el embarazo con una frecuencia de tres sesiones semanales. Nuestros resultados muestran que grupo de tratamiento presentó una menor ganancia de peso materno que en el de control (12,8±3,6 kg y 14,7±3,4 kg respectivamente, p=0,03), los valores en el Test de O´Sullivan (sobrecarga oral de glucosa) fueron inferiores en el grupo de tratamiento que en el de control 102,9±17,7 gr/dL vs 125,6±30,8 gr/dL respectivamente, p=0,002). No se diagnosticó ningún caso de DG en el grupo de tratamiento mientras que en el grupo de control se diagnosticaron 2 casos. El ejercicio físico desarrollado durante el embarazo reduce la ganancia de peso materno, los valores del Test de O´Sullivan y actúa aparentemente como un factor de prevención de la DG.

Historically the relationship between physical activity and pregnancy has not been totally clear. Despite the large number of scientific studies carried out, the appropriate amount of exercise during pregnancy is still not clarified and the question remains open. The aim of the present study was to understand the relationship between the physical activity habits during pregnancy and the maternal gestational age at the moment of the childbirth, as well as the weight of the newborn. A transversal study type has been used, involving two groups of cases and control, retrospective, and 473 women of the city of Madrid (age between 17 y 41 - mean= 31,9±4) have been interviewed. All of them were Caucasian y with Hispanic origin. According to our results, the cases group shows a similar gestational age (273±9,1 days) to that of the control group (278±9,5) but the average newborn`s weight (3171±443) is less, in comparison with the cases that did not follow any type of scheduled physical activity (3289±583) (p=0,01). We conclude that the physical exercise developed during pregnancy apparently reduces the weight of the newborn but it does not influence the gestational age., Históricamente la relación entre la actividad física y el embarazo no ha estado completamente clara. La gran cantidad de estudios científicos no han producido suficientes hallazgos que otorguen información clara y concreta sobre la dosis adecuada de ejercicio durante la gestación. El presente trabajo pretende conocer la relación entre los hábitos de actividad física durante el embarazo y la edad gestacional materna al momento del parto, así como el peso del recién nacido. Se ha utilizado un estudio de tipo transversal, de casos y controles, retrospectivo, 473 mujeres del área de Madrid han sido entrevistadas, edad entre 17 y 41 años, (media= 31,9±4). Todas ellas caucásicas y de origen hispano. Nuestros resultados muestran en el grupo de casos una edad gestacional similar (273±9,1 días) al de control (278±9,5), y recién nacidos con pesos inferiores (3171±443) que las que no desarrollan ningún tipo de actividad física regular o programada (3289±583) (p=0,01). El ejercicio físico desarrollado durante el embarazo reduce aparentemente el peso del recién nacido y no tiene influencia en la edad gestacional materna.