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Coral reefs in the Florida Keys have degraded in recent decades, prompting efforts to re-establish populations of staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, to restore structure and ecological function. However, predation on these corals by the corallivorous gastropod, Coralliophila galea, has been a substantial and chronic impediment to restoration efforts. Therefore, we conducted a series of manipulative laboratory experiments and a 2-week, in situ proof-of-concept trial to determine whether Thais deltoidea, a carnivorous gastropod that co-occurs with C. galea, can control C. galea corallivory and thus improve A. cervicornis survival. Our laboratory results showed that T. deltoidea preys upon C. galea, although it is not a preferred prey choice. Nevertheless, treatments with T. deltoidea had significantly higher percentages of live coral tissue than when T. deltoidea was absent. This occurred not only because T. deltoidea consumed C. galea, but also because the presence of T. deltoidea elicited an escape response in C. galea, significantly reducing the amount of time C. galea spent feeding on A. cervicornis colonies. This trophic relationship was also seen in our in situ proof-of-concept trial. We observed significantly fewer C. galea on A. cervicornis when T. deltoidea was present which led to a higher, if not statistically significant, percentage of live tissue on our A. cervicornis outplants. Ecological processes need to be incorporated into coral reef ecosystem restoration to achieve positive outcomes. Integrating T. deltoidea into coral restoration efforts may improve success by mitigating C. galea corallivory through the non-consumptive, risk-adverse, escape response that T. deltoidea provokes, initiating a trophic cascade that improves the long-term survival of outplanted corals. Further research is needed to determine the long-term efficacy of this approach, but the addition of gastropod trophodynamics to coral reef ecosystem restoration may prove useful.

This paper contributes to better understanding of the actual diversity of the Early–Middle Badenian (Langhian; middle Miocene) gastropods from the Central Paratethys by presenting seven Muricidae assemblages with more than 50 species from the northern and western part of the Pannonian Basin System (Borzsony, Bakony and Mecsek Mts, Hungary). The Early Badenian fauna of Band (Bakony Mts) is of special interest for the extreme abundance of Janssenia echinulata (Pusch); the fauna of Mecsekpoloske (Mecsek Mts) is characterized by the unusual dominance of Favartia suboblonga (d’Orbigny), while the Middle Badenian fauna from Locality 2 at Hidas (Mecsek Mts) shows mass occurrence of Ocinebrina confluens (Eichwald). Extended geographical range of some rare species is also documented. Eight species: Bolinus brandaris torularius (Lamarck), Pterynotus pseuderinaceus (Boettger), Dermomurex scalaroides (Blainville), Ocinebrina landaui Kovacs, Pteropurpura friedbergi (Cossmann & Peyrot), Phyllocoma michelottii (Bellardi), Coralliophila sacyi (Cossmann & Peyrot), C. serraticincta Baluk, and a trophonine genus: Pterynopsis are recorded as new in Hungary. A new species, Ocinebrina bertai n. sp. is designated from the Middle Miocene locality of Band

The results of an extensive examination of northeast Pacific muricid gastropods ranging from Aleutian Islands, Alaska, to mid-Baja California, is presented. Two new genera and 26 new species are described: In Pagodulinae: Abyssotrophon fusiformis n. sp., A. newmani n. sp., Boreotrophon cascadiensis n. sp., B. cordellensis n. sp., B. cortesianus n. sp., B. obesus n. sp., B. subapolyonis n. sp., B. vancouverensis n. sp., B. aleuticus n. sp., B. pseudotripherus n. sp., B. santarosensis n. sp., B. tannerensis n. sp. In Trophoninae: Warenia, n. gen., Scabrotrophon buldirensis n. sp, S. kantori n. sp., S. lima n. sp., S. macleani n. sp., S. moresbyensis n. sp., S. norafosterae n. sp., S. trifidus n. sp., Nipponotrophon exquisitus n. sp. In Ocenebrinae: Paciocinebrina n. gen., Nucella angustior n. sp., Paciocinebrina benitoensis n. sp., P. macleani n. sp., P. neobarbarensis n. sp., P. pseudomunda n. sp., P. thelmacrowae n. sp. New synonymy: Boreotrophon kamchatkanus Dall, 1902 (+ Trophonopsis nanus Ergorov, 1994); Paciocinebrina atropurpurea (Carpenter, 1865) (+ Tritonalia interfossa var. clathrata Dall, 1919, Ocinebra rubra Baker, 1891, Tritonalia tracheia Dall, 1919); P. barbarensis (Gabb, 1865) (+ Tritonalia interfossa var. beta Dall, 1919, Ocenebra keenae Bormann, 1946); P. circumtexta (Stearns, 1871) (+ Ocinebra circumtexta var. aurantia Stearns, 1895, Tritonalia circumtexta var. citrica Dall, 1919, Tritonalia lurida var. rotunda Dall, 1919); P. foveolata (Hinds, 1844) (+Tritonalia epiphanea Dall, 1919, Tritonalia fusconotata Dall, 1919); P. gracillima (Stearns, 1871) (+ Tritonalia gracillima var. obesa Dall, 1919, Ocinebra stearnsi Hemphill, 1911); P. interfossa (Carpenter, 1864) (+ Tritonalia interfossa alpha Dall, 1921); P. lurida (Middendorff, 1848) (+ Vitularia aspera Baird, 1863), P. sclera (Dall, 1919) (+ Coralliophila (Pseudomurex) kincaidi Dall, 1919). Generic assignments are changed for the following taxa: Boreotrophon kamchatkanus Dall, 1902; Warenia elegantula (Dall, 1907); Scabrotrophon stuarti (E.A. Smith, 1880); Paciocinebrina atropurpurea (Carpenter, 1865), P. barbarensis (Gabb, 1865), P. circumtexta (Stearns, 1871), P. crispatissima (Berry, 1953), P. foveolata (Hinds, 1844), P. fraseri (Oldroyd, 1920), P. gracillima (Stearns, 1871), P. grippi (Dall, 1911), P. interfossa (Carpenter, 1864), P. lurida (Middendorff, 1848), P. minor (Dall, 1919), P. munda (Carpenter, 1864), P. seftoni (Chace, 1958), P. sclera (Dall, 1919). Boreotrophon alborostratus Taki, 1938, is reinstated. Abyssotrophon Egorov, 1993 and Nodulotrophon Habe & Ito, 1965 are here assigned to Pagodulinae Barco et al., 2012, based on radula morphology.

Ectoparasitic gastropods living and feeding on coral hosts are now being reported as ubiquitous elements of coral reef environments. While there have been several reports of the damage being caused by these gastropods in the Asia-Pacific region, detailed information on ectoparasitic gastropods from the Western Indian Ocean region is scarce. Small islands such as Mauritius are largely dependent on coral reefs for tourism and protection of the coastal zone against natural disasters and high wave action, thereby highlighting the need to conserve and manage coral reefs sustainably. This requires an assessment of potential threats, including ectoparasitic gastropods, to coral reefs. In an effort to enhance our knowledge on ectoparasitic gastropods from the Western Indian Ocean region, the present study investigates variations in the density of ectoparasitic gastropod species feeding on coral hosts at three zones, namely the coast, lagoon and reef flat during summer and winter in 2016 and 2017 at Flic en Flac, west coast of Mauritius. Fifteen random quadrats were surveyed at each zone and ectoparasitic gastropod density was expressed as the number of individuals m−2. Three line intercept transects of 30 m each were surveyed at each zone to determine the percentage coral cover in October 2016. Two ectoparasitic gastropod species, Coralliophila erosa and C. radula, identified both morphologically and genetically, were found to be associated only with Acropora muricata and Porites lutea, respectively. Distribution of the coral host along the coast-reef scale seemed to affect the densities of the gastropods. No C. erosa was recorded on the reef flat where the percentage cover of branching coral was lowest (54.67 ± 2.40%). Similarly, no C. radula was observed at the coast where the percentage cover of massive coral was as low as 5.00 ± 2.08%. The density of both ectoparasitic gastropods differed significantly among the zones and between the years (Kruskal-Wallis, p 0.05). This study constitutes the first report on the variations in the density of ectoparasitic gastropods on a coast-reef scale at a tropical site in Mauritius and may have implications for coral reefs conservation and management.

Background Impacts of biotic stressors, such as consumers, on coral microbiomes have gained attention as corals decline worldwide. Corallivore feeding can alter coral microbiomes in ways that contribute to dysbiosis, but feeding strategies are diverse – complicating generalizations about the nature of consumer impacts on coral microbiomes. Results In field experiments, feeding by Coralliophila violacea, a parasitic snail that suppresses coral growth, altered the microbiome of its host, Porites cylindrica, but these impacts were spatially constrained. Alterations in microbial community composition and variability were largely restricted to snail feeding scars; basal or distal areas ~ 1.5 cm or 6–8 cm away, respectively, were largely unaltered. Feeding scars were enriched in taxa common to stressed corals (e.g. Flavobacteriaceae, Rhodobacteraceae) and depauperate in putative beneficial symbionts (e.g. Endozoicomonadaceae) compared to locations that lacked feeding. Conclusions Previous studies that assessed consumer impacts on coral microbiomes suggested that feeding disrupts microbial communities, potentially leading to dysbiosis, but those studies involved mobile corallivores that move across and among numerous individual hosts. Sedentary parasites like C. violacea that spend long intervals with individual hosts and are dependent on hosts for food and shelter may minimize damage to host microbiomes to assure continued host health and thus exploitation. More mobile consumers that forage across numerous hosts should not experience these constraints. Thus, stability or disruption of microbiomes on attacked corals may vary based on the foraging strategy of coral consumers.

Little to no recovery in Acropora cervicornis populations has been documented since the 1970s and 1980s widespread disease events, and disease and predation appear to remain significant drivers of mortality. However, to date, demographic studies of A. cervicornis lack data temporally or spatially sufficient to quantify factors limiting recovery. Acropora cervicornis populations in three regions [Broward County (BWD), Middle Keys (MDK), and Dry Tortugas (DRTO)] of the Florida Reef Tract were surveyed up to three times per year from 2011 to 2015. Temporal and spatial differences were evaluated for colony size, live tissue volume, and prevalence and impact of disease and predation. Significantly larger colonies were reported in BWD, and at relatively deeper or more sheltered sites. At least 43% of colonies in each region were of reproductively capable size. Mean relative change in colony size between surveys (3–5 months) ranged from − 20% to 19%. Disease and predation were consistently present in all regions, but levels varied significantly across space and time. Disease prevalence was the most variable condition (ranging from 0% to 28% per survey), increasing after periods of elevated temperatures and environmental disturbances, and caused significantly more partial mortality than fireworm (Hermodice carunculata) or snail (Coralliophila spp.) predation. Recovery potential and long-term persistence of this species may be limited due to the persistent presence of disease and predation, and reproductive limitations. However, there is still potential at sites of greater depth and/or more protection hosted larger and healthier colonies creating potential refugia for this species.

Loss of larger consumers from stressed ecosystems can lead to trophic release of mid-level consumers that then impact foundation species, suppressing ecosystem function and resilience. For example, in coral reef ecosystems, outbreaks of coral predators like crown-of-thorns sea stars have been associated with fishing pressure and can dramatically impact the composition and persistence of corals. However, the ecological impacts, and consequences for management, of smaller, less obvious corallivores remain inadequately understood. We investigated whether reef state (coral vs. seaweed domination) influenced densities and size frequencies of the corallivorous gastropod Coralliophila violacea on its common host, the coral Porites cylindrica, within three pairs of small Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and adjacent fished areas in Fiji. C. violacea densities were 5-35 times greater, and their size frequencies more broadly distributed, within seaweed-dominated fished areas than in adjacent MPAs dominated by corals. Tethering snails (4-9 mm in shell height) in place on their coral hosts indicated that suppression of snails in MPAs was due to predation, apparently by fishes. When tethered on the benthos (where they rarely occur), rather than on their host, mortality of larger snails (15.0-25.0 mm in shell height) was high in all areas, primarily due to hermit crabs killing them and occupying their shells. Because C. violacea is a sessile gastropod that feeds affixed to the base of corals and produces minimal visible damage, it has been considered a "prudent feeder" that minimally impacts its host coral. We assessed this over a 24-d feeding period in the field. Feeding by individual C. violacea reduced P. cylindrica growth by ~18-43% depending on snail size. Our findings highlight the considerable, but underappreciated, negative impacts of this common corallivore on degraded reefs. As reefs degrade and corals are lost, remaining corals (often species of Porites) may gain the full attention of elevated densities of coral consumers. This will further damage the remaining foundation species, suppressing the resilience of corals and enhancing the resilience of degraded, seaweed-dominated reefs.

We studied how host-associations and geography shape the genetic structure of sister species of marine snails Coralliophila radula (A. Adams, 1853) and C. violacea (Kiener, 1836). These obligate ectoparasites prey upon corals and are sympatric throughout much of their ranges in coral reefs of the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific. We tested for population genetic structure of snails in relation to geography and their host corals using mtDNA (COI) sequences in minimum spanning trees and AMOVAs. We also examined the evolutionary relationships of their Porites host coral species using maximum likelihood trees of RAD-seq (restriction site-associated DNA sequencing) loci mapped to a reference transcriptome. A maximum likelihood tree of host corals revealed three distinct clades. Coralliophila radula showed a pronounced genetic break across the Sunda Shelf (ΦCT = 0.735) but exhibited no genetic structure with respect to host. C. violacea exhibited significant geographic structure (ΦCT = 0.427), with divergence among Hawaiian populations, the Coral Triangle and the Indian Ocean. Notably, C. violacea showed evidence of ecological divergence; two lineages were associated with different groups of host coral species, one widespread found at all sites, and the other restricted to the Coral Triangle. Sympatric populations of C. violacea found on different suites of coral species were highly divergent (ΦCT = 0.561, d = 5.13%), suggesting that symbiotic relationships may contribute to lineage diversification in the Coral Triangle.

The presence of a small colony of Synastrea bellula (d’Orbigny, 1850) in Berriasian beds of the pelagic Maiolica in the Venetian Prealps (NE Italy) provides a key for interpreting the palaeobathymetry of the formation on the Trento Plateau. This pennular scleractinian belongs to a zooxanthellate group whose fossil and modern representatives are characterized by an outstanding specialization in colonizing deeper parts of the marine photic zone (mesophotic zone). The coral grew on the shell of an inferred ammonoid affected by intense microbial erosion. The conch was encrusted first by bryozoans and later by the coral, which immurated a microserpulid, designated as Turriserpula coralliophila gen. et sp. nov. Applying the sclerochronology method, a life duration of the stony coral of at least twelve years is inferred.

We investigated interactions between the corallivorous gastropod Coralliophila violacea and its preferred hosts Porites spp. Our objectives were to experimentally determine whether tissue loss could progress in Porites during or after Coralliophila predation on corals with and without tissue loss and to histologically document snail predation. In 64% of feeding scars, tissue regenerated within 3 wk, leaving no trace of predation. However, in roughly 28% of scars, lesions progressed to subacute tissue loss resembling white syndrome. In feeding experiments, scars from snails previously fed diseased tissue developed progressive tissue loss twice as frequently as scars from snails previously fed healthy tissue. Scars from previously healthy-fed snails were 3 times as likely to heal as those from previously diseased-fed snails. Histology revealed marked differences in host responses to snails; P. cylindrica manifested a robust inflammatory response with fewer secondary colonizing organisms such as algae, sponges, and helminths, whereas P. rus showed no evident inflammation and more secondary colonization. We conclude that lesion progression associated with Coralliophila may be associated with secondary colonization of coral tissues damaged by predator-induced trauma and necrosis. Importantly, variation at the cellular level should be considered when explaining interspecific differences in host responses in corals impacted by phenomena such as predation.

An outbreak of the fish-ectoparasitic marine isopod Caecognathia coralliophila (Monod, 1926) occurred in a fish hatchery in Sabah on Borneo Island, Malaysia. Larval stages of gnathiid isopods are parasitic on fish whereas their adult stages are free-living. The original description of C. coralliophila (Monod, 1926) was based on the morphology of one adult male from Thailand, and no description of the adult female or larva has been published to date. We compared the holotype of C. coralliophila and redescribed adult males and adult females as well as third-stage larvae from the fish hatchery. This paper provides a redescription of C. coralliophila based on all phases of the life history. Caecognathia coralliophila is distinguished from congeners by having reduced setae on the distal margins of the pleopodal endopods in adult males, biarticulate pylopods and the setae on the pleopodal rami being reduced in adult females, and antenna much longer than antennule in third-stage larvae.

This study is a preliminary assessment of an extremely diverse Tortonian (late Miocene) mollusk assemblage from a coral carpet environment preserved at Bontang (East Kalimantan, Indonesia). Even though coral-associated aragonitic faunas are rarely well preserved, the composition of the assemblage described here can be used to address the following questions: (1) How do the mollusk assemblages in coral habitats differ from other habitats, and (2) What is the effect of sampling on estimates of taxon richness? The mollusk assemblage is dominated by predatory snails and includes typical modern coral-associated taxa such as the gastropod Coralliophila and the bivalve Tridacna. Our investigation implies that adequate documentation of Cenozoic mollusk diversity in the Indo-Pacific is even more challenging than previously expected as very large samples are required to capture species richness. Further assessments of fossil faunas from coral-dominated habitats will be required to provide insight to develo...

Caecognathia coralliophila is known as a pathogenic ectoparasite infecting tiger grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus in a hatchery in Sabah, Malaysia. The effects of copper sulfate, formalin, trichlorfon, and hydrogen peroxide on the survival of C. coralliophila larvae were tested in vitro. The larvae were exposed to different concentrations of each chemical for 10, 20, 30, 60 min, or 24 h. Trichlorfon was found to be the most effective, killing the parasites within 24 h at 0.2 ppm. Consequently, the toxicity of trichlorfon to tiger grouper was tested. Fish were exposed to trichlorfon at 0.2 ppm for 24 h or 3.2 ppm for 60 min. No fish died in the experiment. Thus, our data suggest that trichlorfon is effective for treating C. coralliophilainfection in E. fuscoguttatus.

Snails of the genus Coralliophila (Muricidae: Coralliophilinae) are common corallivores in the Caribbean, feeding on a wide range of host species. In the present study, the morphological and genetic variation in C. galea and C. caribaea were studied in relation to their association with host coral species at Curaçao. Differences in shell shape among snails living on different hosts were quantified using geometric morphometric and phylogenetic relationships were studied using two mitochondrial markers (12S and COI). Based on these analyses, a new species, C. curacaoensis sp. nov., was found in association with the scleractinian coral Madracis auretenra. Both C. galea and C. caribaea showed host-specific differences in shell shape, size, and shell allometry (i.e. changes in morphological development during growth). Shell spire variability contributed foremost to the overall variation in shell shape. In C. caribaea minor genetic differences existed between snails associated with scleractinian and alcyonacean corals, whereas in C. galea such intraspecific variation was not found. These results shed more light on morphological and genetic differences among coral-associated fauna living on different host species.

Here, the development and construction of recirculating aquaria for the long-term maintenance and study of deep-water corals in the laboratory is described. This system may be applied to the maintenance and experimentation on marine organisms in the absence of a natural seawater supply. Since 2009, numerous colonies of Lophelia pertusa as well as several species of associated invertebrates from the Gulf of Mexico have been maintained in the described systems. The behavior of some of these species, including L. pertusa, the corallivorous snail Coralliophila sp., the polychaete Eunice sp., and the galetheoid crab Eumunida picta in the laboratory is described. Additionally, these systems were used for the manipulation of pH and dissolved oxygen for short-term experiments using L. pertusa. The detailed manipulation of carbonate chemistry in artificial seawater is described for use in ocean acidification experiments.

Ciletuh is a coastal area located in Sukabumi Regency, West Java, which is currently included in the Geopark region in West Java. Ciletuh is a name of a bay that faces directly to the Indian Ocean, hence the similarity of its ocean characteristic. At present Ciletuh Bay has undergone massive sedimentation due to the large amount of sediment entering the surrounding bay coming from Ciwaru and Cimarinjung River and the existence of many floating net cages around the Ciletuh Bay, all of which empties into Ciletuh Bay. High sedimentation rate will disrupt environmental conditions especially organism found in sediments such as benthos. This research was designed using descriptive analytic methods in the form of field observations to determine the research station, sediment sampling and supporting parameters carried out at the research station point. The study was conducted at 5 sampling stations based on different characteristics. The purpose of this research is to see the relationship between sedimentation rate and structure of the macrozoobenthos community. Result presented that the species dominating the bay areas are Nassarius sp., Cerithium sp. Clypeamorus sp. Rhinodavis sp. Certhiidae, Coralliophila sp., Turricula sp., Olivia caerullea., Thais sp., Phos roseatus, Hemifusus sp. Diplomariza sp, Neritadae, Donax sp., Pyramidella sp., Terebia sp. Sedimentation rate calculated as 0,11 gr/cm2/day; 0,13 gr/cm2/day; 0,07 gr/cm2/day; and 0,3 gr/cm2/day. Based on sediment grain size, types of sediment founded on each station are (1) gravely mud, (2) sandy mud, (3) sandy mud with slight gravels, (4) mud with slight gravels, and; (5) sandy silt.

Dredging and natural sediment resuspension events can cause high levels of turbidity, reducing the amount of light available for photosynthetic benthic biota. To determine how marine sponges respond to light attenuation, five species were experimentally exposed to a range of light treatments. Tolerance thresholds and capacity for recovery varied markedly amongst species. Whilst light attenuation had no effect on the heterotrophic species Stylissa flabelliformis and Ianthella basta, the phototrophic species Cliona orientalis and Carteriospongia foliascens discoloured (bleached) over a 28 day exposure period to very low light (−2 d−1). In darkness, both species discoloured within a few days, concomitant with reduced fluorescence yields, chlorophyll concentrations and shifts in their associated microbiomes. The phototrophic species Cymbastela coralliophila was less impacted by light reduction. C. orientalis and C. coralliophila exhibited full recovery under normal light conditions, whilst C. foliascens did not recover and showed high levels of mortality. The light treatments used in the study are directly relevant to conditions that can occur in situ during dredging projects, indicating that light attenuation poses a risk to photosynthetic marine sponges. Examining benthic light levels over temporal scales would enable dredging proponents to be aware of conditions that could impact on sponge physiology.

Disturbances such as tropical storms cause coral mortality and reduce coral cover as a direct result of physical damage. Storms can be one of the most important disturbances in coral reef ecosystems, and it is crucial to understand their long-term impacts on coral populations. The primary objective of this study was to determine trends in disease prevalence and snail predation on damaged and undamaged colonies of the threatened coral species, Acropora palmata, following an episode of heavy ocean swells in the US Virgin Islands (USVI). At three sites on St. Thomas and St. John, colonies of A. palmata were surveyed monthly over one year following a series of large swells in March 2008 that fragmented 30 to 93% of colonies on monitored reefs. Post-disturbance surveys conducted from April 2008 through March 2009 showed that swell-generated damage to A. palmata caused negative indirect effects that compounded the initial direct effects of physical disturbance. During the 12 months after the swell event, white pox disease prevalence was 41% higher for colonies that sustained damage from the swells than for undamaged colonies (df = 207, p = 0.01) with greatest differences in disease prevalence occurring during warm water months. In addition, the corallivorous snail, Coralliophila abbreviata, was 46% more abundant on damaged corals than undamaged corals during the 12 months after the swell event (df = 207, p = 0.006).

The Korean muricid snails are listed include previous record and three unrecorded species, Morula iostoma, Coralliophila morishimai, and C. abnormis collected from Mudo of Jeju-do were redescribed. As a result, the family Muricidae in Korea turned out to be 44 species of 22 genera.

Acropora palmata populations have experienced steep declines over the past 30 years. Although numerous culprits are recognized, their relative contributions to the decline are poorly quantified, making it difficult to prioritize effective conservation measures. In 2004, a demographic monitoring program was implemented in the Florida Keys (USA), aimed at determining the relative importance of various stressors affecting A. palmata. A subset of randomly selected A. palmata colonies within 15 fore-reef plots was tagged and surveyed three to four times per year over 7 years. Colony size, live tissue, prevalence of disease, snail (Coralliophila abbreviata) predation, physical damage and other conditions were assessed at each survey. The estimated effect of each condition causing recent mortality was ranked, and together, these parameters were used to attribute the population-level tissue loss associated with each condition. In addition, all new colonies in the study plots were counted and assessed annually in order to track trends in total colony count and live tissue abundance. Between 2004 and 2010, the study population has shown more than 50% decline in live area from three main conditions: fragmentation, disease and snail predation. Approximately half of this decline occurred during the catastrophic 2005 hurricane season from which recovery has been minimal. Meanwhile, colony abundance has shown gradual decline throughout the study. Snail predation was the most prevalent condition. However, it ranked third in attributed tissue loss, behind breakage that occurred during the 2005 hurricane season, and disease. Thermal bleaching of A. palmata was not observed during this study. Because mortality continues to outpace recruitment and growth, intervention to ameliorate losses to the more manageable threats including predation and breakage could result in substantial conservation of live tissue, buying time for the abatement of less tractable threats to A. palmata recovery such as climate change and disease.

Holocene Madrepora-Lophelia subfossil frames recovered at ca. 690 m from deep-water coral grounds south of Malta (Strait of Sicily, Central Mediterranean Sea) were found to entrap shells of cnidarian predatory gastropods such as Babelomurex sentix , “ Coralliophila ” squamosa (morphotype ruderatus ) and architectonicids. This finding documents the capability of deep-water coral reefs to serve as taphonomic traps eventually promoting the preservation of rare components of their original biota.

Coralliophila abbreviata and C. caribaea are tropical gastropods of the Caribbean Sea. These gastropods have shown to be important corallivores. The objective of this work was to evaluate in situ the prey selectivity of C. abbreviata and C. caribaea in some coral reefs of Morrocoy National Park by means of experimental and descriptive methods. We used quadrats of 1 m 2 to estimate coral abundance and richness, number of Coralliophila specimens, and coral species preyed on by Coralliophila sp. in three sites at each locality. For the experiment, we enclosed in cages five coral colonies of different species together with 10 individuals of C. abbreviata located in the center of the cages and equidistant to all colonies. A total of 8 exclusion cages of 1 m 3 were evaluated. We observed in situ a higher relation predator-prey between C. abbreviata and the hexacoral species M. annularis, representing 56.8% of the total interactions at all localities, followed by D. strigosa (19.3%), A. agaricites (12.2%), C. natans (4.6%) and A. tenuifolia (3.1%). C. caribaea presented a higher relation predator-prey with the octocoral species E. caribaeorum (42.6%), followed by those with the hexacoral species C. natans (24.1%) , M. faveolata (11.1%) , P. porites (7.4%) and D. strigosa (11.1%). The experiment showed a major relation between C. abbreviata and M. annularis , with 53.3% of total interactions, followed by those of C. natans (17.8%), A. tenuifolia and D. strigosa (11.1%) and A. agaricites (6.7%). According to the outcomes C. abbreviata is thought to generate a larger impact than C. caribaea on Morrocoy National Park because its more common preys are mainly coral reef building species while C. caribaea predate mainly on E. caribaeorum , which is a competitive species of hexacorals.

Habitat formation by foundation species is a major ecological force affecting community structure in numerous systems. On the upper continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico, the cold-water scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa creates complex habitat on cold seep-associated carbonates. In this study, the communities associated with the cold-water coral L. pertusa are described from the Gulf of Mexico for the first time. A total of 68 taxa was identified in close association with the coral framework. Three species with specific relationships to L. pertusa were identified: Eunice sp., a polychaete which may facilitate colony formation in L. pertusa ; Coralliophila sp., a species of corallivorous gastropod ; and Stenopus sp., a decapod crustacean which may act in a cleaner shrimp role in these habitats. Similarity among coral-associated communities was best explained by similarity in depth of collection and the proportion of live coral in the collections. These variables were somewhat confounded with location as the sites to the east were both shallower and contained higher proportions of live coral; however, distance between collections per se was not as significant in the analyses. The coral-associated communities also showed a low degree of similarity to communities inhabiting vestimentiferan tubeworm aggregations that occur nearby at the same sites. The increased habitat heterogeneity in the coral structure, differences in the niches constructed by the two foundation species, and different direct interspecific interactions between foundation species and members of the associated community contributed to the presence of dissimilar communities in these two biogenic habitats.

Molluscan assemblages were studied on fringing reefs (reef flats, Millepora-fringing reefs, fringing reefs with massive corals) and fore-reef hard substrata (coral patches, coral carpets and small patch reefs) in the Gulf of Aqaba at water depths ranging from the intertidal to 26 m. A total of 1,665 molluscan individuals from 51 taxa was counted on 44 transects, which covered 220 m² at eight diving sites. The most important molluscs in the assemblage were the parasitic gastropod Coralliophila neritoidea, the encrusting gastropod Dendropoma maxima and the coral-associated bivalve Pedum spondyloideum. The dead assemblage, in contrast, was dominated by encrusting bivalves (Ostreoidea, Chamoidea, Spondylidae) and the coral-predating gastropod Drupella cornus. Distinct molluscan assemblages inhabit each of the three fringing reef-habitats and most of the important depth-related community changes occurred within the uppermost 5 m. In contrast, the three deeper fore-reef habitats are characterized by a more uniform molluscan composition. Molluscan assemblages were more dependent on substrata and their coral associations than on water depth. Comparisons with other published studies indicate that reefoidal hard substrata in the northern Red Sea are largely characterized by similar species-abundance patterns. The minor differences to other Red Sea studies probably reflect the northern, isolated position of the Gulf of Aqaba, the lack of certain molluscan habitats, and the differential impact of anthropogenic influences. Strong differences between living and dead assemblages in Aqaba are similar to those observed in other regions and are due to distinct biases in the dead assemblage. Molluscs closely associated with living corals (mostly bivalves and Dendropoma) can easily be overgrown after death and are thus undetectable in visual censuses. Some gastropod taxa are preferentially transported into surrounding soft-substrata postmortem or redistributed by hermit crabs. Such complex relationships between ecology and taphonomy are crucial in evaluating the quality of the molluscan fossil record in coral reef environments. The comparison of our results with literature data documents an increase in coral predators during the last two decades in the northern Red Sea. Due to the greater mollusc biodiversity in the shallower Aqaba reef habitats, damage to this coral reef zone would have the greatest impact on the overall mollusc community.

The functional reproductive system of three Mediterranean species of Coralliophilidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia), Coralliophila brevis, Coralliophila meyendorffii and Babelomurex cariniferus, was compared with that of Coralliophila squamosa and three Leptoconchus species. Differences chiefly in the pallial section of the female reproductive tract separate the Indo-Pacific genus Leptoconchus from the Mediterranean species, and subdivide the latter into three different anatomical groups. Polyphyly of the genus Coralliophila is suggested. Comparison of the reproductive system of coralliophilids with that of the related Muricidae allows identifying characters of Coralliophila brevis, Coralliophila meyendorffii and Babelomurex cariniferus that are unknown in Muricidae. The comparison also reveals a closer similarity of Coralliophila squamosa with Ocenebrinae, suggesting that this species might represent a less derived evolutionary line within Coralliophilidae. The reproductive system of some individuals of Coralliophila meyendorffii and Babelomurex cariniferus undergoing penis reduction in the laboratory is also studied. It sheds some light in the ontogeny of the female pallial reproductive tract, and provides direct evidence for the existence of protandry in these species.

Despite their potential importance in structuring reef communities, invertebrate corallivores and their population structures are poorly understood. We found distinct differences in the population structures (length-frequency distribution and sex ratio) of the corallivorous gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata residing on two coral-host taxa, Montastraea spp. and Acropora palmata, in the Florida Keys. In each of two survey years, around 50% of the Montastraea spp. colonies were infested, with a mean snail density of eight snails per infested colony (range 1–45), while around 20% of A. palmata colonies harbored three snails per infested colony (range 1–23). Variation in patterns of snail occurrence was also observed within a host taxon. A. palmata occurred in low- and high-density stands (0.4 and 1 colony m–2, respectively, at the initial survey) at different sites. Hurricane Georges struck the area in September 1998. When resurveyed in 1999, density of colonies in low-density stands had decreased by 75% to 0.1 colonies m–2. This decrease was accompanied by a doubling in the proportion of colonies infested with snails (from 19% to 46%) and an increase in snail density per infested colony (from 3.7±3.3 SD to 5.4±4.6 SD) as snails apparently concentrated on surviving A. palmata. In contrast, sites with high density A. palmata stands (thickets) retained colony densities of about ~1 colony m–2 among years, while snail infestation increased only from 9% to 14% of colonies surveyed and snail density essentially remained unchanged (from 2.7±1.8 to 2.9±1.9 snails per infested colony). Snails collected from Montastraea spp. were shorter than those from A. palmata in low-density stands and were longest on A. palmata in thickets. On both host taxa, female snails were longer than males. The sex ratio of snails on Montastraea spp. hosts was even (1:1), while that of snails on A. palmata was skewed (70% males). Factors that could explain observed differences in size structure and sex ratio between Coralliophila populations on the two coral host taxa include: differential susceptibility to predators, influence of host tissue nutritional quality and/or secondary metabolite content, and genetic differences (cryptic species). The host-specific characteristics of C. abbreviata populations imply that the impact of gastropods on reef communities will vary with the coral species composition.

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Fidelity of death assemblages to live shelly faunas is one of the major palaeontological questions, but quantitative data are scarce and most case studies on this topic have been performed in non-reef sediments. Therefore we studied diVerent types of subtidal reef-associated hard substrata (reef flats, reef slopes, coral carpets, coral patches, rock grounds), each with diVerent coral associations, in order to determine the agreement of assemblages of living and dead shell-bearing molluscs. A total area of 340.5 m2 was investigated and 2846 individuals were counted at 68 sample localities ranging from shallow subtidal to 40 m water depth. Most taxa found dead in the study area were also found live and vice versa; diVerences in this respect can be related to quantitatively unimportant taxa. However, strong diVerences exist in the proportion of living and dead fauna, dominant taxa, and molluscan distribution patterns. The ratio of live to dead molluscs is high. Living molluscs are strongly dominated by taxa with distinct relations to corals, mainly Pedum, Coralliophila and Tridacna, and the encrusting gastropod Dendropoma. Five distinct groups of living molluscs can be diVerentiated and related to specific hard substrata, which are characterized by distinct molluscan life habits. In contrast, the death assemblages are always strongly dominated by encrusting bivalves, mainly Chamoidea and Spondylidae, and cerithiid gastropods in varying dominances. Correspondingly there is no significant correlation of the total abundance of living and dead molluscs and their overall similarity is only 6%. Similarity between living and dead faunas is above 50% at only 12 of the 68 sample locations, and at 17 sample locations significant correlations of living and dead molluscs were recognized. These correlations are mainly based on Chamoidea, which dominate both the living and dead fauna, on rock grounds. Therefore rock grounds are the only bottom type with consistent correlations and similarities of living and dead molluscs. The observed bias is due to the close relationship of molluscan life habits and post-mortem history of shells. Molluscs that live permanently attached to or within living corals (mostly bivalves and encrusting Dendropoma) can easily be overgrown after death by the large amounts of living substrata available. Rapid transport of dead shells into surrounding sediments or into crevices within corals is typical of gastropods that feed on corals. Molluscs that colonize dead surfaces preferentially accumulate on rock grounds. The ecologic information that can be derived from the shells depends on the diVerent post-mortem histories of the faunas. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The coral-inhabiting snails, Coralliophila violacea (Lamarck), are widely distributed in the Indo–Pacific region. It has been inferred from field data that sex changes have occurred and might be influenced by neighbors. In this study, we designed a field experiment with 2 treatments, i.e. `single males' and `male–female pairings' to test the hypothesis of sex changes as well as the role of neighbors on sex changes. Snails were collected by SCUBA diving from the surface of massive coral Porites lobata in shallow waters (

The corallivorous gastropod Coralliophila meyendorffi (family Coralliophilidae) is a well-known predator of the coral Cladocora caespitosa, particularly in the eastern Adriatic Sea, where population outbreaks can drastically reduce coral cover. Coralliophila meyendorffi ranges in size from 5 to 40 mm in shell total length, and smaller specimens are often found living with the coral C. caespitosa. Specimens of C. meyendorffi feed exclusively on live coral tissue, stripping it from the calcium carbonate skeleton. Recent outbreaks of the gastropod C. meyendorffi have caused considerable damage on a C. caespitosa bank in Veliko Jezero (the Mljet National Park, eastern Adriatic Sea). The bank occurs at depths between 6 and 18 m, covering a 65 m2 area. During summer of 2010, a substantial outbreak affected about 5%t of the coral colonies. The gastropods were highly aggregated in sheltered areas of the coral bank (up to 41 specimens/dm2) with smaller clusters (from 8 to 12 specimens/dm2) on coral colonies that were influenced by strong bottom currents (up to 1.23 ms−1).

Los arrecifes del Parque Nacional Morrocoy (PNM) se encuentran actualmente impactados. Posterior a la mortandad masiva ocurrida en 1996, ha habido indicios de recuperación de Acropora palmata. Este proceso podría ser retrasado por Coralliophila. Se observaron solamente tres colonias de A. palmata en todo un arrecife de Cayo Sombrero. En julio 2005 estas presentaron densidades de Coralliophila abbreviata de 4, 0 y 2 ind/col y de Coralliophila caribaea de 22, 14 y 0 ind/col y, en enero 2006 las densidades fueron: 8, 0 y 4 ind/col de C abbreviata y 22, 14 y 0 ind/col de C caribaea. En las tres colonias se observaron cuatro lesiones (dos de cada depredador). Hubo pérdida de tejido de 66,14 cm a 162,85 cm en las lesiones ocasionadas por C abbreviata, con tasa de depredación de 0,52 cm día-1 en una de ellas, mientras que en otra fue de 37,41 a 72,50 cm con tasa de depredación de 0,19 cm día-1 . Las lesiones generadas por C caribaea no cambiaron. Es probable que el efecto de Coralliophila afecte la recuperación de A. palmata en el PNM, considerando la alta densidad de depredadores y la escasa abundancia de este coral en este parque. The coral reefs of Morrocoy National Park are currently deteriorated. After the massive mortality of 1996, Acropora palmata has shown some signs of recovery, a process that could be hampered by Coralliophila. We observed only three colonies of A. palmata in an entire reef in Cayo Sombrero. In July 2005, these colonies registered Coralliophila abbreviata densities of 4, 0, and 2 ind/col and Coralliophila caribaea densities of 22, 14, and 0 ind/col; in January 2006, said densities were 8, 0, and 4 ind/col (C. abbreviaté) and 22, 14, and 0 ind/col (C. caribaea). Four sites of damage (two per predator) were observed in the three colonies. In one colony, C abbreviata caused a loss of tissue of 66.14 to 162.85 cm , indicating a predation rate of 0.52 cm² day-1. In the other colony, the damage ranged from 37.41 to 72.50 cm2, with a predation rate of 0.19 cm day-1. The areas damaged by C caribaea did not show any change. The high density and predation rate of Coralliophila likely affected the recovery of the scant specimens of A. palmata in Morrocoy National Park.

Los arrecifes del Parque Nacional Morrocoy (PNM) se encuentran actualmente impactados. Posterior a la mortandad masiva ocurrida en 1996, ha habido indicios de recuperación de Acropora palmata. Este proceso podría ser retrasado por Coralliophila. Se observaron solamente tres colonias de A. palmata en todo un arrecife de Cayo Sombrero. En julio 2005 estas presentaron densidades de Coralliophila abbreviata de 4, 0 y 2 ind/col y de Coralliophila caribaea de 22, 14 y 0 ind/col y, en enero 2006 las densidades fueron: 8, 0 y 4 ind/col de C abbreviata y 22, 14 y 0 ind/col de C caribaea. En las tres colonias se observaron cuatro lesiones (dos de cada depredador). Hubo pérdida de tejido de 66,14 cm a 162,85 cm en las lesiones ocasionadas por C abbreviata, con tasa de depredación de 0,52 cm día-1 en una de ellas, mientras que en otra fue de 37,41 a 72,50 cm con tasa de depredación de 0,19 cm día-1 . Las lesiones generadas por C caribaea no cambiaron. Es probable que el efecto de Coralliophila afecte la recuperación de A. palmata en el PNM, considerando la alta densidad de depredadores y la escasa abundancia de este coral en este parque.

Genus Coralliophila H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 Coralliophila H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853: 135. Coralliobia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853: 138. Type species (by monotypy): Concholepas (Coralliobia) fimbriata A. Adams, 1854; Recent, Indo-West Pacific. Galeropsis Hup��, 1860: 125 (type species by monotypy: G. lavenayanus Hup��, 1860; Lower Miocene, France). Pseudomurex Monterosato, 1872: 15 (type species by original designation: Murex meyendorffii Calcara, 1845; Recent, Northeastern Atlantic). Quoyula Iredale, 1912: 221 (type species by original designation: Purpura monodonta Blainville, 1832; Recent, Indo-Pacific). Rhombothais Woolacot, 1954: 38 (type species by original designation: Rhombothais arbutum Woolacot, 1954 Recent, Australia). Reliquiaecava Massin, 1987: 81 (type species by original designation: Leptoconchus robillardi Li��nard, 1870. Recent, Indo-Pacific). TYPE SPECIES. ��� Fusus neritoideus Lamarck, 1816 (= Purpura violacea Kiener, 1836), by subsequent designation (Iredale 1912). REMARKS The genus Coralliophila is here used in a wide sense (Coralliophila s.l.), including species traditionally ascribed to it (Kosuge & Suzuki 1985; Tsuchiya 2000). However, I warn here that there is strong molecular evidence that Coralliophila as traditionally conceived is clearly polyphyletic (Oliverio & Mariottini 2001; Oliverio et al. 2002; Oliverio et al. 2009). Th erefore, the concept of the genus and also the list of synonymies for Coralliophila are destined to be deeply revised in a phylogenetic framework., Published as part of Oliverio, Marco, 2009, Diversity of Coralliophilinae (Mollusca, Neogastropoda, Muricidae) at Austral Islands (South Pacific), pp. 759-789 in Zoosystema 31 (4) on pages 762-763, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n4a2, http://zenodo.org/record/4520186, {"references":["HUPE M. 1860. - Note sur un genre nouveau de gasteropode, galeropside. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie 1860: 125 - 128.","MONTEROSATO T. A. DE M. DI 1872. - Notizie intorno alle conchiglie fossili di Monte Pellegrino e Ficarazzi. Michele Amenta, Palermo, 44 p.","IREDALE T. 1912. - New generic names and new species of marine Mollusca. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 10: 217 - 228.","BLAINVILLE H. 1832. - Disposition methodique des especes recentes et fossiles des genres Pourpre, Ricinule, Licorne et Concholepas de M. de Lamarck. Nouvelles Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle Paris 1: 189 - 263.","WOOLACOT L. 1954. - New shells from New South Wales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 1952 - 1953: 37 - 39.","LAMARCK J. B. P. A. DE M. DE 1816. - Liste des objets representes dans les plances de cette livraison. Vingttroisieme partie: mollusques et polypes divers, par M. Lamarck, in BRUGUIERE J. G., LAMARCK J. B. P. & SAINT VINCENT B. DE, Tableaux encyclopedique et methodique des trois regnes de la nature. Veuve Agasse, Paris: 1 - 16, pls. 391 - 488, 431 bis, 432 bis.","REHDER H. A. 1985. - A new species of Coralliophila (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) from Southeastern Polynesia. The Nautilus 99: 97 - 100","RODING P. F. 1798. - Museum Boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorume tribus regni naturae quae olim collegerat Joa. Fried. Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. Annos Photophysicus Hamburgensis, pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia et multivalvia. Pars II. Johan Christi, Hamburg, vii + 199 p.","SMRIGLIO C. & MARIOTTINI P. 2003. - Description of a new species of Coralliophilinae Chenu, 1859 from the Philippines: Coralliophila suduirauti sp. nov. (Neogastropoda, Muricidae). La Conchiglia 35: 49 - 50.","STEENSTRUP J. J. S. 1850. - Beskrivelse over nogle maerkelige tildeeld nye Dyrarter. Oversigt over det Kongelige DanskeVidenskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1850: 75 - 77.","KOSUGE S. 1986. - Some considerations on the family Coralliophilidae with the descriptions of four new species. Bulletin of the Institute of Malacology of Tokyo 2 (4): 70 - 75.","KOSUGE S. 1980. - Description of six new species of the genus Latiaxis from the Philippines Sea. Bulletin of the Institute of Malacology of Tokyo 1: 41 - 45.","POWELL A. W. B. 1971. - New Zealand molluscan systematics with descriptions of new species: Part 7. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 8: 209 - 228.","SHEPMAN M. M. 1911. - The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition. Part 4. Rachiglossa. Uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanologisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie 1899 - 1900 aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee 1 e kl. G. F. Tydemen 49 d: 247 - 363.","KOSUGE S. 1979. - Descriptions of two new subgenus [sic] and seven new species of the genus Latiaxis (Gastropoda, Mollusca). Bulletin of the Institute of Malacology of Tokyo 1: 3 - 8, pls 2 - 3.","MARTENS E. VON 1902. - Die beschalten Gastropoden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, 1898 - 1899. a. Systematisch-geographischer Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition Valdivia. Carl Chun, Berlin, vii + 146 p., pls i-v.","KUROHARA K. 1959. - On Latiaxis filiaregis n. sp. Venus 20: 342 - 344.","MARSHALL B. A. & OLIVERIO M. 2009. - The Recent Coralliophilinae of the New Zealand region, with descriptions of two new species (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Muricidae). Molluscan Research 29: 155 - 173.","DESHAYES G. P. 1863. - Catalogue des Mollusques de l'Ile de Reunion (Bourbon), in MAILLARD L. (ed.), Notes sur l'Ile de Reunion. Annexe E. Dentu, Paris, 6 + 144 p., pls 28 [1] - 41 [14].","DUNKER W. 1852 - 1853. - Diagnoses molluscorum novorum. Zeitschift fur Malakozoologie 9: 49 - 62, 125 - 128 [1852]; 10: 58 - 60, 95 - 96, 110 - 112 [1853].","MONTFORT D. 1810. - Conchyliologie systematique et classification methodique des coquilles; offrant leurs figures, leur arrangement generique, leurs descriptions caracteristiques, leurs noms; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues. 2. Schoell, Paris, 679 p.","MASSIN C. 1987. - Reliquiaecava, a new genus of Coralliophilidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Biologie 57: 79 - 90.","KOSUGE S. & SUZUKI M. 1985. - Illustrated catalogue of Latiaxis and its related groups. Family Coralliophilidae. Institute of Malacology of Tokyo, Special Publications 1: 1 - 83.","TSUCHIYA K. 2000. - Superfamily Muricoidea, in OKUTANI T. (ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 365 - 422.","OLIVERIO M. & MARIOTTINI P. 2001. - A molecular framework for the phylogeny of Coralliophila and related muricoids Journal of Molluscan Studies 67: 215 - 224.","OLIVERIO M., CERVELLI M. & MARIOTTINI P. 2002. - ITS 2 rRNA evolution and its congruence with the phylogeny of muricid neogastropods (Caenogastropoda, Muricoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 63 - 69.","OLIVERIO M., BARCO A., RICHTER A., MODICA M. V. 2009. - The coralliophiline (Gastropoda: Muricidae) radiation: repeated colonizations of the deep sea? The Nautilus 113 - 120."]}

Coralliophila erosa (R��ding, 1798) (Fig. 4A, B) Cantharus erosus R��ding, 1798: 133. Pyrula abbreviata Lamarck, 1816: 8, pl. 436. Murex plicatus Wood, 1818: 124, pl. 26, fig. 56a. Pyrula deformis Lamarck, 1822: 146. Rapana fragilis A. Adams, 1854: 98. Trichotropis dorbignyanum Petit de la Saussaye, 1851: 261, pl. 7, fig. 2. Rapana suturalis A. Adams, 1854: 98. Rapana coralliophila A. Adams, 1854: 98. Rhizochilus exaratus Pease, 1861: 399. Coralliophila stearnsiana Dall, 1919: 339. Coralliophila groschi Kilburn, 1977: 190, figs 19, 20. TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Cantharus erosus: repository unknown. Pyrula abbreviata: 2 possible syntypes, 36.0 mm (MHNG 1098 /69/1); 37.9 mm (MHNG 1098 /69/2). Murex plicatus: repository unknown. Pyrula deformis: holotype (MHNG 1098/71). Rapana fragilis: holotype (BMNH 1984100; figured by Kosuge & Suzuki [1985: pl. 38, fig. 8]). Trichotropis dorbignyanum: probable holotype (MNHN; figured by Kosuge & Suzuki [1985: pl. 38, figs 3, 4]). Rapana suturalis: syntype (BMNH 1984113; figured by Kosuge & Suzuki [1985: pl. 38 figs 5, 6]). Rapana coralliophila: syntype (BMNH 1984111; figured by Kosuge & Suzuki [1985: pl. 46, fig. 6]). Rhizochilus exaratus: lectotype (BMNH 1961177; figured by Kay [1965: pl. 4, figs 19-21] and by Kosuge & Suzuki [1985: pl. 38, fig. 7, ���ex Kay 1965 ���]); 2 paralectotypes (BMNH 1961178, selected by Kay [1965]). Coralliophila stearnsiana: holotype (USNM 46377; figured by Kosuge & Suzuki [1985: pl. 38, fig. 11]). Coralliophila groschi: holotype (NM H382 - T2047; figured by Kosuge & Suzuki [1985: pl. 38, fig. 9]). TYPE LOCALITY. ��� Cantharus erosus: not designated. Pyrula abbreviata: not indicated. Murex plicatus: ���East Indies���. Pyrula deformis: unknown. Rapana fragilis: Philippines. Trichotropis dorbignyanum: ���Taiti��� on the probable holotype���s label (MNHN), ���Oc��an Pacifique, M. Bernardi��� (Petit de la Saussaye 1851). Rapana suturalis: Bulusan, Province of Albay, Luzon, Philippines. Rapana coralliophila: Isle of Ticao, on reefs at low water. Rhizochilus exaratus: Hawaiian Islands [Sandwich Is]. Coralliophila stearnsiana: Lower California. Coralliophila groschi: East of Posto Lunga, Lunga Bay, northern Mozambique. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� The type material and: BENTHAUS, stn DW 1926, Banc Pr��sident Thiers, 24��38.2���S, 146��00.8���W, 50-90 m, 1 lv (Fig. 4A, B). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Indo-West Pacific (Kay 1979). From Izu Peninsula (Japan) to tropical Indo-Pacific (Tsuchiya 2000), ���intertidal to 20 m, on Acropora, Scleractinia [sic] and other corals��� (Higo et al. 2001: 216). Coral Sea, New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands, empty shells intertidal to 57 m (Oliverio 2008b). Austral Islands, living in 50- 90 m. REMARKS This is a common shallow water species throughout the Indo-Pacific, found mainly on Acropora -like corals. The record of a single specimen (dredged by RV Alis), notwithstanding the relevant collecting effort by the land based RAPA 2002 workshop, indicates a scarcity of this species., Published as part of Oliverio, Marco, 2009, Diversity of Coralliophilinae (Mollusca, Neogastropoda, Muricidae) at Austral Islands (South Pacific), pp. 759-789 in Zoosystema 31 (4) on pages 766-768, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n4a2, http://zenodo.org/record/4520186, {"references":["RODING P. F. 1798. - Museum Boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorume tribus regni naturae quae olim collegerat Joa. Fried. Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. Annos Photophysicus Hamburgensis, pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia et multivalvia. Pars II. Johan Christi, Hamburg, vii + 199 p.","LAMARCK J. B. P. A. DE M. DE 1816. - Liste des objets representes dans les plances de cette livraison. Vingttroisieme partie: mollusques et polypes divers, par M. Lamarck, in BRUGUIERE J. G., LAMARCK J. B. P. & SAINT VINCENT B. DE, Tableaux encyclopedique et methodique des trois regnes de la nature. Veuve Agasse, Paris: 1 - 16, pls. 391 - 488, 431 bis, 432 bis.","WOOD 1818. - Index Testaceologicus, or a Catalogue of Shells, British and Foreign, Arranged According to the Linnaean System. Privately printed, London, 188 p., 38 pls [Supplement i-iv + 1 - 59, 8 pls, 1828].","PETIT DE LA SAUSSAYE S. 1851. - Notice sur le G. Trichotropis Sow., et description de coquilles appartenant probablement a ce genre. Journal de Conchyliologie 2: 17 - 24.","PEASE W. H. 1861. - Descriptions of seventeen new species of marine shells, from the Sandwich islands, in the collection of H. Cuming. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1860: 397 - 400.","DALL W. H. 1919. - Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean in the collection of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56: 293 - 371.","KILBURN R. N. 1977. - Taxonomic notes on the marine Mollusca of Southern African and Mozambique. Part 1. Annals of Natal Museum 23: 171 - 214.","KOSUGE S. & SUZUKI M. 1985. - Illustrated catalogue of Latiaxis and its related groups. Family Coralliophilidae. Institute of Malacology of Tokyo, Special Publications 1: 1 - 83.","KAY E. A. 1965. - Marine molluscs in the Cuming collection, British Museum (Natural History) described by William Harper Pease. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, Supplement 1: 1 - 96, pls 1 - 14.","REHDER H. A. 1985. - A new species of Coralliophila (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) from Southeastern Polynesia. The Nautilus 99: 97 - 100","KAY E. A. 1979. - Hawaiian Marine Shells. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii, Section 4: Mollusca. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Special Publication 64 (4): i-xviii, 1 - 653.","TSUCHIYA K. 2000. - Superfamily Muricoidea, in OKUTANI T. (ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 365 - 422.","HIGO S., CALLOMON P. & GOTO Y., 2001. - Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. Type Figures. Elle Scientific Publications, Osaka, Japan, 208 p.","OLIVERIO M. 2008 b. - Coralliophilinae (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) from the south-west Pacific, in HEROS V., COWIE R., BOUCHET P. (eds), Tropical Deep Sea Benthos, volume 25. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 196: 451 - 555."]}

Coralliophila australis n. sp. (Figs 3 D-H; 12A) TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Holotype: Rapa Is., East of Tupuaki Bay, ATELIER RAPA 2002, stn 21, 27��34.2���S, 144��20.6���W, 5 m, dd crabbed (MNHN 20965; Fig. 3D, E). Paratypes: West of Rapa, BENTHAUS, stn DW 1894, 27��40.1���S, 144��21.5���W, 100 m, 1 dd (MNHN 20966). ��� Marotiri Is., stn DW 1879, 27��55���S, 143��30.1���W, 52 m, 3 dd (Fig. 3F, G), 1 juv dd (MNHN 20967; Fig. 3H). ��� SE of Tauturou Is., ATELIER RAPA 2002, stn 12, 27��40.5���S, 144��16.7���W, 52 m 1 dd (MNHN 20968). TYPE LOCALITY. ��� Rapa Is., East of Tupuaki Bay, 27��34.2���S, 144��20.6���W, 5 m. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� Banc Pr��sident Thiers, BENTHAUS, stn DW 1927, 24��39���S, 146��01.6���W, 95-105 m, 1 juv dd. ��� Rurutu (Avera), stn DW 1996, 22��29.1���S, 151��21.9���W, 489-1050 m, 1 dd. ��� Banc Pr��sident Thiers, stn DW 1926, 24��38.2���S, 146��00.8���W, 50-90 m, 1 juv dd. Pointe Komire, ATELIER RAPA 2002, stn 3, 27��34���S, 144��19.7���W, 21 m, 1 dd. ��� Off Ahurei Bay, stn 6, 27��36.8���S, 144��16.7���W, 42 m, 2 dd. ��� NE of Pointe Komire, stn 26, 27��33.0���S, 144��19.1���W, 53 m, 1 dd. ��� Vavai, stn 32, 27��35.0-35.8���S, 144��22.7-23.0���W, 15-20 m, 1 dd. DESCRIPTION. ��� Shell of medium size for the genus, 37.5 mm high, 22 mm wide, fusiform with rounded shoulder, thick. Protoconch missing in the holotype. DISTRIBUTION. ��� Coralliophila australis n. sp. is known only on empty shells from Austral Islands, in 5-489 m (5-53 m ATELIER RAPA 2002; 52-489 m BENTHAUS). DESCRIPTION Teleoconch of 5+ whorls (tips missing in the holotype). Spire high, conical, with convex sides, suture incised. Last whorl about ⅔ of total height, curved at periphery, moderately constricted at base. Aperture long, oval, tapering anteriorly. Outer lip crenulated on exterior, smooth internally. Inner lip gently arcuate posteriorly, straight anteriorly, callous. Siphonal canal long, broadly open; umbilical area wide, with twisted, imbricate fasciole, umbilical chink narrow and short. Teleoconch spiral sculpture of irregularly alternating major cords and minor cordlets. A total of 14 cords and 7 cordlets on last teleoconch whorl; 7 cords and 4 cordlets visible above aperture. Cords and cordlets covered by imbricate scaly spines. Axial sculpture of 8 broad prosocline ribs on the last whorl (10 on the preceeding ones), fading out over base. Shell ground colour ivory-white, inside of aperture bright pink-lilac. REMARKS The protoconch of a juvenile paratype is of 3.6 whorls (Fig. 12A), 750 ��m high and 720 ��m wide at the base. Protoconch I of 1 whorl, with traces of pustules. Protoconch II of 2.6 whorls, with 2 weak spiral keels, sculptured by a series of subsutural prosocline threads and a series of similar threads over each keel. A diffuse granulation is present in the interspaces. Coralliophila australis n. sp. is similar to several species of the (probably monophyletic) group of C. violacea (Kiener, 1836). The spiral sculpture of broad cords is very similar to that of C. latilirata Rehder 1985; C. australis n. sp. differs being more elongated and attaining a larger size. The juveniles are very similar to juveniles of C. bulbiformis (Conrad, 1837) which has not been found at Austral Islands. A specimen of C. australis n. sp. has been figured by Salvat & Rives (1975: 310, fig. 190 as C. costularis) supposedly from Fatu Hiva Is. (Marquesas), where in a recent revision based on extensive sampling (Oliverio 2008a), I have not found it., Published as part of Oliverio, Marco, 2009, Diversity of Coralliophilinae (Mollusca, Neogastropoda, Muricidae) at Austral Islands (South Pacific), pp. 759-789 in Zoosystema 31 (4) on pages 765-766, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n4a2, http://zenodo.org/record/4520186, {"references":["REHDER H. A. 1985. - A new species of Coralliophila (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) from Southeastern Polynesia. The Nautilus 99: 97 - 100","SALVAT B. & RIVES C. 1975. - Coquillages de Polynesie. Les editions du Pacifique, Papeete, 392 p.","OLIVERIO M. 2008 a. - Coralliophiline diversity at Marquesas Islands. Journal of Conchology 39: 569 - 584."]}

Coralliophila mitraeforma Kosuge, 1985 (Fig. 5A, B) Coralliophila mitraeforma Kosuge, 1985: 56, pl. 21, figs 1, 2. TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Holotype (IMT 85-21; not examined; figured by Higo et al. [2001: 66, G2401]). TYPE LOCALITY. ��� Mactan, Cebu, Philippines. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� BENTHAUS, stn DW 1948, Banc Lotus, 23��48.7���S, 147��53.5���W, 120-280 m, 1 lv (Fig. 5A, B). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Pacific Ocean, from off Danjo Islands, Western Kiūshū (Higo et al. 1999: 217; Tsuchiya 2000), to the Philippines and the New Caledonia area, alive in 245-400 m (Oliverio 2008b). Austral Islands, alive in 120- 280 m. REMARKS The protoconch, partly eroded, of the single specimen, is concordant in the general aspect with the known protoconchs of this species, indicating a planktotrophic larval development. C. mitraeforma is very similar to C. solutistoma Kuroda & Shikama, 1966, differenciation relying on its higher ratio total height/apertural height (h/a)., Published as part of Oliverio, Marco, 2009, Diversity of Coralliophilinae (Mollusca, Neogastropoda, Muricidae) at Austral Islands (South Pacific), pp. 759-789 in Zoosystema 31 (4) on page 770, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n4a2, http://zenodo.org/record/4520186, {"references":["HIGO S., CALLOMON P. & GOTO Y., 2001. - Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. Type Figures. Elle Scientific Publications, Osaka, Japan, 208 p.","HIGO S., CALLOMON P. & GOTO Y. 1999. - Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. Elle Scientific Publications, Osaka, Japan, 749 p.","TSUCHIYA K. 2000. - Superfamily Muricoidea, in OKUTANI T. (ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 365 - 422.","OLIVERIO M. 2008 b. - Coralliophilinae (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) from the south-west Pacific, in HEROS V., COWIE R., BOUCHET P. (eds), Tropical Deep Sea Benthos, volume 25. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 196: 451 - 555.","SHIKAMA T. 1966. - On some new Latiaxis and Coralliophila in Japan. Venus 25: 21 - 26."]}

Coralliophila pulchella (A. Adams, 1854) (Fig. 5C, D) Rapana (Rhizochilus) pulchella A. Adams, 1854: 98. TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Syntypes (BMNH 1984112, three figured by Kosuge & Suzuki [1985: pl 40, figs 4, 5] and Higo et al. [2001: 66, G2402]). TYPE LOCALITY. ��� Philippines. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� The type material and: Rimatara Is., BENTHAUS, stn DW 2020, 22��37���S, 152��49.1���W, 920-930 m, 1 dd (Fig. 5C, D). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Indian Ocean, from Natal, South Africa (Kosuge & Meyer 1999) and Somalia (Oliverio unpublished). Pacific Ocean, from Kii Peninsula, Japan, southward to the Philippines (Higo et al. 1999), ���rocky bottoms or coral reefs 20-50 m ��� (Tsuchiya 2000). New Caledonia area, alive in 140-152 m (empty shells in 12-433 m: Oliverio 2008b). Austral Islands, one empty shell in 920- 930 m. REMARKS Coralliophila pulchella is very similar to Coralliophila carolae D���Attilio & Myers, 1984, which has been established basing only on subtle features, i.e. a coloured shell and a finer sculpture than C. pulchella. The protoconch is multispiral (2.5+ whorls) with two spiral keels, subsutural prosocline threads and oblong tubercules over each keel. The single shell here recorded is quite probably a fossil, drifted downshore from shallower habitat., Published as part of Oliverio, Marco, 2009, Diversity of Coralliophilinae (Mollusca, Neogastropoda, Muricidae) at Austral Islands (South Pacific), pp. 759-789 in Zoosystema 31 (4) on pages 770-772, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n4a2, http://zenodo.org/record/4520186, {"references":["KOSUGE S. & SUZUKI M. 1985. - Illustrated catalogue of Latiaxis and its related groups. Family Coralliophilidae. Institute of Malacology of Tokyo, Special Publications 1: 1 - 83.","HIGO S., CALLOMON P. & GOTO Y., 2001. - Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. Type Figures. Elle Scientific Publications, Osaka, Japan, 208 p.","SMRIGLIO C. & MARIOTTINI P. 2003. - Description of a new species of Coralliophilinae Chenu, 1859 from the Philippines: Coralliophila suduirauti sp. nov. (Neogastropoda, Muricidae). La Conchiglia 35: 49 - 50.","KOSUGE S. & MEYER O. 1999. - Report on the family Coralliophilidae from the east coast of South Africa with some observations on the habitat (Gastropoda). Bulletin of the Institute of Malacology, Tokyo 3: 109 - 113.","HIGO S., CALLOMON P. & GOTO Y. 1999. - Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. Elle Scientific Publications, Osaka, Japan, 749 p.","TSUCHIYA K. 2000. - Superfamily Muricoidea, in OKUTANI T. (ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 365 - 422.","OLIVERIO M. 2008 b. - Coralliophilinae (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) from the south-west Pacific, in HEROS V., COWIE R., BOUCHET P. (eds), Tropical Deep Sea Benthos, volume 25. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 196: 451 - 555."]}

Coralliophila costularis (Lamarck, 1816) (Figs 2 A-C; 12B) Murex costularis Lamarck, 1816: pl. 419, figs 8a, b. Coralliophila retusa H. Adams & A. Adams, 1863: 432. TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Murex costularis: 2 specimens (the probable holotype MHNG 1099/60/1, 34.0 mm, and a specimen that is probably not a type, 1099/60/2, 26.4 mm: see Oliverio 2008b). Coralliophila retusa: holotype, BMNH 1984094 (figured by Kosuge & Suzuki [1985: pl. 37, fig. 3] and Higo et al. [2001: 65, fig. G2386]). TYPE LOCALITY. ��� Murex costularis: not designated. Locality indicated on its box reads ���Oc. Indien ���. Coralliophila retusa: unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� The type material and: BENTHAUS, stn DW 2013, Rimatara Is., 22��38.6���S, 152��49.7���W, 80-93 m, 1 juv dd (Fig. 2C). ��� Stn DW 1948, Banc Lotus, 23��48.7���S, 147��43.5���W, 120-280 m, 1 dd (Fig. 2A, B). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Indo-Pacific, intertidal and subtidal (Cernohorsky 1978). Indian Ocean, from the Red Sea southward to South Africa (Kosuge & Meyer 1999) and the tropical and subtropical zone, including Eastern Arabia ���among corals��� (Bosch et al. 1995). Western Pacific Ocean, intertidal to 20 m depth associated with scleractinians (Tsuchiya 2000). From the New Caledonia area and Fiji, alive in 12-40 m (Oliverio 2008b). Austral Islands, two empty shells in 93-120 m, probably drifted from shallower waters. REMARKS Coralliophila costularis is a common shallow water species throughout its Indo-West Pacific range. The present record is based on a single adult empty shell and a single juvenile, both dredged in deep waters. The protoconch of the juvenile was available for SEM (Fig. 12B), and showed 4.3 whorls, 590 ��m high and 710 ��m wide at the base. Protoconch I of one whorl, apparently smooth. Protoconch II of about 3 �� whorls, with two weak spiral keels (the abapical starting on the second protoconch whorl, the adapical starting on the third), sculptured by a series of subsutural threads and a series of opisthocline threads over each keel. A diffuse granulation is present in the interspaces. Coralliophila mira (Cotton & Godfrey, 1932) from southern Australia is very similar although relationships should be tested by genetic data., Published as part of Oliverio, Marco, 2009, Diversity of Coralliophilinae (Mollusca, Neogastropoda, Muricidae) at Austral Islands (South Pacific), pp. 759-789 in Zoosystema 31 (4) on pages 763-764, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n4a2, http://zenodo.org/record/4520186, {"references":["LAMARCK J. B. P. A. DE M. DE 1816. - Liste des objets representes dans les plances de cette livraison. Vingttroisieme partie: mollusques et polypes divers, par M. Lamarck, in BRUGUIERE J. G., LAMARCK J. B. P. & SAINT VINCENT B. DE, Tableaux encyclopedique et methodique des trois regnes de la nature. Veuve Agasse, Paris: 1 - 16, pls. 391 - 488, 431 bis, 432 bis.","ADAMS H. & ADAMS A. 1863. - Descriptions of new species of shells, chiefly from the Cumingian collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1863: 428 - 435.","OLIVERIO M. 2008 b. - Coralliophilinae (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) from the south-west Pacific, in HEROS V., COWIE R., BOUCHET P. (eds), Tropical Deep Sea Benthos, volume 25. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 196: 451 - 555.","KOSUGE S. & SUZUKI M. 1985. - Illustrated catalogue of Latiaxis and its related groups. Family Coralliophilidae. Institute of Malacology of Tokyo, Special Publications 1: 1 - 83.","HIGO S., CALLOMON P. & GOTO Y., 2001. - Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. Type Figures. Elle Scientific Publications, Osaka, Japan, 208 p.","CERNOHORSKY W. O. 1978. - Tropical Pacific Marine Shells. Pacific Publications, Sydney, 352 p. 68 pls.","KOSUGE S. & MEYER O. 1999. - Report on the family Coralliophilidae from the east coast of South Africa with some observations on the habitat (Gastropoda). Bulletin of the Institute of Malacology, Tokyo 3: 109 - 113.","BOSCH D. T., DANCE S. P., MOOLENBEEK R. G. & OLIVER P. G. 1995. - Seashells of Eastern Arabia. Motivate, Dubai.","TSUCHIYA K. 2000. - Superfamily Muricoidea, in OKUTANI T. (ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 365 - 422."]}

Coralliophila monodonta (Blainville, 1832) (Fig. 4C, D) Purpura monodonta Blainville, 1832: 241. Purpura monodonta Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 561, pl. 37, figs 9-11. Purpura madreporarum G. B. Sowerby I, 1834: pl. 237, fig. 12. Quoyula madreporarium [sic] ��� Oliver 1915: 537. Coralliophila madreporara [sic] ��� Kosuge & Suzuki 1985: 35, pl. 46, fig. 7. ��� Bosch et al. 1995: 125, fig. 501. Galeropsis madreporarus [sic] ��� Lozouet & Le Renard 1998: 181, figs 7/4, 5. Coralliophila madreporaria [sic] ��� Tsuchiya 2000: 419, pl. 208, fig. 291. TYPE MATERIAL. ��� Purpura monodonta: lectotype MNHN 0173 (Oliverio 2008b) and 1 paralectotype MNHN 20579. Purpura madreporarum: 3 possible syntypes (BMNH 1985104). TYPE LOCALITY. ��� Purpura monodonta: Tonga-Tabou. Purpura madreporarum: unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� The type material and: Banc Arago, BENTHAUS, stn DW 1985, 23��26.3���S, 150��44.2���W, 100-107 m, 1 dd. ��� Banc Arago, stn DW 1984, 23��26.4���S, 150��43.9���W, 40 m, 6 lv (Fig. 4C, D). ��� Banc Pr��sident Thiers, stn DW 1926, 24��38.2���S, 146��00.8���W, 50-90 m, 1sh, 1 lv. ��� Banc Pr��sident Thiers, stn DW 1937, 24��39.8���S, 146��56.4���W, 469-500 m, 1 dd. ��� Banc Pr��sident Thiers, stn DW 1933, 24��40.7���S, 146��01.3���W, 500-850 m, 1 dd. ��� Recif Neilson, stn DW 1917, 27��03.3���S, 146��03.8���W, 50-60 m, 1 lv. ��� West of Tauna Is., ATELIER RAPA 2002, stn 16, 27��36.3���S, 144��18.4���W, 5 m, 1 dd. DISTRIBUTION. ��� The Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, from East Africa to Indonesia, including Eastern Arabia ���in corals��� (Bosch et al. 1995). Throughout the tropical Pacific Ocean (Cernohorsky 1972), including Hawaii (Kay 1979) and Easter Island (Rehder 1980), extending in the eastern Pacific to the Galapagos Islands (Finet 1994) and the American west coast (Keen 1971). From the New Caledonia area alive in 4-40 m (Oliverio 2008b). Austral Islands, empty shells in 5-500 m, living in 40- 50 m. REMARKS This is the type species of the genus Quoyula Iredale, 1912. It is here conservatively included in Coralliophila. The question of the valid name for this species is dealt with by Oliverio (2008b), who established date and authorship for the binomen Purpura monodonta. Larval shell characters somewhat variable, protoconch of 3.8-4.0 conical whorls, 650-690 ��m high and 700-720 ��m wide at the base (Oliverio 2008b). It lives on Pocillopora -like corals. Feeding activity was described by Guzm��n (1988). Relationships with Purpura porphyroleuca Crosse, 1870 (described from ���Polyn��sie��� (Crosse 1870): syntype in MNHN 0946, figured by Kosuge & Suzuki 1985: pl. 41 figs 3, 7) need to be ascertained. However, the present material is more concordant with the type material of Purpura monodonta., Published as part of Oliverio, Marco, 2009, Diversity of Coralliophilinae (Mollusca, Neogastropoda, Muricidae) at Austral Islands (South Pacific), pp. 759-789 in Zoosystema 31 (4) on page 768, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n4a2, http://zenodo.org/record/4520186, {"references":["BLAINVILLE H. 1832. - Disposition methodique des especes recentes et fossiles des genres Pourpre, Ricinule, Licorne et Concholepas de M. de Lamarck. Nouvelles Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle Paris 1: 189 - 263.","OLIVER W. R. B. 1915. - The Mollusca of the Kermadec Islands. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 47: 509 - 568.","KOSUGE S. & SUZUKI M. 1985. - Illustrated catalogue of Latiaxis and its related groups. Family Coralliophilidae. Institute of Malacology of Tokyo, Special Publications 1: 1 - 83.","BOSCH D. T., DANCE S. P., MOOLENBEEK R. G. & OLIVER P. G. 1995. - Seashells of Eastern Arabia. Motivate, Dubai.","LOZOUET P. & LE RENARD P. 1998. - Les Coralliophilidae, Gastropoda de l'Oligocene et du Miocene inferieur d'Aquitaine (Sud-Ouest de la France): systematique et coraux hotes. Geobios 31: 171 - 184.","TSUCHIYA K. 2000. - Superfamily Muricoidea, in OKUTANI T. (ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 365 - 422.","OLIVERIO M. 2008 b. - Coralliophilinae (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) from the south-west Pacific, in HEROS V., COWIE R., BOUCHET P. (eds), Tropical Deep Sea Benthos, volume 25. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 196: 451 - 555.","CERNOHORSKY W. O. 1972. - Marine Shells of the Pacific. 2. Pacific Publications, Sydney, 411 p., 68 pls.","KAY E. A. 1979. - Hawaiian Marine Shells. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii, Section 4: Mollusca. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Special Publication 64 (4): i-xviii, 1 - 653.","REHDER H. A. 1980. - The marine mollusks of Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Sala y Gomez. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 289: 1 - 167.","FINET Y. 1994. - The Marine Mollusks of the Galapagos Islands: a Documented Faunal List. Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Geneve, Recanati, 180 p.","KEEN A. M. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Second edition. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1064 p.","IREDALE T. 1912. - New generic names and new species of marine Mollusca. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 10: 217 - 228.","GUZMAN H. 1988. - Feeding activity of the corallivorous gastropod Quoyula monodonta (Blainville). Revista de Biologia Tropical 36 (2 A): 209 - 212.","CROSSE J. C. H. 1870. - Diagnoses Molluscorum Novorum. Journal de Conchyliologie 18: 302 - 303."]}