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In this study, we investigated the performance improvement caused by the addition of copper (Cu) nanoparticles to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix material. Composite materials, with filler percentages of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 wt% were synthesized through the material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing technique. The synthesized nanocomposite filaments were utilized for the manufacturing of specimens suitable for the experimental procedure that followed. Hence, we were able to systematically investigate their tensile, flexural, impact, and microhardness properties through various mechanical tests that were conducted according to the corresponding standards. Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy was used to investigate the electrical/dielectric properties of the composites. Moreover, by employing means of Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) we were also able to further investigate their vibrational, structural, and thermal properties. Concomitantly, means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used for the examination of the morphological and structural characteristics of the synthesized specimens, while energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDS) was also performed in order to receive a more detailed picture on the structural characteristics of the various synthesized composites. The corresponding nanomaterials were also assessed for their antibacterial properties regarding Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) with the assistance of a method named screening agar well diffusion. The results showed that the mechanical properties of HDPE benefited from the utilization of Cu as a filler, as they showed a notable improvement. The specimen of HDPE/Cu 4.0 wt% was the one that presented the highest levels of reinforcement in four out of the seven tested mechanical properties (for example, it exhibited a 36.7% improvement in the flexural strength, compared to the pure matrix). At the same time, the nanocomposites were efficient against the S. aureus bacterium and less efficient against the E. coli bacterium. The use of such multi-functional, robust nanocomposites in MEX 3D printing is positively impacting applications in various fields, most notably in the defense and security sectors. The latter becomes increasingly important if one takes into account that most firearms encompass various polymeric parts that require robustness and improved mechanical properties, while at the same time keeping the risk of spreading various infectious microorganisms at a bare minimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents 3D-printed micro-porous structures made of a Cu/PLA composite by using material extrusion 3D printing technology. A metallic filament made of 80% copper and 20% polylactic acid (PLA) was used for the 3D printing of the porous samples. We varied printing parameters, aiming to obtain a micro-range porosity that can serve as a water-filtering structure. The produced samples were analyzed from the aspects of dimensional accuracy, level of porosity, and capacity for water flow. Several samples were fabricated, and the water flow was exhibited for the samples with an approximate 100 µm size of the interconnected open porosity. The application of material extrusion 3D printing, as a cost-effective, widely available technology for producing micro-range porous structures, is still challenging, especially for interconnected predefined porosity with metal-based filaments. Our research showed that the optimization of 3D printing parameters can enable the fabrication of copper-based micro-porous structures, but further research is still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the performance improvement caused by the addition of copper (Cu) nanoparticles to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix material. Composite materials, with filler percentages of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 wt% were synthesized through the material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing technique. The synthesized nanocomposite filaments were utilized for the manufacturing of specimens suitable for the experimental procedure that followed. Hence, we were able to systematically investigate their tensile, flexural, impact, and microhardness properties through various mechanical tests that were conducted according to the corresponding standards. Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy was used to investigate the electrical/dielectric properties of the composites. Moreover, by employing means of Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) we were also able to further investigate their vibrational, structural, and thermal properties. Concomitantly, means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used for the examination of the morphological and structural characteristics of the synthesized specimens, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was also performed in order to receive a more detailed picture on the structural characteristics of the various synthesized composites. The corresponding nanomaterials were also assessed for their antibacterial properties regarding Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) with the assistance of a method named screening agar well diffusion. The results showed that the mechanical properties of HDPE benefited from the utilization of Cu as a filler, as they showed a notable improvement. The specimen of HDPE/Cu 4.0 wt% was the one that presented the highest levels of reinforcement in four out of the seven tested mechanical properties (for example, it exhibited a 36.7% improvement in the flexural strength, compared to the pure matrix). At the same time, the nanocomposites were efficient against the S. aureus bacterium and less efficient against the E. coli bacterium. The use of such multi-functional, robust nanocomposites in MEX 3D printing is positively impacting applications in various fields, most notably in the defense and security sectors. The latter becomes increasingly important if one takes into account that most firearms encompass various polymeric parts that require robustness and improved mechanical properties, while at the same time keeping the risk of spreading various infectious microorganisms at a bare minimum.

The problems of geoenvironmental consequences of mining operations are especially acute in the arctic and subarctic regions, where the spread of permafrost significantly reduces the buffering capacity of landscapes. The article presents data on the content of heavy metals in the soil cover of the transient zone between the middle taiga and north taiga landscapes of Western Yakutia under the conditions of mining operations and assesses the resistance of different types of soils to heavy metals pollution. Field and laboratory works were carried out in August 2022. The heavy metals content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Specialized software was used for analysis, such as MS Excel 2013, Statistica 12.0, and QGis 3.26.1. Calculation of organic forms of heavy metals in soil solutions was performed using the NICA-Donnan model. In the course of studies, the structure of the soil cover in the Nakyn kimberlite field in the conditions of the mining industrial complex operation was determined and a sketch map of the soil cover of the territory was compiled. The geochemical series of the studied heavy metals is as follows according to the degree of concentration of heavy metals in cryolithic soils: Pb > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > As > Hg. Positive correlations between humus and Cd, Pb, Zn, as well as the occurrence of synergism in the Pb–Cd, Zn–Pb, Zn–Cu pairs were revealed. The soils organic matter enhances migration of heavy metals. The man-made input of Ni and Zn in cryolithic soils will lead to increase of mobile fraction. Cd is more mobile in pale-yellow carbonate and cryogenic soils. The regional background level of heavy metals for these types of soils was calculated, which can be used in future works when the intensity of mining operations increases.

Heavy metal contamination is one of the key environmental complications. Due to some disadvantages of conventional methods, the use of active organisms is becoming more popular technique to remove it. In the present study, primarily 35 bacterial strains were discovered in metal containing media. After being identified resistance power to different copper concentrations (100–1000 mg/l), JRHM33 had the highest level of resistance up to 1000 mg/l of copper. Using the 16S rRNA sequencing, bacterial strain JRHM33 was discovered and revealed 99% similarity to pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sequencing and bioinformatics study using conserved domain analysis supported the laccase gene is present in JRHM33 and has classification as a member of the multicopper oxidase superfamily, which has reduction capacity of metal ions. Analysis of phenotype microarray (PM) technology provides an insight into the metabolic profiling of microbial cell into Pseudomonas aeruginosa JRHM33. Furthermore, Using the central composite design of response surface methodology (CCD-RSM), the successive optimization of the process parameters was attempted for the maximum reduction of the copper. Maximum 68.71% Cu reduction was achieved at 6.71 pH, 90.61 min of incubation time, 5 ml of inoculum size, and 113 rpm of agitation. The generated model has R2 value of 0.9834, indicating that the ANOVA gave it a very significant result. The findings of the validation experiment showed a remarkable similarity between the projected and experimental results. It is determined that bacterial strains isolated from metal-contaminated effluent employ their natural capacity to change toxic heavy metals into less harmful or nontoxic forms.

Heavy metal contamination is one of the key environmental complications. Due to some disadvantages of conventional methods, the use of active organisms is becoming more popular technique to remove it. In the present study, primarily 35 bacterial strains were discovered in metal containing media. After being identified resistance power to different copper concentrations (100–1000 mg/l), JRHM33 had the highest level of resistance up to 1000 mg/l of copper. Using the 16S rRNA sequencing, bacterial strain JRHM33 was discovered and revealed 99% similarity to pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sequencing and bioinformatics study using conserved domain analysis supported the laccase gene is present in JRHM33 and has classification as a member of the multicopper oxidase superfamily, which has reduction capacity of metal ions. Analysis of phenotype microarray (PM) technology provides an insight into the metabolic profiling of microbial cell into Pseudomonas aeruginosa JRHM33. Furthermore, Using the central composite design of response surface methodology (CCD-RSM), the successive optimization of the process parameters was attempted for the maximum reduction of the copper. Maximum 68.71% Cu reduction was achieved at 6.71 pH, 90.61 min of incubation time, 5 ml of inoculum size, and 113 rpm of agitation. The generated model has R² value of 0.9834, indicating that the ANOVA gave it a very significant result. The findings of the validation experiment showed a remarkable similarity between the projected and experimental results. It is determined that bacterial strains isolated from metal-contaminated effluent employ their natural capacity to change toxic heavy metals into less harmful or nontoxic forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents experimental evidence of a potential alteration in the spin configuration of a conducting channel induced by the proximity effect of a highly frustrated antiferromagnetic insulator. Dicopper chloride trihydroxide Cu2(OH)3Cl was employed as the highly frustrated antiferromagnetic insulator, while copper (Cu) served as the normal metal counterpart. Upon applying a voltage of 70 V to the sample volume, a copper conductive channel emerged within the antiferromagnetic insulator matrix. Literature reports indicate that Cu2(OH)3Cl undergoes two magnetic transitions at TN1 ~ 18 K and TN2 ~ 6.4 K. Notably, an increase in resistance was experimentally observed precisely at the magnetic transition temperatures of Cu2(OH)3Cl. This observation gains particular interest when considering the potential formation of a singlet state among the conductive channel spins influenced by the magnetism of Cu2(OH)3Cl. Consequently, speculation arises that frustration might act as a “glue,” facilitating the establishment of the singlet state within the conductive channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, p‐ch double‐gate (DG) poly‐Ge thin‐film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated at 385 or 400 °C on flexible plastic bonded to glass substrates. The TFTs were crystallized through metalinduced crystallization using copper (Cu‐MIC). They had an Ion/Ioff ratio of 6 × 103 and a mobility of 8.3 cm2/Vs after the plastic was peeled from the glass substrate. To verify the feasibility of these DG Cu‐MIC poly‐Ge TFTs for complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) on plastic substrates, n‐ch and p‐ch TFTs were fabricated on a glass substrate at 400 °C, which was a suitable temperature for a plastic substrate, and a CMOS inverter was operated after the TFTs were wired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution in Pekalongan waters is one of the environmental problems caused by the industrial city. Batik industry, the most common activity at Pekalongan, uses a lot of water and generates a lot of effluent because it involves an aqueous process when dyeing fabric. This wastewater, contains heavy metal contaminants like hexavalent chromium (Cr+6), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), generally finds its way to rivers that run across Pekalongan. The contamination level, spatial distribution, and transport simulation of copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) in water were investigated in the Loji and Banger rivers in Pekalongan, Indonesia. A two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model was constructed to simulate heavy metal concentrations in marine environment of Pekalongan City, Indonesia. The model's kinetic processes comprised air exchange, transportation, and deposition. Thus, Cu concentrations were below Indonesia's threshold, but Cr, especially in the river and outlet river, exceeded it. Both rivers have 0.002 mg/L Cu. Since water freely flows at Banger River Estuary, Cr concentration reach the highest in both rivers, 0.1056 mg/L. The evaluation findings and the numerical Cu and Cr calculation model created in this work have important research ramifications for preventing and controlling heavy metal pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial activities in coastal areas can produce pollutant substances that are detrimental to the ecological environment. This study aimed to assess the ecological risks of heavy metal pollution in water, sediments, and polychaeta (Neoleanira tetragona) affected by aquaculture, urban rivers, and ports. Water parameters such as temperature, DO, pH, and salinity were measured in situ at fifteen observation stations. Samples were taken at three locations around the aquaculture area, namely the Barong River, the Musi River Estuary as an urban river area, and Tanjung Api-api port in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Analysis of sediment grain size and substrate types using the method of Shepard's triangle Heavy metal concentrations were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Then, the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey statistical analysis. Ecological risk assessment uses the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Index Geoaccumulation (Igeo), Contamination Factor (Cf), and Pollution Load Index (PLI). Based on the results, the concentration of heavy metal Pb in water was not detected until 0.625 mg/L, and Cu was not detected. Furthermore, Pb in sediments was 1.261–11.070 mg/kg, Cu was 0.193–19.300 mg/kg, Pb polychaeta was not detected until 0.0044 mg/kg, and Cu ranged from 0.0003–0.0014 mg/kg. Ecological risk assessment for BCF showed that the level of accumulation of polychaeta (N. tetragona) was categorized as an excluder (BCF < 1). Igeo and Cf indicate uncontaminated pollution levels (Igeo < 0) and low contamination (Cf < 1). Meanwhile, the Pollution Load Index is included in the non-polluted category (PLI

Legionellapneumophila is a persistent opportunistic pathogen that poses a significant threat to domestic water systems. Previous studies suggest that copper (Cu) is an effective antimicrobial in water systems. A rapid and sensitive quantification method is desired to optimize the conditions of L. pneumophila treatment by Cu and to better understand the interaction mechanisms between Cu and cells. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive single cell (SC)-ICP-MS method to monitor L. pneumophila cell concentration and track their uptake of Cu. The SC-ICP-MS method showed excellent sensitivity (with a cell concentration detection limit of 1000 cells/mL), accuracy (good agreement with conventional hemocytometry method), and precision (relative standard deviation < 5%) in drinking water matrix. The cupric ions (Cu2+) treatment results indicated that the total L. pneumophila cell concentration, Cu mass per cell, colony-forming unit counting, and Cu concentration in supernatant all exhibited a dose-dependent trend, with 800–1200 µg/L reaching high disinfection rates in drinking water. The investigation of percentages of viable and culturable, viable but nonculturable (VBNC), and lysed cells suggested there always were VBNC present at any Cu concentration. Experimental results of different Cu2+ treatment times further suggested that L. pneumophila cells developed an antimicrobial resistant mechanism with the prolonged Cu exposure. This is the first quantification study on the interactions of Cu and L. pneumophila in drinking water using SC-ICP-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents 3D-printed micro-porous structures made of a Cu/PLA composite by using material extrusion 3D printing technology. A metallic filament made of 80% copper and 20% polylactic acid (PLA) was used for the 3D printing of the porous samples. We varied printing parameters, aiming to obtain a micro-range porosity that can serve as a water-filtering structure. The produced samples were analyzed from the aspects of dimensional accuracy, level of porosity, and capacity for water flow. Several samples were fabricated, and the water flow was exhibited for the samples with an approximate 100 µm size of the interconnected open porosity. The application of material extrusion 3D printing, as a cost-effective, widely available technology for producing micro-range porous structures, is still challenging, especially for interconnected predefined porosity with metal-based filaments. Our research showed that the optimization of 3D printing parameters can enable the fabrication of copper-based micro-porous structures, but further research is still needed.

This study investigates the effects of different shape factors of nanoparticles and thermal transfer on the velocity and thermal profiles of the MHD nanofluid flow. Here the MHD fluid flow problem is considered with multiple forms of nanoparticles having the volume fractions as an uncertain parameter using a triangular fuzzy number ranging from 0 to 4 % . A novel generalised double parametric-based fuzzy homotopy analysis method is employed to examine the effects of the different shapes of nanoparticles on the fuzzy velocities and temperature profiles in both convergent and divergent channels. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach has been validated by comparing the obtained results with the available numerical results in crisp cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian camphorweed (Pluchea indica (L.) Less.) is used as herbal tea due to the presence of volatile aromatic oils and several phytochemical compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of copper (Cu) contamination on the physiology and morphology of P. indica, and the health risks associated with its consumption as tea. The cuttings of P. indica were subjected to 0 mM (control), 5 mM (low Cu), and 20 mM (excess Cu) of CuSO4 treatments for 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Thereafter, Cu contamination as well as physiological and morphological parameters were assessed. Cu accumulation was higher in the root tissues of plants (25.8 folds higher as compared to the leaves) grown under 20 mM CuSO4 for 4 weeks. This increased Cu accumulation resulted in the inhibition of root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight. Cu concentration was found maximum (1.36 μg g−1 DW) in the leaf tissues under 20 mM Cu exposure for 4 weeks, with the highest target hazard quotient (THQ = 1.85), whereas Cu was not detected in control. Under exposure to 20 mM Cu treatment for 4 weeks, leaf greenness, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, and photon yield of photosystem II diminished by 21.4%, 16.1%, and 22.4%, respectively, as compared to the control. Leaf temperature was increased by 2.5 °C, and the crop stress index (CSI) exceeded 0.6 when exposed to 20 mM Cu treatment for 2 and 4 weeks; however, the control had a CSI below 0.5. This led to a reduced transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. In addition, the net photosynthetic rate was also found sensitive to Cu treatment, which resulted in decreased shoot and root growth. Based on the key results, it can be suggested that P. indica herbal tea derived from the foliage of plants grown under a 5 mM Cu level (0.75 μg g−1 DW) with a target hazard quotient below one aligns with the recommended dietary intake of Cu in leafy vegetables. The study recommends choosing cuttings from plants with a small canopy as plant material in the greenhouse microclimates to validate the growth performance in the Cu-contaminated soil and simulate the natural shrub architecture and life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu)-containing single-source precursors (SSPs) for the preparation of SiCuCN-based ceramic nanocomposites were successfully synthesized for the first time using polysilazane (PSZ), copper(II) acetate monohydrate (CuAc), and 2-aminoethanol via nucleophilic substitution reactions at silicon (Si) centers of PSZ. The synthesis process, polymer-to-ceramic transformation, and high-temperature microstructural evolution of the prepared ceramics were characterized. Dielectric properties and electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing performance of the ceramics were investigated as well. The results show that the polymer-to-ceramic transformation finishes at ca. 900 ℃, and Cu nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed in a SiCN matrix, forming a SiCN/Cu nanocomposite. After annealing at 1200 ℃, the Cu nanoparticles completely transform into copper silicide (Cu3Si). Interestingly, the thermal stability of the Cu nanoparticles can be strongly improved by increasing the free carbon content, so that a part of metallic Cu nanoparticles can be detected in the ceramics annealed even at 1300 ℃, forming a SiCN/Cu/Cu3Si/C nanocomposite. Compared with SiCN, the SiCuCN-based nanocomposites exhibit strongly enhanced dielectric properties, which results in outstanding EMW absorbing performance. The minimum reflection coefficient (RCmin) of the SiCN/Cu/Cu3Si/C nanocomposites annealed at 1300 ℃ achieves −59.85 dB with a sample thickness of 1.55 mm, and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) broadens to 5.55 GHz at 1.45 mm. The enhanced EMW absorbing performance can be attributed to an in situ formed unique network, which was constructed with Cu and Cu3Si nanoparticles connected by ring-like carbon ribbons within the SiCN matrix.

This study aims to determine the concentration of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) inseaweed Codium fragile and is expected to add information about copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) which accumulates inseaweed C. fragile in Puntondo waters. , Takalar Regency. This research was conducted from January to August 2021, located in Puntondo waters, Takalar Regency. This research method collects data in the form of seaweed samples from the field and seaweed obtained from seaweed sales. Data analysis was carried out using the One Way Anova test with a further test of LSD (Least Significant Difference). The results of this study indicate that the metal content of copper (Cu) at each research station in seawater and C. fragile samples has passed the threshold, while the content of lead (Pb) at each station in seawater and C. fragile samples has not passed the threshold based on PP No. 22 of 2021 (

Copper (Cu), one of the heavy metals, plays a vital role in many complex biochemical reactions as a trace element. However, it often becomes toxic when its concentration in the cell exceeds a certain level. Homeostasis of metals in the cell is primarily related to regulating metal transport into and out of the cell. Therefore, it is thought that porin proteins, which have a role in membrane permeability, may also play a role in developing Cu resistance. This study identified the differences between the molecular profiles of wild-type Escherichia coli W3110 and its seven different porin mutants exposed to Cu ions using attenuated total reflectance (ATR)–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the absence of porin genes elicits global changes in the structure and composition of membrane lipids and proteins, in both the absence and presence of Cu. The lack of porin genes significantly elevated the amounts of fatty acids and phospholipids. When the alterations in protein secondary structures were compared, the quantity of amide I proteins was diminished by the presence of Cu. However, the amount of amide II proteins increased in porin mutant groups independent of Cu presence or absence. The DNAs are transformed from B- and Z-form to A-form due to porin mutations and the presence of Cu ions. The lack of porin genes increased polysaccharide content independent of Cu presence. This study can help characterize Cu detoxification efficiency and guide for obtaining active living cells to be used in bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology, an emerging and promising therapeutic tool, may improve the effectiveness of phototherapy (PT) in antitumor therapy because of the development of nanomaterials (NMs) with light-absorbing properties. The tumor-targeted PTs, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), transform light energy into heat and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that accumulate at the tumor site. The increase in ROS levels induces oxidative stress (OS) during carcinogenesis and disease development. Because of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) feature of copper (Cu), a vital trace element in the human body, Cu-based NMs can exhibit good near-infrared (NIR) absorption and excellent photothermal properties. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), Cu2+ combines with H2O2 to produce O2 that is reduced to Cu1+ by glutathione (GSH), causing a Fenton-like reaction that reduces tumor hypoxia and simultaneously generates ROS to eliminate tumor cells in conjunction with PTT/PDT. Compared with other therapeutic modalities, PTT/PDT can precisely target tumor location to kill tumor cells. Moreover, multiple treatment modalities can be combined with PTT/PDT to treat a tumor using Cu-based NMs. Herein, we reviewed and briefly summarized the mechanisms of actions of tumor-targeted PTT/PDT and the role of Cu, generated from Cu-based NMs, in PTs. Furthermore, we described the Cu-based NMs used in PTT/PDT applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of organic acids towards the extraction of both Cu and Cr from the Cu–Cr spent catalyst was investigated. A series of organic acid such as acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, ascorbic acid and tartaric acid were adopted, and after screening, acetic acid showed a profound effect on dissolution of either of the metals over other green reagents. The spent catalyst was characterized by XRD and SEM–EDAX to confirm the existence of the oxide phase due to both Cu and Cr metals. For efficient dissolution of metals, the critical parameters such as agitation speed, acetic acid concentration, temperature, particle size, as well as S/L ratio affecting on it was systematically investigated. It was observed that at approximately 99.99% of Cu along with 62% of Cr was extracted at the optimised conditions (agitation speed: 800 rpm, 1.0 M CH3COOH, 353 K temperature, particle size of (75–105) µm and S/L: 2% (W/V). The leach residue obtained after the first stage of leaching was analysed by SEM-EDAX and XRD, indicating no peaks due to the presence of Cu ensures complete dissolution of Cu at the optimum conditions. Further, to attain the quantitative leaching yield of Cr, the leach residue obtained after the first stage was sequentially investigated using varied acetic acid concentration and temperature. Leaching kinetics was established based on obtained results at the varied operating parameters, and it revealed support for fitting a model of the leaching data to the shrinking core chemical control model (R2 = 0.99) for both metals (Cu and Cr). The activation energy determined to be 34.05 kJ mol−1 and 43.31 kJ mol−1 for Cu and Cr, respectively, validates the proposed leaching kinetics mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) is a vital trace element for maintaining human health. Current evidence suggests that genes responsible for regulating copper influx and detoxification help preserve its homeostasis. Adequate Cu levels sustain normal cardiac and blood vessel activity by maintaining mitochondrial function. Cuproptosis, unlike other forms of cell death, is characterized by alterations in mitochondrial enzymes. Therapeutics targeting cuproptosis in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) mainly include copper chelators, inhibitors of copper chaperone proteins, and copper ionophores. In this review, we expound on the primary mechanisms, critical proteins, and signaling pathways involved in cuproptosis, along with its impact on CVDs and the role it plays in different types of cells. Additionally, we explored the influence of key regulatory proteins and signaling pathways associated with cuproptosis on CVDs and determined whether intervening in copper metabolism and cuproptosis can enhance the outcomes of CVDs. The insights from this review provide a fresh perspective on the pathogenesis of CVDs and new targets for intervention in these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) also known as demyelinating disease, is a condition in which the insulating coverings of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This injury impairs the nervous system's ability to transfer messages, resulting in a variety of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and psychiatric issues. Double vision, blindness in one eye, muscle weakness, and problems with sensation or coordination are all possible symptoms. MS comes in a variety of ways, with new symptoms appearing in isolated attacks (relapsing forms) or gradually over time (progressive forms), the progressive forms symptoms may go away completely between attacks. The exact cause is unknown. Objective To determine trace elements (zinc and copper) and discuss their relation and effect on MS patients. Methods The study was performed during the period March 2021 to August 2021, involved 50 samples divided into two groups the first 25 samples from normal individuals (16 males and 9 females) and the second 25 sample of MS patients (12 males and 13 females) collected with help of (Sa'ad Al-Watrai Hospital), (Neuroscience Hospital) in Baghdad City. Samples obtained as serum due to venipuncture considering that patients did not use any treatment during the period of samples collection that may affect analysis results other feature like age, gender and other chronic disease has been recorded in this study. Results The patients with progressive MS disease showed significant higher copper level than nonprogressive MS patients and control samples, when we compare it with control group p = <0.0001. Also, patients with non-progressive MS disease showed a lower zinc level compared with progressive MS and control samples (p =0.005 and p = 0.001) respectively. Conclusion The level of serum copper in progressive MS patients is higher than both healthy people and nonprogressive MS patients. Additionally, it showed a lower zinc level in non-progressive than progressive MS patients. Therefore, this study showed a success to compare trace elements level (Zinc and Copper) between progressive and non-progressive MS patients. Also, discriminate between healthy people samples and MS patient's samples has been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of sewage and wastewater pollution on marine ecosystems is of increasing concern due to the rapid accumulation of heavy metals in seaweeds inhabiting near-shore environments. Seaweeds can be severely damaged by heavy metals throughout their life cycles. Although the physiological and ecological effects of heavy metal exposure have been studied, there is limited research on their molecular responses. Ulva pertusa is a prevalent seaweed species in South Korea and is ecologically significant in coastal ecosystems. We utilized high-throughput RNA sequencing to analyze changes in the transcriptome profiles of U. pertusa under low concentrations of heavy metals (MPS) and high concentrations of copper (MPS-Cu) and cadmium (MPS-Cd). Differential gene expression analysis revealed that 53 (control vs. MPS), 27 (MPS vs. MPS-Cd), and 725 (MPS vs. MPS-Cu) genes were expressed differentially. Differentially expressed genes identified in our study included those with protective roles against oxidative stress and those involved in metal transport to the vacuole. Furthermore, exposure to heavy metal stress had a negative impact on the photosynthetic apparatus structural proteins of U. pertusa, resulting in photosynthetic inhibition. Moreover, exposure to high concentrations of copper resulted in the activation of carbon-related metabolism. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying heavy metal toxicity in U. pertusa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Neural and cognitive processes require zinc and copper homeostasis and a normal zinc/copper ratio. Ceruloplasmin, an intrinsic antioxidant protein, maintains copper homeostasis, which might also influence autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD children are frequently reported with altered levels of these elements with wide geographical variations. This study evaluated any alteration in plasma zinc, copper, zinc/copper ratio and serum ceruloplasmin levels in Bangladeshi ASD children with respect to healthy controls. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 67 children aged 2 to 9 years of both sexes. Among them, 35 had ASD, while 32 were age, sex and body mass index (BMI) matched apparently healthy children. Plasma zinc and copper levels were estimated by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Serum ceruloplasmin levels were estimated by the immunoturbidimetric method. Zinc and zinc/copper ratio in the 2–9 years old ASD children group were significantly lower (p=0.032 and p=0.002 respectively). On the other hand, copper (p=0.020) and ceruloplasmin (p = 0.045) levels were significantly higher than those of apparently healthy children. ASD was significantly associated with zinc deficiency (p=0.000) and copper toxicity (p=0.05). All children were again divided into 2–5 and 6–9 years age groups according to laboratory reference values for zinc and copper. Copper toxicity was significantly associated with ASD in the 2–5 years old age group (p=0.011), with a significant difference in plasma copper levels (p=0.009) and zinc/copper ratio (p=0.001) but not serum ceruloplasmin levels (p=0.110) compared to healthy controls. Serum ceruloplasmin was positively associated with plasma copper in ASD children of all age groups. This study shows that ASD in Bangladesh can be associated with low plasma zinc and high plasma copper and serum ceruloplasmin levels.

The differential transcriptomic responses of intestines in Bufo gargarizans tadpoles to Pb alone or in the presence of Cu were evaluated. Tadpoles were exposed to 30 μg/L Pb individually and in combination with Cu at 16 or 64 μg/L from Gosner stage (Gs) 26 to Gs 38. After de novo assembly, 105,107 unigenes were generated. Compared to the control group, 7387, 6937, and 11139 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the treatment of Pb + Cu0, Pb + Cu16, and Pb + Cu64, respectively. In addition, functional annotation and enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed substantial transcriptional reprogramming of diverse molecular and biological pathways were induced in all heavy metal treatments. The relative expression levels of genes associated with intestinal epithelial barrier and bile acids (BAs) metabolism, such as mucin2, claudin5, ZO-1, Asbt, and Ost-β, were validated by qPCR. This study demonstrated that Pb exposure induced transcriptional responses in tadpoles, and the responses could be modulated by Cu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casting compositions were developed for the first time based on phosphorus-containing polyol and hydroxyl-containing oligoethers in combination with melamine polyphosphate and copper orthohydrophosphate for the design of low-combustible foamed polyurethanes with an oxygen index of 32–36 vol %. It was found that, in the presence of CuHPO4⋅H2O, the smoke-developed index of developed FPUs under flame-combustion conditions decreased by 24% to 508 m2 kg–1. The obtained materials are characterized by a compressive strength of 120 kPa at 10% relative strain, which meets the requirements of GOST (State Standard) 56590–2015 and frost resistance up to 250 sequential freezing cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid structure comprised of Cu-BaTiO3-BP-graphene on a BK7 prism as a modified Kretschmann configuration for biosensing application is proposed and numerically analyzed using the transfer matrix method (TMM). Numerical results show that with appropriate optimization of the thickness of copper (Cu), barium titanate (BaTiO3), and the number of layers of 2D materials, the proposed sensor exhibited sensitivity and detection accuracy (DA) as high as 372 deg/RIU and 0.327/ deg, respectively. Here, the well-optimized utilization of BaTiO3, black phosphorus (BP), and graphene over Cu not only protects it from oxidation but also enhances the adsorption of biomolecules. Such enhanced performance would make the design have more applications in the field of biomolecular detection, such as pseudomonas bacteria, and in biosensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal stress can lead to many adverse effects that inhibit cellular processes at various levels of metabolism, causing a decrease in plant productivity. In response to environmental stressors, phenolic compounds fulfill significant molecular and biochemical functions in plants. Increasing the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in plants subjected to heavy metal stress helps protect plants from oxidative stress. A pot experiment was carried out to determine the effect of the accumulation of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) salts at concentrations of 200, 500, and 1000 ppm on seed germination, the activity of enzymes in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), along with the total phenol and flavonoid contents in seedlings of hybrid Triticum aestivum L. (winter wheat) cultivars. The accumulation of heavy metals, especially Cu, had a negative impact on the seed germination process. The cultivar "Hyacinth" reacted most strongly to heavy metal stress, which was confirmed by obtaining the lowest values of the germination parameters. Heavy metal stress caused an increase in the activity of PAL and TAL enzymes and an increase in the accumulation of phenolic compounds. Under the influence of Cu, the highest activity was shown in cv. "Hyvento" (especially at 200 ppm) and, due to the accumulation of Pb, in cv. "Hyacinth" (1000 ppm) and cv. "Hyking" (200 ppm). The cultivar "Hyking" had the highest content of phenolic compounds, which did not increase with the application of higher concentrations of metals. In other cultivars, the highest content of total phenols and flavonoids was usually observed at the lowest concentration (200 ppm) of the tested heavy metals, Cu and Pb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential element in plant nutrition, copper (Cu) can promote or inhibit plant growth depending on its concentration. However, the dose-dependent effects of copper, particularly on DNA damage associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, are much less understood. In this work, we analyzed the dual effect of Cu (5, 20, and 60 μM) on the reproductive performance of Arabidopsis plants. Whereas Cu5 promoted inflorescence initiation and increased kilo seed weight, two higher concentrations, Cu20 and Cu60, delayed inflorescence initiation and negatively affected silique size. Excess Cu also induced changes in cellular redox homeostasis, which was examined by in situ visualization and measurements of ROS, including superoxide (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and plasma membrane damage. The most dramatic increases in the production of O2•− and H2O2 along with increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and decreased activity of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were observed in roots with Cu60. Oxidative stress also modulated the expression levels of a number of genes involved in the DNA damage response (DDR), particularly those related to DNA repair. The Cu-induced chlorosis of Arabidopsis seedlings could be alleviated by exogenous addition of glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (Asc), as the chlorophyll content was significantly increased. Overall, internal homeostasis ROS and the associated DDR pathway and the corresponding scavenging mechanisms play a central role in the response of Arabidopsis to oxidative stress induced by inhibitory Cu concentrations. Our results have shown, for the first time, that the biphasic responses of Arabidopsis seedlings to increasing Cu concentrations involve different DNA damage responses and oxidative reactions. They provide the basis for elucidating the network of Cu-induced DDR-related genes and the regulatory mechanism of the complex ROS production and scavenging system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we synthesized and characterized the sol-gel derived strontium BGs (SrBG) based on the 58 S glass in which copper (Cu) (Cu-SrBGs) or cobalt (Co) (Co-SrBGs) ions were separately substituted with calcium (Ca). The phase composition and morphology of the synthesized BGs were assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analyses, respectively. The in vitro bioactivity of the glasses was evaluated over 14 days in simulated body fluid (SBF). The in vitro cellular assessments confirmed the cytocompatibility and osteogenic potential of the BGs. The amorphous phase (>92%) of the BGs was quantified before immersion in SBF. Hydroxyapatite (HAp)/calcium carbonate polymorph phases were detected on all BG surfaces after immersion in SBF. The Co-SrBGs exhibited higher compatibility and could promote bone nodule formation as compared with the other groups. In conclusion, Cu-/Co-SrBGs may be considered suitable candidates for in vivo bone tissue engineering.

The resistance spot welding (RSW) method was used to join aluminum alloy AA 1050 and copper alloy UNS C50100 sheets. Mechanical properties of the joints were examined. The influence of welding process parameters on tensile shear force of the joints was discussed. The design of experiments (DOE) method was used to analyze the influence of welding parameters on the mechanical properties of the joints. Three RSW parameters were used: welding current, squeeze time, and welding time. The results showed that the joint shear stress increased with increasing the welding current until a value of 12000 Amp. Then the shear stress decreased. The tensile shear stress increased with increasing the welding and squeeze time. As a consequence, it can be possible to weld copper with aluminum by RSW.

Coexistence of heavy metals in aquatic environments exert complex effects on amphibians. Here, the adverse effects of Pb (0.14 μM) combined with Cu at concentrations of 0, 0.25, and 1.0 μM were investigated in Bufo gargarizans tadpoles. Tadpoles were chronically exposed from Gosner stage (Gs) 26 to Gs 38, and morphology of tadpoles as well as intestinal histology and bacterial community were assessed. Our results indicated that Pb+Cu1.0 exposure induced significant retardation of somatic mass, total length, intestine mass, and intestine length as well as intestinal histological alterations. Pb+Cu0.25 and Pb+Cu1.0 exposure were associated with the loss of gut bacterial diversity. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were two dominant phyla in tadpoles independently of heavy metal exposure, but the abundance of Proteobacteria increased significantly in Pb+Cu1.0 group and Bacteroidetes decreased significantly in all treatment groups. Furthermore, functional prediction indicated that metabolic disorders were associated with Pb+Cu0.25 and Pb+Cu1.0 exposure. Overall, relative limited shifts in intestinal bacterial diversity, composition, and functionality caused by Pb+Cu0 exposure, while coexistence of Pb and Cu induced gut dysbiosis and might further cause disturbance of metabolic homeostasis. The findings of this study provide insights into the effects of Pb and Cu coexistence on the health of amphibians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the chemical engineering aspects for the preparation of highly active and stable nanocomposite photocatalysts based on N-doped TiO2. The synthesis is performed using titanium oxysulfate as a low-cost inorganic precursor and ammonia as a precipitating agent, as well as a source of nitrogen. Mixing the reagents under a control of pH leads to an amorphous titanium oxide hydrate, which can be further successfully converted to nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 through calcination in air at an increased temperature. The as-prepared N-doped TiO2 provides the complete oxidation of volatile organic compounds both under UV and visible light, and the action spectrum of N-doped TiO2 correlates to its absorption spectrum. The key role of paramagnetic nitrogen species in the absorption of visible light and in the visible-light-activity of N-doped TiO2 is shown using the EPR technique. Surface modification of N-doped TiO2 with copper species prevents its intense deactivation under highly powerful radiation and results in a nanocomposite photocatalyst with enhanced activity and stability. The photocatalysts prepared under different conditions are discussed regarding the effects of their characteristics on photocatalytic activity under UV and visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is an additive manufacturing process commonly used in medical applications. This work aims, for the first time in the literature, to extend and enhance the performance of a commercial medical-grade resin for the VPP process, with the development of nanocomposites, using Copper (Cu) nanoparticles as the additive at two different concentrations. The addition of the Cu nanoparticles was expected to enhance the mechanical properties of the resin and to enable biocidal properties on the nanocomposites since Cu is known for its antibacterial performance. The effect of the Cu concentration was investigated. The nanocomposites were prepared with high-shear stirring. Specimens were 3D printed following international standards for mechanical testing. Their thermal and spectroscopic response was also investigated. The morphological characteristics were examined. The antibacterial performance was evaluated with an agar well diffusion screening process. The experimental results were analyzed with statistical modeling tools with two control parameters (three levels each) and eleven response parameters. Cu enhanced the mechanical properties in all cases studied. 0.5 wt.% Cu nanocomposite showed the highest improvement (approximately 11% in tensile and 10% in flexural strength). The antibacterial performance was sufficient against S. aureus and marginal against E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango sudden death (MSD) or quick decline (QD) is the most destructive disease found in mango orchards of Pakistan and is characterized by collapse of the vascular system by Ceratocystis fimbriata and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Cultural practices, chemicals, and biological control are the most valuable tools for the management of MSD, but the role of micronutrient deficiencies has remained an area that is heavily ignored by the farming community. To study the impact of micronutrients, four mango orchards were selected at different locations where different combinations of micronutrients, i.e., Zinc (Zn), Boran (B), and Copper (Cu) in the form of Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4), Borax/Boric acid (H3BO3), and Copper Sulphate (CuSO4), were applied both foliar and in drench along with the recommended doses of Nitrogen: Phosphorous: Potassium (NPK), and Farmyard manure (FYM), respectively. The quantities of micronutrients were determined from the soil and leaves before and after application of the treatments. The impact of micronutrients was measured in terms of reduction in disease severity and increase in fruit yield. The results revealed that the application of all three micronutrients both in soil drench and in foliar form significantly decreased the disease severity at three locations and increased the yield in all four mango orchards. Application of ZnSO4 (0.8%), +H3BO3 (0.8%), +CuSO4 (0.5%) and as soil drench ZnSO4 (400 g) + Borax (200 g) + CuSO4 200 g plant−1 proved to be the best treatments, with an average of 12.88 and 14.03% reduction in disease severity and with an average yield of 128 and 119 kg, respectively. The application of micronutrients would be a promising solution in an integrated disease management program used to tackle MSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest ecosystems perform important forestry and ecological functions. However, mining and processing companies cause significant soil contamination by heavy metals, in particular, copper (Cu). The resistance of nine types and subtypes of forest soils of the dry and humid subtropics in the Greater Caucasus region to Cu contamination at concentrations of 100, 1000, and 10,000 mg/kg was evaluated for the first time following the most sensitive and informative biological (microbiological, biochemical, and phytotoxic) indicators via a laboratory simulation study. Contamination was simulated under laboratory conditions. The series of forest soils was established following their resistance to Cu pollution: brown leached soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) = brown typical soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) > brown carbonate soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) = sod-carbonate typical soils (Rendzic Leptosols Eutric) ≥ yellow soils (Albic Luvisols Abruptic) ≥ leached sod-carbonate soils (Rendzic Leptosols Eutric) > brown forest slightly unsaturated soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) > acid brown forest soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) > acid brown forest podzolized soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric). Regional environmentally safe standards for the Cu content in forest soils of the dry and humid subtropics of the Greater Caucasus were proposed: for brown typical soils, brown leached soils, brown carbonate soils, brown forest slightly unsaturated soils, sod-carbonate typical soils, leached sod-carbonate soils, and yellow soils, the rMPC was 100 mg/kg; for acid brown forest soils and acid brown forest podzolized soils, the rMPC was 70 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) increases every year; however, the impact of microelements on its underlying cause—atherosclerosis—is still unclear. Copper plays numerous regulatory roles in cardiovascular health and was suggested to influence the classic risk factors for CAD. The copper-to-zinc-ratio (Cu/Zn-ratio) reflects systemic oxidative stress–one of the factors in the complex pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Hair incorporates metal ions during its growth; thus, it reflects the metal exposure that occurred over the last 4–8 weeks. The aim of the presented study was to verify the association between Cu and Cu/Zn-ratio content and the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the hair of 133 patients who underwent coronary angiography due to suspected ACS. Additionally, association between Cu and Cu/Zn-ratio and selected risk factors for CAD was analyzed. Neither Cu nor Cu/Zn-ratio levels were associated with the occurrence of ACS, regardless of its type (UA/NSTEMI/STEMI). We did not find a significant association between Cu content in hair and risk factors for CAD. The Cu/Zn-ratio in hair was significantly correlated only with body mass index. The relationship of Cu content and Cu/Zn-ratio in hair with CAD, its risk factors and ACS appears to be complex and requires further well-designed research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic pollutants can have harmful impacts on ant morphology and physiology. We studied the occurrence of labial gland disease in Camponotus japonicus from two polluted areas (traffic pollution and industrial pollution) and one non-polluted area. We further analyzed the metal levels (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and morphological characteristics (head width, body mass, and other morphological traits) of both diseased and healthy workers. Our results showed that labial gland disease was only present in polluted areas, indicating that pollution stress makes ants more vulnerable to infections. Our research revealed that diseased ants in polluted areas accumulate higher levels of metals in their bodies and have lower dry weight and residual body mass compared to healthy ants in non-polluted environments, negatively impacting their development. We evaluated the importance of these elements and found that Cu has the greatest impact on the health risk of C. japonicus. Our study underscores the significant impact of environmental pollution on ant morphology and physiology and raises concerns about the broader ecological implications. [Display omitted] • We studied ants from industrially polluted, traffic-polluted, and non-polluted areas. • Labial gland disease was only found in the polluted areas. • Ants live in the polluted areas exhibited reduced heads and reduced body mass. • Copper (Cu) may be a potential factor affecting the disease of ants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology, an emerging and promising therapeutic tool, may improve the effectiveness of phototherapy (PT) in antitumor therapy because of the development of nanomaterials (NMs) with light-absorbing properties. The tumor-targeted PTs, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), transform light energy into heat and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that accumulate at the tumor site. The increase in ROS levels induces oxidative stress (OS) during carcinogenesis and disease development. Because of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) feature of copper (Cu), a vital trace element in the human body, Cu-based NMs can exhibit good near-infrared (NIR) absorption and excellent photothermal properties. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), Cu2+ combines with H2O2 to produce O2 that is reduced to Cu1+ by glutathione (GSH), causing a Fenton-like reaction that reduces tumor hypoxia and simultaneously generates ROS to eliminate tumor cells in conjunction with PTT/PDT. Compared with other therapeutic modalities, PTT/PDT can precisely target tumor location to kill tumor cells. Moreover, multiple treatment modalities can be combined with PTT/PDT to treat a tumor using Cu-based NMs. Herein, we reviewed and briefly summarized the mechanisms of actions of tumor-targeted PTT/PDT and the role of Cu, generated from Cu-based NMs, in PTs. Furthermore, we described the Cu-based NMs used in PTT/PDT applications.

In this work, for the first time, polyamide 12 (PA12) nanocomposites with binary inclusions in material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing were developed. The aim was to achieve an enhanced mechanical response with the addition of titanium nitride (TiN) and antibacterial performance with the addition of copper (Cu) or cuprous oxide (Cu2O), towards the development of multi-functional nanocomposite materials, exploiting the 3D printing process benefits. The prepared nanocomposites were fully characterized for their mechanical properties. The thermal properties were also investigated. Morphological characterization was performed with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial performance was investigated with an agar-well diffusion screening process. Overall, the introduction of these nanofillers induced antibacterial performance in the PA12 matrix materials, while at the same time, the mechanical performance was significantly increased. The results of the study show high potential for expanding the areas in which 3D printing can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of sewage and wastewater pollution on marine ecosystems is of increasing concern due to the rapid accumulation of heavy metals in seaweeds inhabiting near-shore environments. Seaweeds can be severely damaged by heavy metals throughout their life cycles. Although the physiological and ecological effects of heavy metal exposure have been studied, there is limited research on their molecular responses. Ulva pertusa is a prevalent seaweed species in South Korea and is ecologically significant in coastal ecosystems. We utilized high-throughput RNA sequencing to analyze changes in the transcriptome profiles of U. pertusa under low concentrations of heavy metals (MPS) and high concentrations of copper (MPS-Cu) and cadmium (MPS-Cd). Differential gene expression analysis revealed that 53 (control vs. MPS), 27 (MPS vs. MPS-Cd), and 725 (MPS vs. MPS-Cu) genes were expressed differentially. Differentially expressed genes identified in our study included those with protective roles against oxidative stress and those involved in metal transport to the vacuole. Furthermore, exposure to heavy metal stress had a negative impact on the photosynthetic apparatus structural proteins of U. pertusa, resulting in photosynthetic inhibition. Moreover, exposure to high concentrations of copper resulted in the activation of carbon-related metabolism. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying heavy metal toxicity in U. pertusa.

This study introduced binary nanoparticle (NP) inclusions into a biomedical-grade photosensitive resin (Biomed Clear-BC). Multi-functional, three-dimensional (3D) printed objects were manufactured via the vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing (AM) technique. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as one dimensional (1D) nanomaterial have been utilized for the mechanical reinforcement of the resin, while three different spherical NPs, namely copper NPs (nCu), copper oxide NPs (nCuO), and a commercial antimicrobial powder (nAP), endowed the antimicrobial character. The nanoparticle loading was kept constant at 1.0 wt.% to elucidate any synergistic effects as a function of the filler loading. Raman, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed the chemical/spectroscopic and thermal properties of the different manufactured samples. Scanning electron microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed the morphology of the samples. Mechanical properties revealed the reinforcement mechanisms, namely that BC/CNF (1.0 wt.%) exhibited a 102% and 154% enhancement in strength and modulus, respectively, while BC/CNF(1.0 wt.%)/AP(1.0 wt.%) exhibited a 95% and 101% enhancement, as well as an antibacterial property, which was studied using a screening agar well diffusion method. This study opens the route towards novel, multi-functional materials for vat photopolymerization 3D printing biomedical applications, where mechanical reinforcement and antibacterial performance are typically required in the operational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the utilization of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) for the deposition of metal layers, employing Ar + 2 % H 2 as the working gas. The research focuses on three distinct metals - silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni). Through the application of optical emission spectroscopy, significant peaks of Ar-related and hydrogen-alpha (H α) species are observed, accompanied by atomic characteristic emission lines specific to Ag, Cu, and Ni, respectively. The XRD examination indicates the successful deposition of metal layers onto the substrates, a confirmation supported by the EDS line scan. Examination of the surface morphology reveals that the metal particles have clustered together, creating a porous structure. The resistivity measurement obtains the values of 5.18, 3.81, and 9.21 μΩ-cm for Ag, Cu, and Ni layers, respectively. Moreover, the paper presents a proposed mechanism for depositing metallic conductive layers using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ), elucidating the complex processes inherent in this novel technique. • Metal deposition by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). • The reactive hydrogen species in 2 % H2/Ar mixture gas are produced. • A combination of the spray process and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: biological variation (BV); copper (Cu); selenium (Se); trace elements (TrEL); zinc (Zn) EN biological variation (BV) copper (Cu) selenium (Se) trace elements (TrEL) zinc (Zn) 533 542 10 03/11/22 20220301 NES 220301 Introduction Trace elements (TrEL) are essential components in maintaining the development and health of humans [[1]]. Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) have numerous and important metabolic functions including normal growth, immunological functions, energy metabolism, antioxidative systems etc. [[2]]. Biological variation (BV), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), trace elements (TrEL), zinc (Zn). [Extracted from the article]

We studied the effect of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on rat hair deposition of Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn). Four groups, each of eight of female Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g, were randomly distributed to (1) control (corn oil-based diet), (2) DEHP 20 (20 mg DEHP per kg body weight (bw), (3) DEHP 100 (100mg DEHP kg/bw, and (4) DEHP 500 (500 mg DEHP kg/bw). The diets were fed daily for 14 days by gastric gavage before the rats were sacrificed. Hair content of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn was analyzed with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. There were no significant effect of DEHP on hair Fe content. However, hair Cu, Mn, and Zn were increased after DEHP 20 exposure (p<0.001). After administering DEHP 100 and DEHP 500, both Mn and Zn were decreased (p<0.001), respectively. Hair deposition of Cu, Mn, and Zn was affected by DEHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]