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We describe the design and commissioning of a simple prototype, low-cost 10  μ m imaging instrument. The system is built using commercially available components including an uncooled microbolometer array as a detector. The incorporation of adjustable germanium reimaging optics rescale the image to the appropriate plate scale for the 2 m diameter Liverpool Telescope. From observations of bright Solar system and stellar sources, we demonstrate a plate scale of 0.75 arcsec per pixel and confirm the optical design allows diffraction limited imaging. We record a ∼10  |$\, {\rm per\, cent}$| photometric stability due to sky variability. We measure a 3σ sensitivity of 7 × 103 Jy for a single, ∼0.11 s exposure. This corresponds to a sensitivity limit of 3 × 102 Jy for a 60 s total integration. We present an example science case from observations of the 2019 January total lunar eclipse and show that the system can detect and measure the anomalous cooling rate associated with the features Bellot and Langrenus during eclipse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the last in a series revising the Nearctic Cybaeinae spider fauna (Araneae: RTA clade: Cybaeidae) exclusive of Cybaeozyga Chamberlin & Ivie. The forested habitats of the west coast of North America are home to a diverse array of endemic Cybaeinae spider taxa. Many of these have very restricted distributions, especially within an area of the western United States of America from the Olympic Peninsula of northwestern Washington to the northern half of the California Floristic Province of California, a well-known biodiversity hotspot. Here we revise the genus Cybaeina Chamberlin & Ivie recognizing three species: the type species Cybaeus minutus Banks (= Cybaeina minuta (Banks)), C. confusa Chamberlin & Ivie, and a single new species C. dixoni Bennett spec. nov. We describe Neocybaeina Bennett gen. nov. with type species Cybaeina xantha Chamberlin & Ivie (= Neocybaeina xantha (Chamberlin & Ivie) comb. nov.) and a single new species N. burnetti spec. nov. Finally we describe Rothaeina Bennett gen. nov. with type species Cybaeina sequoia Roth (= Rothaeina sequoia (Roth) comb. nov.) and four new species R. beaudini Bennett spec. nov., R. jamesi Bennett spec. nov., R. mackinleyi Bennett spec. nov., and R. petersoni Bennett spec. nov. In addition to descriptions of the genera and both sexes of their included species (except for N. burnetti spec. nov. and R. beaudini Bennett spec. nov. which are known from females only), we provide diagnoses, illustrations, distribution maps, and, for the three species of Cybaeina and the five of Rothaeina gen. nov., identification keys. In closing, we discuss conservation implications for this cryptic and infrequently collected group of western Nearctic Cybaeinae, several of which are short-range endemic species.

The forested habitats of the west coast of North America are home to a diverse array of endemic Cybaeinae spider taxa (Araneae: RTA clade: Cybaeidae). Most of those taxa have very restricted distributions within an area of the western United States of America from the Olympic Peninsula of northwestern Washington to the northern half of the Californian Floristic Province of California, a well-known biodiversity hotspot. Here we describe Pseudocybaeota Bennett gen. nov. with type species Cybaeus perditus Chamberlin Ivie (= Pseudocybaeota perdita (Chamberlin Ivie) comb. nov.) and including two new species, P. butterfieldi Bennett spec. nov. and P. tuberculata Bennett spec. nov. These rarely collected species are restricted to forested habitats in small areas of the coastal watersheds of the Olympic Peninsula (P. perdita comb. nov.), southern Curry and adjacent northern Del Norte Counties in Oregon and California, respectively (P. tuberculata spec. nov.), and Humboldt County in northwestern California (P. butterfieldi spec. nov.). In addition to descriptions of the genus and both sexes of its included species we provide diagnoses, illustrations, an identification key, and distribution maps for the species of this distinctive new genus.

North American species of the genus Cybaeus L. Koch (Araneae: RTA clade: Cybaeidae) are woodland spiders classified in Holarctic and Californian clades. Here, in the fifth and final paper in a series reviewing the six Californian clade species groups, we present eight species. Five species comprise the septatus group: Cybaeus chauliodous Bennett, C. lockeae Bennett spec. nov., C. septatus Chamberlin Ivie, C. somesbar Bennett, and C. viator Bennett spec. nov. The male of C. lockeae spec. nov. is unknown; the male of C. somesbar is newly described. As well, we recognize and review three Californian clade species (C. cribelloides Chamberlin Ivie, C. gidneyi Bennett, and C. irreverens Bennett spec. nov.) that we have been unable to place confidently in any of the six species groups. Descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and (for the members of the septatus group) an identification key are provided. Finally, we summarize the taxonomic status of all described North American species of Cybaeus and highlight some conservation concerns.

Species of North American Cybaeus L. Koch (Araneae: RTA clade: Cybaeidae) are moist-forest spiders classified in Holarctic and Californian clades. Here, in the fourth paper in a planned series reviewing the six Californian clade species groups, we review the species of the devius and tardatus groups. We recognize five species in the devius group (Cybaeus bilectus Bennett spec. nov., C. bryoncavus Bennett spec. nov., C. devius Chamberlin Ivie, C. echo Bennett spec. nov., and C. wilsonia Bennett spec. nov.) and four in the tardatus group (C. orarius Bennett spec. nov., C. piazzai Bennett spec. nov., C. tardatus Chamberlin, and C. topanga Bennett spec. nov.). All of these species are rarely encountered and have restricted distributions either in the central and southern Sierra Nevada Mountains of eastern California, U.S.A (devius group) or the southern coast of western California (tardatus group). Some of these species are likely endangered or already extinct; most have not been seen in many decades and none have been collected more recently than 1995. Descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and identification keys are provided as well as a discussion of conservation issues of relevance to the group.

Species of North American Cybaeus L. Koch (Araneae: RTA clade: Cybaeidae) are common moist-forest spiders classified in Holarctic and Californian clades. Here, in the third paper in a planned series reviewing the six Californian clade species groups, we review the species of the consocius group. We recognize nine species: Cybaeus consocius Chamberlin Ivie, C. hesper Chamberlin Ivie, C. hummeli Bennett spec. nov., C. opulentus spec. nov., C. pan Bennett spec. nov., C. penedentatus Bennett, C. simplex Roth, C. ubicki Bennett spec. nov., and C. vulpinus Bennett. Eight of these species have restricted distributions in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains of eastern California, U.S.A (C. opulentus, C. pan spec. nov., and C. vulpinus) or the central coast of western California (C. consocius, C. hesper, C. hummeli spec. nov., C. penedentatus, and C. ubicki spec. nov.); a single species (C. simplex), is relatively widely distributed in western Oregon, U.S.A. Descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and an identification key are provided as well as a discussion of conservation issues of relevance to the group.

Species of North American Cybaeus L. Koch (Araneae: RTA clade: Cybaeidae) are common moist-forest spiders classified in Holarctic and Californian clades. Here, in the second paper in a planned series reviewing the six Californian clade species groups, we review the species of the aspenicolens group. We recognize five species in two subgroups: the aspenicolens subgroup (Cybaeus aspenicolens Chamberlin Ivie, C. blasbes Chamberlin Ivie, and C. coylei Bennett spec. nov.) and the fraxineus subgroup (C. fraxineus Bennett spec. nov. and C. thermydrinos Bennett). The species of the aspenicolens group have very restricted distributions on the western slopes of the central and southern Sierra Nevada mountain range from Tuolumne County south to northern Kern County in east central California, U.S.A. Descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and an identification key are provided for the five species as well as a discussion of conservation issues of relevance to the group.

Cognitive side effects of anticholinergic medications in older adults are well documented. Whether these poor cognitive outcomes are observed in children has not been systematically investigated. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the associations between anticholinergic medication use and cognitive performance in children. Systematic review was conducted using Medline, PsychInfo, and Embase, identifying studies testing cognitive performance relative to the presence versus absence of anticholinergic medication(s) in children. We assessed effects overall, as well as relative to drug class, potency (low and high), cognitive domain, and duration of administration. The systematic search identified 46 articles suitable for meta-analysis. For the most part, random effects meta-analyses did not identify statistically significant associations between anticholinergic exposure and cognitive performance in children; the one exception was a small effect of anticholinergic anti-depressants being associated with better cognitive function (Hedges' g = 0.24, 95% CI 0.06-0.42, p = 0.01). Anticholinergic medications do not appear to be associated with poor cognitive outcomes in children, as they do in older adults. The discrepancy in findings with older adults may be due to shorter durations of exposure in children, differences in study design (predominantly experimental studies in children rather than predominantly epidemiological in older adults), biological ageing (e.g. blood brain barrier integrity), along with less residual confounding due to minimal polypharmacy and comorbidity in children.

Various undescribed Cybaeina Chamberlin Ivie (Araneae: Dictynoidea: Cybaeidae) and Cybaeina-like taxa are known from forested habitats in the west coast of North America. Most have very restricted ranges within the northern portion of the Californian Floristic Province, a well-known biodiversity hotspot. Here we describe Allocybaeina Bennett gen. nov. and its single included species, Allocybaeina littlewalteri Bennett spec. nov. This infrequently collected species is restricted to forested habitat in a small area of the coastal watersheds of southern Humboldt and western Mendocino Counties in northwestern California, U.S.A. In addition to descriptions we provide diagnoses, illustrations, a distribution map, and discuss conservation implications for this distinctive new genus and species.

Species of North American Cybaeus L. Koch (Araneae: Dictynoidea: Cybaeidae) are common moist-forest spiders classified in Holarctic and Californian clades. Here we review the adenes species group of the Californian clade. We recognize nine species: Cybaeus adenes Chamberlin Ivie, C. amicus Chamberlin Ivie, C. auburn Bennett spec. nov., C. grizzlyi Schenkel, C. pearcei Bennett spec. nov., C. reducens Chamberlin Ivie, C. sanbruno Bennett, C. schusteri Bennett spec. nov., and C. torosus Bennett spec. nov. The species of the adenes group have extremely restricted ranges in west central California from Sonoma and Napa Counties south to northern Monterey County and in east central California from Placer and El Dorado Counties. Descriptions, illustrations, range maps, and an identification key are provided for all species.

Species of North American Cybaeus L. Koch (Araneae: Dictynoidea: Cybaeidae) are classified in Holarctic and Californian clades. We review the Nearctic species of the Holarctic clade of these common moist-forest spiders. Twenty-one species grouped in informal tetricus (nine species) and angustiarum (twelve species) groups based on female genitalic characters are recognized, including four new species endemic to the western Nearctic: C. rothi Bennett sp. nov. (tetricus group) and C. charlesi Bennett sp. nov., C. harrietae Bennett sp. nov., and C. solanum Bennett sp. nov. (angustiarum group). Other Nearctic species in the tetricus group are C. cascadius Roth 1952, C. conservans Chamberlin & Ivie 1932, C. constrictus Chamberlin & Ivie 1942, C. eutypus Chamberlin & Ivie 1932, C. morosus Simon 1886, C. multnoma Chamberlin & Ivie 1942, C. paralypropriapus Bennett 2009, and C. waynei Bennett 2009. Other Nearctic species in the angustiarum group are C. bulbosus Exline 1935, C. giganteus Banks 1892, C. patritus Bishop & Crosby 1926, C. reticulatus Simon 1886, C. scopulatus Chamberlin & Ivie 1942, C. shoshoneus Chamberlin & Ivie 1932, C. signifer Simon 1886, C. silicis Barrows 1919, and C. sinuosus Fox 1937. Approximately half of the Nearctic Cybaeus species of the Holarctic clade are relatively widely distributed and frequently encountered; the remaining species have restricted ranges. Descriptions, illustrations, and range maps are provided for all species and identification keys are also included.

Smoking prevalence among Aboriginal Australian young people greatly exceeds the prevalence in the broader population of Australian young people, yet limited research has explored the social context in which young Aboriginal Australians smoke. Four focus groups were conducted in 2009 with South Australian Aboriginal smokers aged 15-29 years residing in urban areas (n = 32) to examine attitudes and experiences surrounding smoking and quitting. The primary reasons for smoking initiation and maintenance among Aboriginal Australian young people were identified as stress, social influence and boredom. Motivators for quitting were identified as pregnancy and/or children, sporting performance (males only), cost issues and, to a lesser extent, health reasons. The barriers to cessation were identified as social influence, the perception of quitting as a distant event and reluctance to access cessation support. However, it appears that social influences and stress were particularly salient contributors to smoking maintenance among Aboriginal Australian young people. Smoking cessation interventions targeted at young urban Aboriginal Australian smokers should aim to build motivation to quit by utilising the motivators of pregnancy and/or children, sporting performance (males only), cost issues and, to a lesser extent, health reasons, while acknowledging the pertinent role of social influence and stress in the lives of young urban Aboriginal Australian smokers.

Apostenus ducati sp. nov. is described from montane areas in or adjacent to the Columbia River basin of southeastern British Columbia in Canada and northern Washington and northwestern Montana in the United States. This is the second Nearctic species of this primarily Palaearctic genus. Unlike most liocranids, A. ducati apparently is restricted to open rocky habitats, such as talus and scree slopes, and on mountain peaks. Throughout most of its range, specimens occur in low numbers and populations are patchily distributed. Also, populations appear to be concentrated in the upper regions of the Flathead River watershed in British Columbia, an area of significant and competing ecological and economic values. Because of these factors, A. ducati is potentially a species of conservation concern.

Smoking prevalence among Indigenous Australians far exceeds that of non-Indigenous Australians and is considered the greatest contributor to burden of disease for Indigenous Australians. The Quitline is a primary intervention for facilitating smoking cessation and, given the health implications of tobacco use, maximising its effectiveness for Indigenous Australians is imperative. However, the utilisation and effectiveness of this service within the Indigenous Australian population has not been examined. This study explores the utilisation of the South Australian Quitline by smokers identifying as Indigenous Australian. Quitline counsellors collected data regarding demographic characteristics, and smoking and quitting behaviour from Quitline callers in 2010. Results indicated that the proportion of Indigenous and non-Indigenous smokers who registered for the service was comparable. Demographic variables and smoking addiction at time of registration with the Quitline were similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous callers. However, results indicated that Indigenous callers received significantly fewer callbacks than non-Indigenous callers and were significantly less likely to set a quit date. Significantly fewer Indigenous callers reported that they were still successfully quit at 3 months. Thus, Indigenous Australian callers may be less engaged with the Quitline and further research is required exploring whether the service could be tailored to make it more engaging for Indigenous Australians who smoke.