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AbstractWe analyze what ridehail drivers do when searching for paid fares. We use a dataset of 5.3 million trips in San Francisco and partition each search trip into cruising, repositioning, and parking segments. We find that repositioning accounts for nearly two-thirds (63%) of the time between trips, with cruising and parking accounting for 23% and 14% respectively (these figures exclude short trips). Our regression models suggest that drivers tend to make reasonable choices between repositioning and parking, heading to high-demand locations based on the time of day. However, we also find evidence of racial disparities, supporting previous studies of both taxis and ridehailing that indicate that drivers tend to avoid neighborhoods with high proportions of residents of color.

App-based ridehailing services such as Uber and Lyft have revolutionized urban travel. These services improve mobility and reduce demand for parking, but also increase vehicle travel and shift some trips away from walking and public transit.1 As a result, ridehailing has been the largest contributor to increased congestion in recent years in cities such as San Francisco.2 Ridehil services could also be contributing to traffic congestion and pollution when vehicles are out of service between paid rides. Drivers might cruise (circle around while waiting for the next paid ride) or reposition (move to another location in anticipation of the next ride request), both of which can exacerbate congestion and pollution. They might also park (either on- or off-street), which would reduce congestion and pollution but may affect parking and curbspace availability or interfere with other street activities such as drop-offs and deliveries. To gain a better understanding of ridehail driver behavior between paid rides, UC researchers evaluated over 5.3 million ridehail trips in San Francisco in November and December 2016. Each trip was divided into cruising, repositioning, and parking segments.

We analyze what ridehail drivers do when out of service between paid trips. We use a dataset of 5.3 million trips in San Francisco and partition each out of service trip into cruising, repositioning, and parking segments. We find that repositioning accounts for nearly two-thirds (63%) of the time between trips, with cruising and parking accounting for 23% and 14% respectively (these figures exclude short trips). Our regression models suggest that drivers tend to make reasonable choices between repositioning and parking, heading to high-demand locations based on the time of day. However, we also find suggestive evidence of racial bias, supporting previous studies of both taxis and ridehailing that indicate that drivers tend to avoid neighborhoods with high proportions of residents of color.

Aims: Several commercial and open‐source automated insulin dosing (AID) systems have recently been developed and are now used by an increasing number of people with diabetes (PwD). This systematic review explored the current status of real‐world evidence on the latest available AID systems in helping to understand their safety and effectiveness. Methods: A systematic review of real‐world studies on the effect of commercial and open‐source AID system use on clinical outcomes was conducted employing a devised protocol (PROSPERO ID 257354). Results: Of 441 initially identified studies, 21 published 2018–2021 were included: 12 for Medtronic 670G; one for Tandem Control‐IQ; one for Diabeloop DBLG1; two for AndroidAPS; one for OpenAPS; one for Loop; three comparing various types of AID systems. These studies found that several types of AID systems improve Time‐in‐Range and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with minimal concerns around severe hypoglycaemia. These improvements were observed in open‐source and commercially developed AID systems alike. Conclusions: Commercially developed and open‐source AID systems represent effective and safe treatment options for PwD of several age groups and genders. Alongside evidence from randomized clinical trials, real‐world studies on AID systems and their effects on glycaemic outcomes are a helpful method for evaluating their safety and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to determine if crosstalk among the transient receptor potential (TRP) melastatin 8 (TRPM8), TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor triad modulates VEGF-induced Ca2+ signaling in human corneal keratocytes. Using RT-PCR, qPCR and immunohistochemistry, we determined TRPV1 and TRPM8 gene and protein coexpression in a human corneal keratocyte cell line (HCK) and human corneal cross sections. Fluorescence Ca2+ imaging using both a photomultiplier and a single cell digital imaging system as well as planar patch-clamping measured relative intracellular Ca2+ levels and underlying whole-cell currents. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin increased both intracellular Ca2+ levels and whole-cell currents, while the antagonist capsazepine (CPZ) inhibited them. VEGF-induced Ca2+ transients and rises in whole-cell currents were suppressed by CPZ, whereas a selective TRPM8 antagonist, AMTB, increased VEGF signaling. In contrast, an endogenous thyroid hormone-derived metabolite 3-Iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) suppressed increases in the VEGF-induced current. The TRPM8 agonist menthol increased the currents, while AMTB suppressed this response. The VEGF-induced increases in Ca2+ influx and their underlying ionic currents stem from crosstalk between VEGFR and TRPV1, which can be impeded by 3-T1AM-induced TRPM8 activation. Such suppression in turn blocks VEGF-induced TRPV1 activation. Therefore, crosstalk between TRPM8 and TRPV1 inhibits VEGFR-induced activation of TRPV1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although commercially developed automated insulin delivery (AID) systems have recently been approved and become available in a limited number of countries, they are not universally available, accessible, or affordable. Therefore, open-source AID systems, cocreated by an online community of people with diabetes and their families behind the hashtag #WeAreNotWaiting, have become increasingly popular., Objective: This study focused on examining the lived experiences, physical and emotional health implications of people with diabetes following the initiation of open-source AID systems, their perceived challenges, and their sources of support, which have not been explored in the existing literature., Methods: We collected data from 383 participants across 29 countries through 2 sets of open-ended questions in a web-based survey on their experience of building and using open-source AID systems. Narratives were thematically analyzed, and a coding framework was identified through iterative alignment., Results: Participants consistently reported improvements in glycemia, physical health, sleep quality, emotional impact on everyday life, and quality of life. Knowledge of open-source AID systems was largely obtained through the #WeAreNotWaiting community, which was also the primary source of practical and emotional support. The acquisition of the components to build an open-source AID system and the technical setup were sometimes problematic., Conclusions: The #WeAreNotWaiting movement represents a primary example of how informed and connected patients proactively address their unmet needs, provide peer support to each other, and obtain results through impactful, user-driven solutions. Alongside providing evidence on the safety and efficacy of open-source AID systems, this qualitative analysis helps in understanding how patients' experiences and benefits range from psychosocial improvements to a reduction in the burden of managing diabetes., International Registered Report Identifier (irrid): RR2-10.2196/15368., (©Bryan Cleal, Yanbing Chen, Mandy Wäldchen, Hanne Ballhausen, Drew Cooper, Shane O'Donnell, Christine Knoll, Niklas Krug, Klemens Raile, Tebbe Ubben, Adrian Tappe, Dana Lewis, Ingrid Willaing, Timothy Skinner, Katarina Braune. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 06.01.2025.)

This study was undertaken to determine if crosstalk among the transient receptor potential (TRP) melastatin 8 (TRPM8), TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor triad modulates VEGF-induced Ca 2+ signaling in human corneal keratocytes. Using RT-PCR, qPCR and immunohistochemistry, we determined TRPV1 and TRPM8 gene and protein coexpression in a human corneal keratocyte cell line (HCK) and human corneal cross sections. Fluorescence Ca 2+ imaging using both a photomultiplier and a single cell digital imaging system as well as planar patch-clamping measured relative intracellular Ca 2+ levels and underlying whole-cell currents. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin increased both intracellular Ca 2+ levels and whole-cell currents, while the antagonist capsazepine (CPZ) inhibited them. VEGF-induced Ca 2+ transients and rises in whole-cell currents were suppressed by CPZ, whereas a selective TRPM8 antagonist, AMTB, increased VEGF signaling. In contrast, an endogenous thyroid hormone-derived metabolite 3-Iodothyronamine (3-T 1 AM) suppressed increases in the VEGF-induced current. The TRPM8 agonist menthol increased the currents, while AMTB suppressed this response. The VEGF-induced increases in Ca 2+ influx and their underlying ionic currents stem from crosstalk between VEGFR and TRPV1, which can be impeded by 3-T 1 AM-induced TRPM8 activation. Such suppression in turn blocks VEGF-induced TRPV1 activation. Therefore, crosstalk between TRPM8 and TRPV1 inhibits VEGFR-induced activation of TRPV1.