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Additional file 2.

Pycnomerus agtsteinicus Bukejs, Alekseev & McKellar sp. nov. (Figs 1���3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5BDD33E3-D9FB-492E-B87E-525ADA5D7CFF Type material. Holotype: collection number 273-2 [CCHH], adult, female (submentum without setose pit). Complete beetle with partially exposed hind wings, included in small, transparent yellow amber piece embedded in block of GTS-polyester resin with dimensions 13��10�� 4.5 mm. Syninclusions consist of few stellate Fagaceae trichomes, and few small pieces of organic material. Type strata. Baltic amber, mid-Eocene to Upper Eocene. Type locality. Baltic Sea coast, Yantarny settlement (formerly Palmnicken), Kaliningrad region, Russia. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the amber source and is derived from the Upper German word for amber, ���der Agtstein���. Differential diagnosis. Pycnomerus agtsteinicus sp. nov. differs from P. simukovi Alekseev, described from Baltic amber, in the following morphological characters: (1) anterior portion of head with oblong pits (rounded pits in P. simukovi); (2) pronotum more transverse, 1.2�� as wide as long (0.9�� as wide as long in P. simukovi); (3) antennomere 11 transverse, rounded apically, and almost as wide as antennomere 10 (oblong, tapered, and distinctly narrower than antennomere 10 in P. simukovi); (4) scutellar shield more transverse, 2.6�� as wide as long (1.5�� as wide as long in P. simukovi); (5) sparser punctation of head and pronotum; (6) pronotum behind anterior angles more widely rounded (pronotal sides more parallel and almost straight within anterior one-third of length in P. simukovi); and (7) ventrite 5 longer than ventrite 4 (ventrite 5 shorter than ventrite 4 in P. simukovi). Differences between P. agtsteinicus sp. nov. and subfossils of extinct P. rimatara and P. prebblei include the following combination of characters: (1) anterior portion of head with oblong pits; (2) pronotum more transverse; (3) flattened pronotal disc; (4) pronotal lateral margins without crenulation; and (5) habitus distinctly wider. The newly described fossil species can be easily distinguished from the modern European natives Pycnomerus italicus and P. sulcicollis based on its non-reduced, 11-segmented antennae; and lack of deep, paired, longitudinal impressions on pronotal disc. It can be distinguished from P. terebrans and P. inexpectus based upon reduced anterior pronotal angles, distinctly 2-segmented antennal club, and elytral apices that are not flattened. Additionally, the new species differs from P. inexpectus in possessing pronotal disc without shallow impressions, and from P. terebrans in possessing pronotal sides that are not explanate. Description. Body length 3.1 mm, maximum width 1.0 mm; body shape elongated, parallel-sided, dorsoventrally flattened; body shiny, unicolor, ferruginous (as preserved), glabrous. Head prognathous, retracted into prothorax up to posterior margins of eyes, nearly as long as wide, with indistinct subantennal grooves; covered with small and dense punctation; distance between punctures about 1.0��� 3.0�� diameter of one puncture, punctures slightly smaller and denser in anterior portion of head, and interspaces glabrous; anterior portion of head with pair of oblong pits dorsally. Clypeus with widely and shallowly concave anterior margin. Compound eyes large, oval, slightly convex, entire, apparently without interfacetal setae, with distinct facets; each facet about as large as one head puncture (in posterior portion of head). Distance between compound eyes dorsally nearly equal to 5�� transverse diameter of one eye. Mandibles bidentate apically. Submentum without setose pit. Antennae with 11 antennomeres, clavate, with distinct 2-segmented club, stout, short, reaching middle of pronotum, covered with fine, sparse, erect to semierect setation; antennomeres transverse; scape about 1.1�� as wide and 0.8�� as long as pedicel; antennomeres 3���9 subequal in size and shape; antennomere 9 about 2.7�� as wide as long; antennomere 10 about 2�� as wide as long, and 1.6�� as wide as antennomere 9; antennomere 11 about 1.2�� as wide as long, with widely rounded apex, and slightly narrower than antennomere 10. Pronotum transverse, 1.2�� as wide as long, widest in anterior one-fourth of pronotal length; pronotal disc flat; covered with small, sparse punctures. Lateral margins of pronotum apparently smooth, almost straight, slightly converging posterior to widest point, becoming rounded posterolaterally, with narrow bordering; anterior margin or pronotum slightly concave, apparently without bordering, unmodified; posterior margin convex, with narrow bordering. Anterior angles acute, slightly protruding; posterior angles widely rounded. Scutellar shield small, elongated oval, transverse, about 2.6�� as wide as long. Elytra elongated oval, parallel-sided, flattened, about 2.1�� as long as wide, with distinct humeri. Each elytron with 10 deep striae; striae distinct throughout entire length of elytron; interstrial intervals distinctly wider than stria, and convex, with sparse, minute punctures; scutellary striole absent. Macropterous. Pro- and metaventrite with large, sparse, rounded punctures (similar to punctures of ventrite 1, and larger than pronotal punctation); hypomeron without antennal cavities; prosternal intercoxal process wide, distinctly wider than diameter of procoxa, expanded in apical portion. Legs short, robust, with sparse and fine punctation. Procoxal cavities externally closed. Procoxae globose; meso- and metacoxae oval, transverse; all coxae widely separated by more than one transverse diameter of coxa. Femora clavate; tibiae dilated apically, almost straight, slightly longer than femora, with two apical spines at inner margin. Tarsi nearly as long as tibia, without dense setae ventrally, with few semierect setae; tarsal formula 4-4-4. Relative length ratios of metatarsomeres 1���4 equal to 5:3:3:7. Claws thin, free, simple. Abdomen with five visible ventrites; abdominal sutures distinct throughout length; ventrites 1���3 more solidly fused together than ventrites 4���5; ventrites 1���4 with large, sparse punctures, and distance between punctures about 0.5���3.0�� diameter of one puncture; ventrite 5 without preapical groove, covered with large and distinctly denser punctation (distance between punctures less than diameter of one puncture), and with small punctures at posterior margin. Intermetacoxal apophysis (intercoxal process of ventrite 1) widely rounded. Relative length ratios of ventrites 1���5 equal to 9:7:7:5:6 (medially). Remarks. Several morphological characters mentioned in the comparison of the newly described species with P. simukovi, can vary sexually or individually in some well-studied extant species of Pycnomerus. In addition, the original description of P. simukovi from Baltic amber was based on a specimen that is possibly a little distorted and of unknown sex (the area of the submentum was not discernible, and the presence or absence of a setose pit there is unclear). Consequently, the description of P. simukovi was provided with heavily schematized drawings. Both of the specimens under consideration (i.e., the specimen described here as P. agtsteinicus sp. nov., and the specimen previously described as P. simukovi) possess a similar set of general morphological characters, and are without a doubt, morphologically close species that clearly differ from Recent European congeners. It is possible that the new species could be the female of the previously described Eocene species, and that the differences described herein could be interpreted as sexual characters or intraspecific variation. Despite the general morphological similarity, between the two fossil species we suggest that the new species is distinct, and that it can be discerned based upon the full combination of aforementioned characters. However, it is worth noting that assessing reliable specific differences in Eocene Pycnomerus species would require further study of additional fossil material from this deposit. The detailed study of the Recent Pycnomerus fauna from the tropics and temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere, as well as the world-wide revision of the genus, will be necessary elements of future studies required for a more precise systematic placement of the extinct Eocene Pycnomerus species within this large genus., Published as part of Bukejs, Andris, Alekseev, Vitalii I., Cooper, David M. L., King, Gavin A. & Mckellar, Ryan C., 2019, A new fossil species of Pycnomerus Erichson (Coleoptera: Zopheridae) from Baltic amber, and a replacement name for a Recent North American congener, pp. 565-572 in Zootaxa 4550 (4) on pages 566-571, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4550.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/2625675

Pycnomerus lordi Bukejs, Alekseev & McKellar nom. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 558AF768-1865-4DD1-B370-26A45EA3F8BA Pycnomerus sulcicollis LeConte, 1863, nomen praeoccupatum, non Pycnomerus sulcicollis (Germar, 1824) Etymology. Patronymic. This species is named after Dr. Nathan P. Lord (Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.) in honour of his valuable contributions to the study of Zopheridae. Distribution. The species occurs in eastern U.S.A., from New Jersey to Florida, and extends westward to reach eastern Oklahoma (Stephan 1989). Biology. The beetles live under bark and in rotting, moist wood of oak, hickory, and other hardwoods; they also occur rarely on pine (Stephan 1989).

Genus Pycnomerus Erichson, 1842 Remarks. The specimen considered here was assigned to the genus Pycnomerus on the basis of the following morphological characters: (1) tarsal formula 4-4-4; (2) procoxal process expanded at apex, wider than coxal cavity, with apex truncate; (3) procoxal cavities externally closed; (4) pro- and metacoxae widely separated; (5) antennal setation sparse; (6) body glabrous, parallel-sided; (7) eyes rounded, entire (not divided by genal canthus), finely faceted, without interfacetal setae; (8) each elytron with 10 striae; (9) subantennal grooves indistinct; and (10) hypomeron without antennal cavities., Published as part of Bukejs, Andris, Alekseev, Vitalii I., Cooper, David M. L., King, Gavin A. & Mckellar, Ryan C., 2019, A new fossil species of Pycnomerus Erichson (Coleoptera: Zopheridae) from Baltic amber, and a replacement name for a Recent North American congener, pp. 565-572 in Zootaxa 4550 (4) on page 566, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4550.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/2625675

Microbregma waldwico Bukejs & Alekseev, 2015 (Figs 3A���B) Material examined. One specimen with collection number 1771-5 [CCHH], Baltic amber, Yantarny, Kaliningrad region, Russia. Complete beetle included in small, transparent, yellow amber piece with dimensions of 35��14�� 7 mm. Syninclusions consist of three specimens of Sciaridae (Diptera), one specimen of Chironomidae (Diptera), one specimen of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), and many stellate Fagaceae trichomes. Body length of beetle is 3.8 mm, and preserved color is dark brown. Note. Body length in holotype of Microbregma waldwico is 4.6 mm., Published as part of Bukejs, Andris, Alekseev, Vitalii I., Cooper, David M. L., King, Gavin A. & Mckellar, Ryan C., 2017, Contributions to the palaeofauna of Ptinidae (Coleptera) known from Baltic amber, pp. 181-188 in Zootaxa 4344 (1) on page 185, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4344.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/1042239, {"references":["Bukejs, A. & Alekseev, V. I. (2015) A second Eocene species of death-watch beetle belonging to the genus Microbregma Seidlitz (Coleoptera: Bostrichoidea) with a checklist of fossil Ptinidae. Zootaxa, 3947 (4), 553 - 562. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3947.4.6"]}

Hemicoelus favonii Bukejs, Alekseev & McKellar sp. nov. (Figs 1–2) Type material. Holotype: collection number P3300.84 [RSM], female. A rather complete beetle with partially exposed hind wings is included in small, transparent yellow amber piece embedded in block of Epotek 301 resin with overall dimensions 10 × 4 × 2 mm. Syninclusions: fungal hyphae, few small pieces of organic material, and small gas vesicles. Type strata. Baltic amber, mid-Eocene to Upper Eocene. Type locality. Baltic Sea coast, Yantarny settlement [formerly Palmnicken], Kaliningrad region, Russia. Etymology. The species epithet, a noun in the genitive case, is derived from the Latin word “ favonius ” (west wind), referring to the most productive wind direction for amber collection in the Sambian peninsula. Diagnosis. Hemicoelus favonii sp. nov. differs from extant species in combination of following characters: 11- segmented antennae; metathoracic ventrite with large impression in anterior portion; pronotum distinctly narrower than elytral base region; posterior suture of abdominal ventrite 1 weakly arcuate medially; sharp lateral pronotal margins incomplete, distinct in basal half only; elytral striae on disc not grouped in pairs; posterior pronotal angles rounded; elytral interstriae 3, 5, 7 and 9 slightly convex; and smaller body size. Three fossil species of the tribe Anobiini have previously been described from Baltic amber (Kuśka 1992; Hawkeswood et al. 2009; Bukejs & Alekseev 2015): Anobium jacquelinae Hawkeswood, Makhan & Turner, 2009; Microbregma sucinoemarginatum (Kuśka, 1992); and Microbregma waldwico Bukejs & Alekseev, 2015. Apart from genus-level differences (such as variation in abdominal ventrite lengths, and relief of pronotum dorsally), differences between known fossil species and Hemicoelus favonii sp. nov. include: (1) comparative widths of pronotum and elytral base region: in Microbregma waldwico, M. sucinoemarginatum and Anobium jacquelinae, pronotum nearly as wide as elytral base, but in new species pronotum distinctly narrower than elytral base; (2) body length: 3.8–4.6 mm in M. waldwico, 3.5 mm in M. sucinoemarginatum, 3.0 mm in A. jacquelinae, and 1.8 mm in Hemicoelus favonii sp. nov. Description. Body length 1.8 mm, maximum width 0.8 mm; body shape elongate, cylindrical; body color (as preserved) brown, with legs and antennae paler, rufous; head and pronotum with fine recumbent pubescence, elytra apparently glabrous. Head hypognathous, evenly and weakly convex dorsally, finely and densely granulated; frons weakly convex, without tubercles or carinae. Compound eyes small, oval, convex, entire, with distinct facets, without ommatidial setae; distance between compound eyes nearly equal to 1.5× vertical diameter of one eye. Antennae short, reaches elytral base; 11-segmented, with 3-segmented club; scape subcylindrical, weakly thickened; pedicel globose, 0.5× length of scape and 0.35× length of antennomere 11; antennomere 3 elongate, as long as pedicel, or about 0.3× length of antennomere 11; antennomeres 4–8 small, nearly as long as wide; antennomeres 9–11 elongate, about 0.8× as long as antennomeres 1–8 combined; antennomeres 9–10 equal in length and similar in shape, distinctly dilated apically, antennomere 11 spindleshaped, 1.4× as long as antennomere 10. Relative length ratios of antennomeres 1–11 equal to 15-7-7-4-5 - 4-5-4-13 -13- 19. Antennal insertions widely separated, distance equal to 0.75× width of frons. Pronotum weakly transverse, about 1.1× as wide as long, length 0.45 mm, maximum width 0.5 mm, distinctly narrower than elytral bases; covered with fine, dense granulation. Anterior margin arcuate, posterior margin weakly convex; lateral margins crenulated, weakly convex in dorsal view, lateral edge sharp but incomplete, distinct in basal half only. Posterior pronotal angles rounded, anterior angles apparently rounded. Pronotum with two oblique, oval, laterobasal impressions on dorsal surface; narrow transverse impressions near posterior margin; and medial longitudinal impression in anterior half; with V-shaped ridge in basal half (almost divided by longitudinal medial impression), and two latero-basal gibbosities. Scutellar shield large, transverse. Elytra subparallel, elongate, length 1.25 mm, maximum width 0.8 mm, about 1.6× as long as combined width, 2.8× as long as pronotum; humeral calli developed, basal margin weakly concave. Elytral apices indistinctly truncated. Elytral punctures small, dense, arranged in regular striae, each elytron with 10 striae plus shortened scutellar stria, striae distinct throughout entire length of elytron, distance between strial punctures equal to 0.3–1.2× diameter of one puncture, elytral striae on disc not grouped in pairs; interstrial intervals shagreened, interstriae 3, 5, 7 and 9 more or less convex, distance between striae about 1.0–2.0× diameter of one strial puncture. Pygidium completely covered by elytra. Hind wings apparently well developed, partially exposed. Hypomera impunctate, distinctly concave, more or less enclosing head. Prosternal intercoxal process wide, about 0.7× as wide as diameter of procoxa, concave, with lateral margins parallel, and anterior margin widely emarginate. Mesothoracic ventrite almost impunctate, shagreened; with deep longitudinal medial drop-like impression, and with two subtriangular impressions at anterior margin (anterior to mesocoxae); impressions delimited by sharp carinae. Metathoracic ventrite convex, with large and dense punctures, distance between punctures less than puncture diameter; with large, oval transverse impression in anterior portion (joined to impression of mesoventrite), about 0.4× of metaventrite length (medially), and weakly concave, with impunctate medial area posteriorly. Metepisternum about 5× as long as wide, with large punctures, distinctly widened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly, anterior margin oblique, lateral margins nearly straight. Legs moderately short. Procoxae oval, distinctly separated by about 0.7 times procoxal diameter; mesocoxae globose, separated by almost one mesocoxal diameter; metacoxae narrow, transverse, with groove for reception of metafemora. Trochanters subglobose; femora almost straight, short, barely projecting beyond lateral side of elytra, weakly dilated apicaly, clavate, ventrally with longitudinal groove for reception of tibiae; tibiae straight, nearly as long as femora; tarsi slender, about 0.85× length of tibia, tarsal formula 5-5-5. Relative length ratios of protarsomeres 1–5 equal to 11-9-7-5-9; metatarsomere 4 slightly emarginated. Claws free, falcate, thickened basally. Abdomen with five visible ventrites; ventrite 1 covered with fine punctation, shagreened, with subsequent ventrites smoother; abdominal sutures distinct throughout length; posterior suture of ventrite 1 slightly arcuate medially, other sutures nearly straight. Ventrites 3 and 4 subequal in length; relative length (medially) ratios of ventrites 1–5 equal to 6- 5-4-3-4. Intercoxal process of abdominal ventrite 1 trapezoidal, with rounded anterior angles. Note. Probable sex of fossil specimen was determined using synchrotron X-ray micro-CT observations. Sexual dimorphism is known for extant species of Hemicoelus: males and females may be separated based on their sexually dimorphic antennae in which the antennal club of males is more elongate and about one-half longer than that of females (Arango & Young 2012). Females also tend to be larger than males, although this character is unreliable.

Trichodesma sp. (Figs 3C���D) Material examined. One specimen of Trichodesma sp. with collection number 1771-1 [CCHH], Baltic amber, Yantarny, Kaliningrad region, Russia. Complete beetle included in small, transparent, yellow amber piece with dimensions of 11��8�� 5 mm. Body length of beetle is 5.2 mm. Syninclusions consist of one small specimen of Diptera, many small pieces of organic material, and few gas vesicles. Note. The present finding from an Eocene deposit is the first report of a fossil representative of Trichodesma. Extant species of this genus are distributed in warm climatic zones of the Nearctic, Neotropic, eastern Palaearctic, Afrotropical and northern Indomalayan regions (Espa��ol 1966; Peck 2005; Sakai 2005; Vi��olas & Mas�� 2007; White 1982; Zahradn��k 2007; Zahradn��k & H��va 2014b). The studied fossil specimen lacks reliable diagnostic characters and remains unnamed., Published as part of Bukejs, Andris, Alekseev, Vitalii I., Cooper, David M. L., King, Gavin A. & Mckellar, Ryan C., 2017, Contributions to the palaeofauna of Ptinidae (Coleptera) known from Baltic amber, pp. 181-188 in Zootaxa 4344 (1) on page 187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4344.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/1042239, {"references":["Espanol, F. (1966) Notas sobre anobidos (Coleoptera). XVII. Las Trichodesma del Africa tropical. Eos, 41 (2 - 3), 215 - 222.","Peck, S. B. (2005) A checklist of the beetles of Cuba with data on distributions and bionomics","Sakai, M. (2005) Trichodesma michioi (Coleoptera, Anobiidae, Anobiinae), a new anobiid species from the Ryukyus, Japan. Elytra, 33 (1), 42 - 46.","Vinolas, A. & Maso, G. (2007) Nuevas especies de los generos Trichodesma LeConte, 1861 y Gastrallus Jacquelin du Val, 1860, del Africa Austral (Coleoptera, Anobiidae). Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 30 (1), 53 - 70.","White, R. E. (1982) A Catalog of the Coleoptera of America North of Mexico. Family Anobiidae. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 58 pp.","Zahradnik, Р. (2007) Family Рtinidae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Fol. 4. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 328 - 362.","Zahradnik, P. & Hava, J. (2014 b) Catalogue of the world genera and subgenera of the superfamilies Derodontoidea and Bostrichoidea (Coleoptera: Derodontiformia, Bostrichiformia). Zootaxa, 3754 (4), 301 - 352."]}

Tribe Anobiini Fleming, 1821 Genus Hemicoelus LeConte, 1861 Remarks. The specimen considered here was assigned to the genus Hemicoelus within the tribe Anobiini, on the basis of the following morphological characters: (1) distinctly clubbed antennae with antennomeres 9���11 longer than the preceding five antennomeres combined; (2) procoxae distinctly separated by a parallel-sided intercoxal process; (3) pubescence of body dorsal surface unicolourous and homogeneous, without long erect setae; (4) all abdominal ventrite sutures distinct throughout length, with ventrites 3 and 4 subequal in length; (5) metathoracic ventrite with a deep anterior impression not reaching its middle; (6) elytral apices indistinctly truncated, not tapered., Published as part of Bukejs, Andris, Alekseev, Vitalii I., Cooper, David M. L., King, Gavin A. & Mckellar, Ryan C., 2017, Contributions to the palaeofauna of Ptinidae (Coleptera) known from Baltic amber, pp. 181-188 in Zootaxa 4344 (1) on page 182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4344.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/1042239