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Using standard handheld interfaces for VR locomotion may not provide a believable self-motion experience and can contribute to unwanted side effects such as motion sickness, disorientation, or increased cognitive load. This paper demonstrates how using a seated leaning-based locomotion interface --HeadJoystick-- in VR ground-based navigation affects user experience, usability, and performance. In three within-subject studies, we compared controller (touchpad/thumbstick) with a more embodied interface ("HeadJoystick") where users moved their head and/or leaned in the direction of desired locomotion. In both conditions, users sat on a regular office chair and used it to control virtual rotations. In the first study, 24 participants used HeadJoystick versus Controller in three complementary tasks including reach-the-target, follow-the-path, and racing (dynamic obstacle avoidance). In the second study, 18 participants repeatedly used HeadJoystick versus Controller (8 one-minute trials each) in a reach-the-target task. To evaluate potential benefits of different brake mechanisms, in the third study 18 participants were asked to stop within each target area for one second. All three studies consistently showed advantages of HeadJoystick over Controller: we observed improved performance in all tasks, as well as higher user ratings for enjoyment, spatial presence, immersion, vection intensity, usability, ease of learning, ease of use, and rated potential for daily and long-term use, while reducing motion sickness and task load. Overall, our results suggest that leaning-based interfaces such as HeadJoystick provide an interesting and more embodied alternative to handheld interfaces in driving, reach-the-target, and follow-the-path tasks, and potentially a wider range of scenarios.

The air quality of industry gets affected due to the industrial processing like heating of metals such as steel, copper. The burning and processing alters the level of NitrogenDioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (C02), methane (CH4), and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG). The each parameter in the air has to be maintained in safe level. If safe level is not maintained makes discomfort to the human health. The existing methods are measuring the air quality and display it at same station which may handle with less care. The proposed method consists of MQ2, MQ3, MQ6, and MQ9 sensors used to measure CO, CO2, NO2, and CH4 &LPG levels. The sensor gives the analog output. The proposed method uses the Arduino Nano - ATMEGA 168 based controlled to handle the analog sensors. The analog quantity is converted into digital value and which compared with safe limit value by the controller. The measured value is updated in cloud server- web based and Mobile application. The emergency alarm is fixed in the instrument in sound and light form to alert the workers. The device is tested in air polluted industry. The device showed the CO level as 525 PPM, NO2 level as 56 PBP, CO2 level as 164PPM, and mixed gas as 154PSI. The device notified CO level is high. The output is observed in cloud and mobile application.

The vehicles are started or ignited using manual keys or sensor based keys. In two wheelers after placing keys the bike is started using either button or kicking method. The other vehicles are started using key cranking or key is placed in specific sensor control area and start button is pressed. The existing method makes any one can able to operate the vehicle if they have keys. The proposed method used to operate the vehicles only they are authorized. The authorization key is available in the controller memory. The proposed method uses dactylogram scanner to access the vehicles. The scanner scans the finger, if the person is authenticated immediately it allows the person to start the vehicles. The controller is attached with the relay electronic board which controls the ignition part. The proposed method uses ATMEGA 162. The device is able to access the vehicle by 3 persons. Only the specific 3 person finger prints are enrolled in the controller. The system is enabled with GSM access. If unauthenticated person access the finger print scanner, the vehicle is not ignited. The GSM module communicates the unauthenticated access attempt to the owner of the vehicles in the form of SMS. If the device is accessed with authenticated person and the vehicle is successfully started. In the meantime unauthorized person starts access with scanner, immediately message was received in the stored GSM mobile number. The average authentication time to start the vehicle is 3.81 s.

Fog computing extends cloud computing capabilities to the edge of the network and reduces high latency and network congestion. This paradigm enables portions of a transaction to be executed at a fog server and other portions at the cloud. Fog servers are generally not as robust as cloud servers; at peak loads, the data that cannot be processed by fog servers is processed by cloud servers. The data that need to be processed by the cloud is sent over a WAN. Therefore, only a fraction of the total data needs to travel through the WAN, as compared with a pure cloud computing paradigm. Additionally, the fog/cloud computing paradigm reduces the cloud processing load when compared with the pure cloud computing model. This paper presents a multiclass closed-form analytic queuing network model that is used by an autonomic controller to dynamically change the fraction of processing between edge and cloud servers in order to maximize a utility function of response time and cost. Experiments show that the controller can maintain a high utility in the presence of a wide variations of request arrival rates for various workloads.

Inappropriate service migrations can lead to undesirable situations, such as high traffic overhead, long service latency, and service disruption. In this paper, we propose an application-aware migration algorithm (AMA) with prefetching. In AMA, a mobile device sends a service offloading request to the controller. After receiving this request, the controller determines the initial service cloud where virtual machine (VM) of the service initially operates by considering the application type. In addition, it periodically decides where to migrate VM and prefetch its core part considering the mobility of the mobile device and application type. To minimize the generated traffic volume while satisfying the requirements of the application, a constraint Markov decision process (CMDP) is formulated and its optimal policy is obtained via linear programming. Evaluation results demonstrate that AMA with the optimal policy can reduce the generated traffic volume while satisfying the requirements of the application (i.e., service latency and probability of service disruption).

The development of vehicle technologies such as connected and autonomous vehicle environments provide drivers with functions for convenience and safety that are highly capable of remote vehicle diagnosis or lane-keeping assistance. Unfortunately, despite impressive advantages for drivers, these functions also have various vulnerabilities that could lead to cyber-physical attacks on automotive Controller Area Networks (i.e., automotive CAN). To deal with these security issues, a multitude of issue-specific countermeasures have already been proposed. In this paper, we introduce existing research on automotive CAN attacks and evaluate several state-of-the-art countermeasures. Particularly, we provide a comprehensive adversary model for automotive CAN and classify existing countermeasures into four system categories: (1) preventative protection, (2) intrusion detection, (3) authentication, and (4) post-protection. From the extensive literature review, we attempt to summarize the security research regarding automotive CAN and identify open research directions for in-vehicle networks of autonomous vehicle.

Where personal, usually pseudonymised, from health research or healthcare are made available for scientific purposes, especially across borders, it is unclear what GDPR roles apply. This is a persistent roadblock for accelerating data-driven scientific discovery or for establishing large research consortia. The assignment of GDPR roles is a matter of form and function (unless roles are assigned by law). A controller determines the purpose and essential means of processing. Essential means include determining the types of data, the categories of data subjects, the parties having access to data, and the length of data retention. Joint controllers arise where two or more parties jointly determine the purpose and essential means of processing through a common decision or converging decisions. We argue that a data user (research organisation) will normally be the sole controller for a research project accessing personal data, because the data user independently determines the purposes and means of the associated processing. A party that only provides data (hospital or research organisation) for the research project will not normally be a controller for the research project, unless it actively participates in the design of the research project or requires researchers to share ownership in derived intellectual property or enriched data. Data providers who require data users to remotely access data in a secure computing environment hosted by the data provider will generally be processors, not joint controllers.

Internet of vehicles (IoV) is an emerging technology in automotive field, in which vehicles can communicate with other vehicles and roadside infrastructures to improve information acquisition ability as well as obtain various services to elevate the security and comfort level. To cope with the increasingly complex vehicular network, software-defined networking (SDN) architecture with advantages of centralized management and flexible control becomes a promising solution. However, in application scenarios, the security of SDN is rarely concerned. If attackers exploit the vulnerabilities of SDN to hijack the network location of the servers or vehicles, vehicles may not be able to access the services they need timely and effectively, which will pose a great threat to the benefit of vehicle users. In light of this, we focus on location hijacking attack against SDN in vehicular network. We perform this attack on five mainstream SDN controller platforms and analyse its impacts from multiple perspectives. As far as we know, this is the first study of such attack in vehicular network. Furthermore, using the advantages of the software-defined space-air-ground integrated vehicular network and the characteristics of high altitude platform (HAP) such as wide coverage and high load capacity, we put forward the attack recovery scheme based on deep Q-learning (DQL) to supplement existing defence mechanisms that always have counter attacks and endow the vehicular network with a certain resilience.

Insertion into delicate tissue, such as retina vein occlusion, cell manipulation and vitreoretinal injection, poses challenges to surgeons and biomedical researchers due to the high resolution, large movement range, compact structure and multi-DOF output requirements. In order to meet these requirements, a 2-DOF arched needle insertion device driven by inertial piezoelectric actuator was proposed in this work. This device could perform theoretical unlimited translational movement and full rotation with high step resolution. A prototype was fabricated with compact structure, the length and diameter were 230 mm and 32 mm, respectively. The experimental tests were carried out, the insertion device output 2.47 m and 0.56 mrad step distance with maximum velocity of 382 m/s and 200.9 mrad/s under 120 V driving signals, the maximum insertion force of 32 mN was measured. Additionally, a handheld controller with friendly user interface was also developed for open-loop control utilization, which could automatically calculate and generate the required control signals according to the motion command. This device explores the biomedical application of inertial piezoelectric actuator within a compact size, providing a new choice for numerous innovative treatment and biological research involving precision operation.

A real-time high-performance transmission bandwidth-aware (TB-aware) coding bit-rate (CBR) controller design with low power consumption and low hardware complexity is presented in this article for H.265/high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) in a multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC). Previous TB-aware motion estimation designs with CBR-control capability in video coding have focused on algorithm development with precise CBR models, which require a complicated algorithmic derivation according to the system on-demand CBR and are difficult to realize in very large scale integration (VLSI) due to their lack of consideration for hardware implementation and modeling. Consequently, we present a hardware-oriented CBR-control algorithm that uses simple CBR control functions instead of requiring root and exponential operations to realize the real-time low-power design objective for HEVC applications within a mobile MPSoC. Then, an adequate hardware architecture with low hardware complexity is exploited to accomplish a low-power and high-speed VLSI design of a CBR controller for our proposed algorithm. Using diverse video-sized sequences under on-demand system coding-bit-rate constraints, the experimental outcomes demonstrate that the introduced design is capable of low power consumption and high speeds and can utilize low-complexity hardware.

As the usability of IoT devices increases, the security threats and vulnerabilities associated with these resource-constrained IoT devices also rise. One of the major threats to IoT devices is Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). To make the security of IoT devices effective and resilient, continuous monitoring and early detection, along with adaptive decision making, are required. These challenges can be addressed with Software-defined Networking (SDN), which provides an opportunity for effectively managing the DDoS threats faced by IoT devices. This research proposes a novel SDN-based secure IoT framework that can detect the vulnerabilities in IoT devices or malicious traffic generated by IoT devices using session IP counter and IP Payload analysis. The framework’s DDoS attack detection module consisting of proposed algorithms can easily detect the DDoS attack in the SD-IoT network by analyzing different parameters even with a large traffic volume. These techniques are implemented on an SDN controller and tested by generating a large volume of traffic from a compromised node which is then detected and notified. According to results and comparative analysis, the proposed framework detects DDoS attacks in the early stage with high accuracy and detection rate from 98% to 100%, having a low false-positive rate.

Partial driving automation systems execute sustained lateral and longitudinal control, while humans are required to supervise the automated driving features. Similar with drivers using manual driving settings, those using automated driving systems may also experience drowsiness. However, existing systems that aim to detect driver drowsiness tend to be unreliable. This study applies a dual-control scheme in the partial driving automation context in which the driver must keep their hands on the vehicle’s steering wheel. This scheme executes a partial steering control when a vehicle lane departure is anticipated (because of inappropriate torque input), and then, activates a deceleration control if the driver does not properly perform the required action. To determine whether the driver is supervising the partial driving automation, the scheme attempts to create an opportunity for driver–automation interactions. Thus, the controller’s objectives are twofold: safety control and driver state identification. This study investigated the effectiveness of the scheme for identifying driver drowsiness and preventing lane departures using only vehicle information. Twenty drivers participated in a fixed-base driving simulator experiment in a sleep-inducing environment. While we observed cases in which the system could effectively bring the vehicle to a controlled stop, the timeliness and accuracy of the driver state identification remained as issues owing to indirect links between the drivers’ drowsiness level and controller activation. We conclude that although the dual-control scheme is a useful mechanism to avoid lane departures, the driver state identification needs to be improved to ensure timely and effective detection of driver drowsiness.

In memory devices, such as solid-state drive, multitopology is used for interfaces where multiple memory packages are connected to a controller using a branched transmission line. Impedance mismatching caused by the branches and unwanted reflection from deactivated packages inevitably degrades signal quality, limiting the data rate of the interface. In this article, a simple stub equalizer is proposed to improve the data rate of the memory interface. An open-ended stub is placed between a transmitter and a receiver, and the length, impedance, and location of the stub line are determined to properly cancel the reflection from other branches. Parameters are optimized based on the peak distortion analysis and an exhaustive search considering both read and write modes. The improvements are validated through eye-diagram simulations.

In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), fog computing has become an enticing concept for supporting delay-sensitive tasks by offering versatile and convenient computing and communication services to the end-users, in conjunction with cloud services. Most of the existing researches mainly draws attention to the communication delay minimization and completion time reduction in the hierarchical fog networks without giving the priority to select the suitable computing device during failure or resource unavailability of the current computing devices. By motivating the above-mentioned challenges, in this paper, we propose a deadline-aware dynamic task placement (DDTP) strategy to offload and place the tasks to a suitable computing device in fog networks. In this context, we design a new federated fog framework consisting of several fog clusters in which the cluster head, termed as master fog node, acts as a fog controller that controls and manages the data distribution among the other fog nodes, termed as slave fog nodes. The proposed DDTP strategy selects the suitable computing device for each incoming task as per the deadline and ensures to meet the deadline constraints of the tasks using a dynamic task allocation policy. Finally, a dispatch-constrained offloading policy is developed to reassign the failed tasks to the available fog nodes in the network. Comprehensive simulation results depict the efficiency of the proposed strategy over the existing baseline algorithms in terms of various performance matrices.

Automated liquid filling system is a mechatronic system that has the ability to automatically fill number of container(s) with a liquid to a desired level. This paper presents design and development of an automatic filling system, with a robotic arm conveyor for small scale industries. The overall system is developed using robotic arm and Arduino controller. The movement of the robotic arm is managed by gear motors. An IR proximity sensor has been used to sense the presence of the bottle. However, an ultrasonic sensor was used to sense the level of liquid in the bottle. The control of the system is achieved using an Arduino micro-controller, Arduino Mega 2560. The overall system was tested under various conditions and its working was found satisfactory. In future the IR proximity sensor can be replaced by a limit switch to eliminate errors associated with solid state devices and again a solenoid valve may be used instead of electric pump.

As a security for land traffic in the area of railroad crossing in general, a crossing is required. Increasingly busy traffic, the number of railroad crossings today, to prevent accidents either due to human error or the lack of compliance by motorists with traffic regulations, a controller that can regulate the flow of traffic at the railroad crossing is needed. The research objective was to design an automatic railroad crossing controlled by Arduino with the C language programming command. This research will make a prototype of the Automatic Crossing Gate using the halls effect A3144 sensor as an on and off switch by detecting the presence of a magnetic field (Lorentz force) on a passing train. The stages of the research method are: Provide the necessary components, namely Arduino, bread board circuit board, buzzer, A3144 sensor, LED, servo motor as a latch dynamo, Make programming tests on the Arduino for each buzzer, LED, A3144 sensor, servo motor as a latch dynamo, Assembling the overall components on the bread board as a model, Make overall programming on the Arduino from the circuit, and test the circuit on the bread model board, Assemble the prototype clearly with a mini train accompanied by a rail with a loop in the form of a track, Test the maximum distance, the effective distance between the A3144 half effect sensor and the train.

This article introduces an adaptive self-tuned controller IC for resonant wireless power transfer (RWPT) transmitters. The controller IC comprises an on-the-fly very-high-frequency tracking hardware with high resolution and an independent high-resolution digital pulsewidth modulator (PWM)-based (HR-DPWM) current programmed control. These facilitate precise frequency generation as well as adaptive tuning of the reactive components in the matching network, which translate into tight current/power regulation capabilities while retaining optimized power transfer conditions on the transmitting side. The controller IC enables to effectively disengage the power-delivery capabilities from the variations of the resonators, electrical circuits, and wireless medium. The controller core is based on a fully synthesizable digital architecture that has been realized through HDL tools, and several key building blocks have been developed and described in detail: a delay-line-based phase detector, high-resolution digital frequency synthesizer, and HR-DPWM. To fully exploit the benefits of digital electronics, reduce power consumption, and save area, the digital core of the controller has been designed completely through asynchronous architecture, eliminating the need of high-speed clock and its related hardware. The mixed-signal controller IC has been designed, implemented, and fabricated in 0.18-μm 5-V CMOS process, resulting in effective silicon area of 0.6 mm2. To demonstrate the mixed-signal controller IC in closed-loop operation of a wireless power system, an experimental 20-W resonant capacitive-based WTP system has been designed and validated. The effectiveness of the controller is well demonstrated and evaluated at the MHz range up to 200 mm misalignment, meeting the strict requirements of resonant-based WPT systems.

Reliable and resource-aware communication is a challenging task in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. In these networks, seamless and interoperable communication among member devices is a challenging task that becomes more complex with the simultaneous communication of two or more devices with a centralized controller, that is, a cluster head or a gateway module. While addressing this challenge, existing approaches suffer from excessive packet collision, bandwidth consumption, packet loss, latency, and unnecessary waiting for the TDMA slots. In this article, a hybrid communication approach is proposed to resolve most of the aforementioned challenges. Initially, a dynamic TDMA approach is presented to permit simultaneous and interoperable communication among multiple devices and their controller modules. The proposed approach allocates a variable number of time-slots to the IoT devices. For the time-slot allocation, an enhanced RTS/CTS mechanism is devised to allow seamless communication with a minimum possible latency, waiting time and bandwidth consumption. A case study of the proposed approach in a real-world IoT scenario is also presented. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

Abstract - Various threats that occur in the field are a problem for individuals who are faced with human rights law where personnel must make decisions quickly and accurately, the innovation of the Bola wrap weapon can paralyze the enemy without injuring the enemy by firing Kevlar ropes to bind the enemy unable to move optimally. The researcher used the experimental method to get the results that confirm the causal relationship between the variables designed, research and develop a basic circuit by determining the effective firing range of the Bola wrap, we use the Sharp Gp2y0a710k0f sensor as an effective sensor measuring distance with a maximum range of 550 cm, the distance detected by the Sharp Gp2y0a710k0f sensor. will be processed by Arduino nano as a programming controller whose output will be displayed on the Oled LCD according to the Sharp Gp2y0a710k0f sensor in the form of a light emitting diode (LED) as an indicator, the solenoid will open the trigger with an effective firing range, and laser as a point shot. From the target, the Bola wrap weapon uses 9mm caliber munitions as a Kevlar rope projectile amplifier to bind enemies or rebels, from the results of the research it can open a predetermined lock between a range of 200 cm - 500 cm which is displayed on the Oled LCD, and the green indicator light and the Solenoid are open. The trigger will help optimally in shooting Bola wrap to paralyze enemies or rebels from moving optimally, Bola wrap weapons are used as personnel equipment in carrying out the main tasks of achieving TNI tasks effectively and optimally.

With the rapid advancement and growth of computer networks, there have been greater and greater demands for remote user password authentication protocols. In current ages, smartcard-based authentication protocol has formed the standard with their incredibly insubstantial, user-friendly equipment and low-cost apps. In this study, we proposed an effective robust authentication protocol using the conformable chaotic map, where a conformable calculus is a branch of newly appearing fractional calculus. It has a magnificent property, because it formulates using a controller term. We shall also offer formal proof of smooth execution of the proposed authenticated protocol. Our new protocol is more secure as compared to several comparable protocols.

Disabled people are usually unable to interact with their surroundings efficiently, and performing tasks like switching an appliance on or off can be troublesome if the user is bedridden, for example. This article discusses an electrical appliance switching controller using a wireless EEG headset that is aimed to aid elderly people and the disabled. The system comprises of a MindLink EEG headset that is Bluetooth-connected to an Arduino microcontroller board. The system permits the user to separately switch on and off the 4 electrical devices connected to the power socket. The EEG signal is obtained to investigate the brain activity throughout the experiments done. Based on the brain wave signals read, attention and meditation are determined to be the most suitable for this project and is used to trigger the relay switching of the power socket. It is found that the response time to trigger the switching is slow as some users require practice or training to control their brain wave signals effectively. The work performed provides a rudimentary insight of a BCI system functionalities and presents a brainwave-controlled hardware switching for the bedridden or disabled patients.

This paper discusses the realization of vital sign monitoring devices and knowing their performance. This device is expected to assist medical personnel in measuring and monitoring vital signs without having to have physical contact with patients. The design phase of the patient's vital sign monitoring device with an Arduino Mega-based wireless sensor starts from the identification, needs analysis, design, manufacture, troubleshoot, and testing. Arduino Mega and ESP8266 as the main components that function for the controller and upload data to the server. Then MAX30100, DS18B20, and MPX5700AP sensors which function to detect the vital sign. Android smartphones are used to display measurement results in real-time, save and display vital sign data records. Based on the test results, the patient's vital signs monitoring device has an average difference of 0.67% for temperature checks, 1.19% for pulse checks, 0.77% for SPO2 examinations, 4.78%, and 8.91% for systolic and diastolic blood pressure examinations.

Editor’s notes: Controller synthesis using formal specifications has shown considerable promise in recent years. However, it is computationally very expensive. This article shows how cloud computing can come to the rescue. —Samarjit Chakraborty, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

A simultaneous and time-synchronized electrical bio-impedance plethysmography (BPG) sensor system is implemented for long-term, continuous, and non-invasive measurement of arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV). The proposed BPG sensor system electrically separates each ground plane of two BPG channels and controller, and the two different BPG channels are time-synchronized by the controller transmitting periodic pulse signal to the two BPG channels. Furthermore, net parasitic capacitance between the ground planes is minimized by removing isolated DC-DC converter, limiting the number of digital capacitive isolators, and adopting optimal layout of the ground planes. The proposed sensor system is integrated on 278cm2 printed circuit board. The sensor system consumes 0.35W/channel, and outstanding channel-to-channel isolation is expected by coupling factor performance of -77.7dB. In addition, modified electrode configuration for BPG at chest drastically reduces baseline wandering by respiratory motion artifact, thereby further facilitating long-term, continuous, and non-invasive PWV measurement. As a result, long-term, continuous, and non-invasive PWV measurement more than 95 minutes is successfully performed to pave the way for developing pulse transit time (PTT)-based cuff-less blood pressure (BP) estimation technique.

Nowadays, wafer fabrication in semiconductor manufacturing is highly dependent on cluster tools. A cluster tool is equipped with several process modules (PMs) and a wafer handling robot. When the tool is operating, generally each PM is processing a wafer, and the robot is responsible for delivering the wafers from one PM to another. Thus, when a wafer is completed in a PM, the robot may be busy for performing other tasks such that it cannot immediately unload the completed wafer in the PM, resulting in that the wafer has to stay there for some extra time. The processing time of a wafer together with its delay time for waiting for the robot’s arrival for unloading is defined as wafer residency time in a PM. However, a long wafer delay time may deteriorate its quality. Therefore, it is highly desired and important to reduce the wafer delay time at each step as much as possible. This work aims to tackle this important issue for single-arm cluster tools (SACTs). Specifically, by using a Petri net model, this work analyzes the steady-state operational behavior of an SACT under the backward and earliest starting strategies. It is found that there must exist wafer delay time at the steps in the upstream of the bottleneck step, and such wafer delay time can be reduced by properly adjusting the robot waiting time. Thus, three algorithms are developed to reduce the wafer delay time at each step as much as possible by properly assigning the robot idle time. Finally, the application of the proposed method is illustrated by using examples. Note to Practitioners —In a modern semiconductor fab, there are hundreds of cluster tools for wafer fabrication. To ensure wafer quality, it is important to reduce the wafer delay time in PMs of cluster tools after a wafer is processed since the high temperature, chemical gas, and particles in the PMs may damage the wafer. To do so, this work proposes three algorithms with polynomial complexity to assign the robot idle time as robot waiting time such that the wafer delay time in PMs can be reduced as much as possible. Furthermore, the obtained schedule by these algorithms is optimal in terms of the cycle time. Besides, the developed algorithms can be easily embedded into the controller of cluster tools by facility engineers. Therefore, this work has a practical value.

The passive optical network (PON) is widely deployed in access networks, and various specifications have become standards designed to meet demands of each market. To accelerate new PON-based service creation, software-defined network enabled broadband access (SEBA) is being studied; it uses a common API to abstract various optical line terminal (OLT)/optical network units (ONUs) and manages the devices via a controller. However, the current abstraction unit in SEBA supports only ITU-T PON. In order to support IEEE PON, multiple package types and switching management functions must be considered. This paper proposes a technology profile including package types for IEEE specification and an adapter that abstracts IEEE PON and switches functions according to the specified package type. The logical link configuration settings for ITU-T PON and IEEE PON are implemented in common, and the adapter abstracts IEEE PON OLT/ONU by switching between extended operation, administration, maintenance (eOAM) functions for package B and other eOAMs. We demonstrate the proposed software on a system implemented using commercially available OLT/ONU and OSS in SEBA. The results show that OLT/ONUs can be managed via a common API, differences in package types can be abstracted by technology profiles and our adapter, and that a common SEBA platform can manage, in a unified manner, both ITU-T PON and IEEE PON.

Background: Chronic pain patients implanted with a neurostimulation device typically require follow-up and device programming visits to address changes in symptoms or treatment. Follow-up visits require access to specialty care and necessitate patients to take time off work, commute long distances, arrange for travel, and/or work with a caregiver's schedule. Telemedicine was adopted for some patient management as a result of the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic; however, remote optimization for neuromodulation still required an in-person visit to adjust device parameters. An FDA-approved digital platform enables remote programming of an implanted neuromodulation device using a real-time audio-video link from the clinical programmer to the patient controller. The Remote Optimization, Adjustment, and Measurement for Chronic Pain Therapy (ROAM-CPT) is a multi-center, prospective study that is currently underway to access the effectiveness of the teleprogramming system in fulfilling patients' clinical demands. Methods: This pilot study surveyed 16 patients to determine the ability of the teleprogramming platform to provide a rapid solution safely and effectively for patient's chronic pain. Data were collected using a questionnaire that asked 6 clinician-centric questions and 5 patient-centric questions. Results: 4/4 surveyed physicians were able to address patients' needs. 16/16 surveyed patients reported a quick resolution to pain and 15/16 did not require additional follow-up. Data curated from this pilot study show that the teleprogramming application greatly improves patient care, is preferred by both clinicians and patients with minimal disruptions to patients' everyday lives. Conclusion: Teleprogramming provides real-time virtual programming capabilities and optimizes patients' therapy. Perspective: This article describes remote device programming and analysis as an alternative to in-person programming/treatment sessions for neuromodulation patients. This remote option gives patients access to timely and clinically appropriate device management when in-person care may not be available.

The flashing yellow arrow (FYA) signal display creates an opportunity to enhance the left-turn phase with a variable mode that can be changed on demand. This research develops an integrated general purpose data collection module that time stamps detector and phase state changes within a National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) actuated traffic signal controller to provide recommendations for the flashing yellow arrow left-turn mode on a cycle-by-cycle basis. 115 left-turn approaches at 38 intersections with locations across the State of Florida were analyzed totaling 1370 h of video data processed including off-peak and peak conditions. Video data extraction was an essential step in developing the gap thresholds for the permissive left-turn. Actual intersection field data were obtained through loop detector mapping to the controller in the lab in real-time mode using a peer-to-peer logic environment. A custom communications software was developed to retrieve instantaneous channel input data, synchronize opposing through green phase, analyze traffic information, provide the algorithm decision, and generate a real-time log recording the events to determine whether it would be optimal to switch the red arrow to a flashing yellow arrow. The algorithm determines the time interval between the successive arrivals of vehicles and computes the corresponding headway for each lane by cycle on a second-by-second basis. Peer-to-peer logic is a necessary step to verify and validate new traffic concepts prior to field-testing and offers the advantage of acquiring and analyzing real-time traffic data coupled with video feed with the benefit of a safe environment.

Crane merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk mempermudah dalam memindahkan dan mengangkat suatu barang. Peneltian ini bertujuan untuk membuat sistem mini crane untuk optimalisasi pemindahan barang berbasis otomasi industri yang memanfaatkan PLC (programmable logic controller) sebagai kontroler dan pneumatik sebagai aktuatornya. Sistem ini menggunakan PLC Mitsubishi sebagai pengendali utama. PLC bekerja berdasarkan masukan yang diperoleh dari selector switch untuk memilih sistem kerja manual atau otomatis. Terdapat push button sebagai tombol start dan stop, limit switch sebagai pembatas gerak sumbu X dan Y dari Rodless Cylinder untuk memindahkan barang, proximity sensor untuk mendeteksi keberadaan dari barang yang akan dipindahkan dan yang telah dipindahkan. Pada hasil penelitian ini sensor yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi jenis material benda kerja menggunakan sensor proximity inductive. Dalam satu proses crane membutuhkan waktu maksimal 15,37 detik. Berat maksimal yang dapat dihisap vacuum pada tekanan 3 bar adalah 650g, pada tekanan 4 bar adalah 950g, dan pada tekanan 6 bar adalah 1059g.

Purpose This paper aims to electronic caring the health of many kinds of patients. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for designing IoT health-care system bracelet used photon as controller collect with five sensors. And second using raspberry 3 B+ collect with ECG, ECG and camera. Thinkspeak cloud was used for plotting data and communicate with doctor by bylnk mobile application. Findings The paper provides a real data for six-Covid-19 patient in 22 days. Originality/value Design an IoT system that send daily information to doctor if a patient needs to visit him/her or monthly reported to the hospital. Send patient’s vital signs to doctor as curves for fast noting any problems. The proposed system can be operate on two states (special, if need to periodically monitor or normal only when any trouble occurs), It was covered the two Covid-19 patient cases simple and critical by real testing these two systems on six Covid-19 patients. The two collections were succeeded in monitoring simple and critical Covid-19 cases.

Modern automotive systems feature dozens of electronic control units (ECUs) for chassis, body and powertrain functions. These systems are costly and inflexible to upgrade, requiring ever increasing numbers of ECUs to support new features such as advanced driver assistance (ADAS), autonomous technologies, and infotainment. To counter these challenges, we propose DriveOS, a safe, secure, extensible, and timing-predictable system for modern vehicle management in a centralized platform. DriveOS is based on a separation kernel, where timing and safety-critical ECU functions are implemented in a real-time OS (RTOS) alongside non-critical software in Linux or Android. The system enforces the separation, or partitioning, of both software and hardware among different OSes. DriveOS runs on a relatively low-cost embedded PC-class platform, supporting multiple cores and hardware virtualization capabilities. Instrument cluster, in-vehicle infotainment and advanced driver assistance system services are implemented in a Yocto Linux guest, which communicates with critical real-time services via secure shared memory. The RTOS manages a real-time controller area network (CAN) interface that is inaccessible to Linux services except via well-defined and legitimate communication channels. In this work, we integrate three Qt-based services written for Yocto Linux, running in parallel with a real-time longitudinal controller task and multiple CAN bus concentrators, for vehicular sensor data processing and actuation. We demonstrate the benefits and performance of DriveOS with a hardware-in-the-loop CARLA simulation using a real car dataset.

Deploying quadcopters for aerial transportation can be cost effective in impromptu material handling applications. However, such applications are limited mainly due to the requirement of onboard localization sensors and associated computation. The current work presents a human-controlled modality to successfully execute spontaneous outdoor flight of a quadcopter with a cable-suspended payload. Stable and smooth flights are achieved through an onboard integration of a custom-built sensor system and a controller to minimize payload oscillations. The feasibility of the proposed modality is demonstrated by conducting outdoor experiments and a case study in an unstructured environment.

The use of drones is becoming more present in modern daily life. One of the most challenging tasks associated with these vehicles is the development of perception and autonomous navigation systems. Competitions such as Artificial Intelligence Robotic Racing (AIRR) and Autonomous Drone Racing were launched to drive the advances in such strategies, requiring the development of integrated systems for autonomous navigation in a racing environment. In this context, this paper presents an improved integrated solution for autonomous drone racing, which focuses on simple, robust, and computationally efficient techniques to enable the application in embedded hardware. The strategy is divided into four modules: (i) A trajectory planner computes a path that passes through the sequence of desired gates; (ii) a perception system that obtains the global pose of the vehicle by using an onboard camera; (iii) a localization system which merges several sensed information to estimate the drone’s states; and, (iv) an artificial vector field-based controller in charge of following the plan by using the estimated states. To evaluate the performance of the entire integrated system, we extended the FlightGoggles simulator to use gates similar to those used in the AIRR competition. A computational cost analysis demonstrates the high performance of the proposed perception method running on limited hardware commonly embedded in aerial robots. In addition, we evaluate the localization system by comparing it with ground truth and when there is a disturbance in the location of the gates. Results in a representative race circuit based on the AIRR competition showed the proposed strategy’s competing performance, presenting itself as a feasible solution for drone racing systems.

Human environments are filled with large open spaces that are separated by structures like walls, facades, glass windows, etc. Most often, these structures are largely passive offering little to no interactivity. In this paper, we present Duco, a large-scale electronics fabrication robot that enables room-scale & building-scale circuitry to add interactivity to vertical everyday surfaces. Duco negates the need for any human intervention by leveraging a hanging robotic system that automatically sketches multi-layered circuity to enable novel large-scale interfaces. The key idea behind Duco is that it achieves single-layer or multi-layer circuit fabrication on 2D surfaces as well as 2D cutouts that can be assembled into 3D objects by loading various functional inks (e.g., conductive, dielectric, or cleaning) to the wall-hanging drawing robot, as well as employing an optional laser cutting head as a cutting tool. Our technical evaluation shows that Duco's mechanical system works reliably on various surface materials with a wide range of roughness and surface morphologies. The system achieves superior mechanical tolerances (0.1mm XY axis resolution and 1mm smallest feature size). We demonstrate our system with five application examples, including an interactive piano, an IoT coffee maker controller, an FM energy-harvester printed on a large glass window, a human-scale touch sensor and a 3D interactive lamp.

The rapid development of the Internet of Things has led to demand for high-speed data transformation. Serving this purpose is the Tactile Internet, which facilitates data transfer in extra-low latency. In particular, a Tactile Internet based on software-defined networking (SDN) has been broadly deployed because of the proven benefits of SDN in flexible and programmable network management. However, the vulnerabilities of SDN also threaten the security of the Tactile Internet. Specifically, an SDN controller relies on the network status (provided by the underlying switches) to make network decisions, e.g., calculating a routing path to deliver data in the Tactile Internet. Hence, the attackers can compromise the switches to jeopardize the SDN and further attack Tactile Internet systems. For example, an attacker can compromise switches to launch distributed denial-of-service attacks to overwhelm the SDN controller, which will disrupt all the applications in the Tactile Internet. In pursuit of a more secure Tactile Internet, the problem of abnormal SDN switches in the Tactile Internet is analyzed in this article, including the cause of abnormal switches and their influences on different network layers. Then we propose an approach that leverages the messages sent by all switches to identify abnormal switches, which adopts a linear structure to store historical messages at a relatively low cost. By mapping each flow message to the flow establishment model, our method can effectively identify malicious SDN switches in the Tactile Internet and thus enhance its security.

The Government of the Russian Federation has set the task of expanding the field of application of gaseous fuels in the national economy. In accordance with this task, an agreement of June 17, 2016 was developed on cooperation between PJSC Gazprom, JSC Russian Railways, JSC Sinara Group, JSC Transmashholding in the use of natural gas as a motor fuel, which provides for the production of shunting gas locomotives and mainline diesel locomotives and gas turbine locomotives. This work is a continuation of the work begun in the 1990s to create, fine-tune and test diesel locomotives using natural gas as a motor fuel. The conversion of diesel locomotives to gaseous fuel can be carried out in two ways: creation of diesel locomotives with gas piston engines and the modernization of diesel locomotives of the existing fleet by converting the diesel engines of these locomotives to use the gas-diesel cycle. A comparison of these options is given and solutions are proposed that allow using gas-diesel cycle on diesel locomotives. Mathematical models for calculating the performance indicators of a gas-diesel generator plant in operating modes and separately for the fuel supply process are presented, their features and some calculation results are presented. The experimentally determined reasons for the impossibility of operation of the power plant in the gas-diesel cycle of a shunting diesel locomotive based on TEM18 below the fourth position of the driver's controller are theoretically substantiated. The minimum required structural changes to the standard fuel equipment are determined, which are necessary to ensure stable operation of a diesel locomotive on gaseous fuel. A comparative assessment of the efficiency of converting diesel locomotives to gaseous fuel is carried out and the cost of fuel consumed per hour of operation is determined, depending on the degree of fuel replacement with gas when the locomotive is operating in average operating modes.

The cognitive network controller (CNC) is a brain-inspired computing architecture that has been applied to the decentralized outbound link selection for data bundles in challenged networks. To this end, cognitive entities perceive the environment, reason using spiking neural networks (SNN), and decide routing actions that attempt to optimize pre-assigned performance goals. In this paper, a software architecture and SoC/FPGA implementation are proposed that enable decoupling the SNN computation tasks from the network gateways allowing the provision of accelerated CNCs as a network service to multiple network gateways. The design was experimentally evaluated using a 10-node network testbed and a Zynq Z7020 (PYNQ-Z2) SoC/FPGA board, which show the feasibility of computing the SNN state faster-than-real time despite the shared use of resources and the network communication overhead involved in remotely accessing the CNC service.

Automatic room lights controller can be installed in which the room lights will turn on automatically upon detection of human motion and will stay tuned until the motion stops or the person has left the room. Such type of system can be implemented where we don’t require continuous light supply but only when a person is present. The common places where we can install the system are washrooms, bathrooms, office rooms, classrooms in schools and colleges, garages, etc. Also, using this controller system, we don’t need to worry about electricity as the room lights will switch off on their own when no person is present. A huge amount of energy and economy will also be saved . The main components of the Automatic Room Lights project are Arduino Uno, PIR Sensor and the Relay Module. Keywords: Arduino Uno, Lights, PIR sensor, Relay Module

Produced heat from motorcycle exhaust has been used to recharge cellphone batteries using a thermoelectric seebeck generator and program settings from the Arduino microcontroller. This tool consists of an LM 35 sensor that functions as a temperature reader, TEG as a heat converter to voltage, DC to DC Booster as a voltage controller, Arduino Uno as a data processor, LCD as a display. The software in this tool uses the Arduino IDE program. This tool is used to convert heat into voltage. The working principle of this system in general is that when the exhaust heat is removed, the controller will read the data from the LM 35 temperature sensor. After that the data will be processed by the microcontroller. After obtaining the processed data, the result data is then displayed on the LCD and the relay circuit will activate the system when the required voltage is appropriate

In the cement factories, a rotary kiln is a pyro-processing device that is used to raise the temperature of the materials in a continuous process. Temperature monitoring is an essential process in the rotary kiln to yield high quality clinker and it has been implemented using various image processing techniques. In this paper we are measuring and controlling the temperature of rotational kiln in cement industry to get proper clinker ouput. Burning zone flame images are captured using CCD(Charge Coupled Device) camera and are processed using image processing with PID(Proportion Integration and Derivative) controller and which are programmed on raspberry pi card with the help of python language, also the captured images and attributes are transferred to authorized mobile/pc through Raspberry PI by selecting the IP address of mobile or PC. All the attributes received in the mobile in the form of web page the according to the object following data temperature controlled and object is ceaselessly followed to get the proper clinker output. Picture handling calculation with Open cv, as indicated by the calculation the edge estimation of the camera is settled. The frame value of the camera is set. Conversion from RGB color space to HSV color space is achieved and the reference color threshold value is determined. The range esteem estimated by the camera is contrasted and the reference esteem. In this study temp of rotational kiln is measured effectively using PID controller, this controller continuously control the temperature of revolving kiln by varying the i/p images of burning zone at finally fix one flame which is giving 1400degc.

Due to the potential for multi-gigabit data rate, millimeter wave (mmWave) bands can play a crucial role in a backhaul link between a small base station (SBS) and a vehicle-mounted access point (AP). Due to the susceptibility to blockage, high path loss, and channel uncertainty at mmWave bands as well as the mobility of vehicle-mounted APs, it is very difficult to stabilize its energy efficiency. We address this challenge by proposing a Q-learning-based scheme, which can stabilize the mmWave moving backhaul energy efficiency in a certain range and avoid frequent network parameters adjustment due to the pursuit of the best. We design the five algorithms for our scheme, where the four algorithms related to Q-learning are executed by each vehicle-mounted AP in an independent mode and the other one is executed by an access controller in a centralized manner. With the help of the access controller, each AP can adjust its network parameters in time to keep the backhaul energy efficiency stable. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can guarantee almost 100% backhaul link connectivity and basically stable average energy efficiency for all the backhaul links.

Water is a basic human need that plays the most important role in human life in order to sustain human life. As time goes by, the need for clean water is very much needed by the community. The high need for water is the driving force for practical drinking water. In this final project, the application is made using Android Studio as a text editor, Sublime as a text editor to create an API, and MySQL which is useful as a system manager on the database on the server. In the application there is access as a customer, depot owner and as an introduction to gallons. The customer will then process the gallon water order and the depot owner will process the order that has been placed by the customer and send the order data to the gallon controller. When the gallon delivery person delivers the order, the customer can access the gallon delivery tracking process. Keywords: Android java, API, Tracking

In today’s digital world, data protection is extremely important. Every company’s data is a valuable asset, so it’s important to ensure that it's secured from outside threats. Information security is not only an effective but also a necessary element to protect data from unauthorized access. The confidentiality of any communication system is strengthening with the help of random number generators along with some analog circuitry. This type of analog models demands more power and area. So analog circuit-based hardware Random Number Generators (RNG) are least preferred over digital RNGs. To improve the security every industry depends on the one-time password (OTP). Which gives the security but generation of the OTP is very easy. Random number generator is used for the generation of OTP. Similarly, hacking such OTP is easier than creating them. This paper introduces the Anti-Aging controller TRNG, a highly stable high-performance random number generator Anti-Aging Cryptographically Secured True Random Number Generator (AACTRNG). Implementation of this work can be done by using TANNER EDA Tools and ModelSim-Altera 6.4a (Quartus-II 9.0) used for the simulation to retrieve random numbers.

Nanoparticles have become omnipresent as they have distinctively diverse properties from their bulk counterparts. They find a considerable research interest in numerous biological, biomedical, biopharmaceutical, and biochemical applications. The productivity and structure of nanoparticles are deeply reliant on the method used for their synthesis. The classical hydrothermal method needs massive and expensive temperature controller instruments, a huge amount of reagents, and specific autoclaves for their synthesis. With this motivation, herein, an automated, integrated, and miniaturized thermal monitoring system has been designed and developed for producing nanoparticle-on-chip (NoC) in a microfluidic platform. Herein, Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized. The device comprises a microcontroller, self-designed switching circuit, cartridge heater, and thermocouple. The device, with dimensions $78 \times 75 \times 40$ mm3, has benefits such as portability, easy-to-use, amenability to geotagged data logging, and inexpensive. The device showcased the temperature sensitivity of ± 0.5 °C. A polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based microfluidic device, with a suitable microreactor, was fabricated using the CO2 laser ablation technique. ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized at 95 °C within 60 min and were subjected to several characterization techniques to manifest their crystographic, elemental, morphologic, and spectroscopic properties. As a proof-of-principle, the produced ZnO nanoparticles were validated for electrocatalytic sensing of hydrazine and uric acid, and as a catalyst in an enzymatic glucose biofuel cell (EBFC) to test its efficiency. The proposed microfluidic thermal system can be utilized for carrying out numerous temperature-based reactions and analyses.

In many countries, particularly, third world countries. The common issue is saving energy. That`s why smart systems considered now primary for life requirements. This work aims to solve the energy saving problem. We prepared a street model that contains several lampposts on both sides of the street; we placed three IR sensors between the lampposts alongside the street. The IR sensors are connected to the controller (in this work we used Arduino UNO). The controller takes the signal from the IR sensor, and then it sends the command to the lamppost to turn on or off. Depending on the number of cars passed, (we took a sample of a number of cars that passed on an actual street) and through formulas we calculated the power consumed by the lampposts in two cases, the first case is when the lights is always on. The second case is when the smart system applied. We also applied fuzzy logic to the system to take the intensity of the ambient light (the sun light) under consideration. The results showed that the proposed smart lighting system is efficient and reliable in saving energy. The energy saved for both (smart and fuzzy) systems was enormous.

The European Spallation Source (ESS) accelerator is composed of superconducting elliptical cavities. When the facility is running, the cavities are fed with an electric field from klystrons. Parameters of this field are monitored and controlled by the low-level radio frequency (LLRF) system. Its main goal is to keep the amplitude and phase at a given set point. The LLRF system is also responsible for the reference clock distribution. During operation, the cavities are periodically experiencing strain caused by the Lorentz force, while the high gradient of the electric field is generated for the beam acceleration. Even small changes in the physical dimensions of a cavity shift its resonance frequency. This phenomenon, called detuning, causes significant power losses. It is actively compensated by the LLRF control system, which can physically tune lengths of the accelerating cavities with stepper motors (slow, coarse-grained control) and piezo elements (active compensation during operation). This article describes the implementation and tests of the software supporting various aspects of the LLRF system and cavities management. The Piezo Driver management and monitoring tool is dedicated to a piezo controller device. The LO distribution application is responsible for configuration of the local oscillator. The cavity simulator tool was designed to provide access to properties of the hardware device, emulating behavior of the elliptical cavities. IPMI Manager Software was implemented to monitor the state of MicroTCA.4 crates, which are a major part of the LLRF system architecture. All applications have been created using the experimental physics and industrial control system (EPICS) framework and built in the ESS EPICS Environment (E3).

Internet network security in a company is critical. Currently, the use of wireless devices as a local data traffic controller is very widely used. However, this tool is vulnerable to network security breaches if it is not accompanied by excellent security of the network system. PT. Taspen (Persero) Palembang has problems with the Wireless network and does not have an excellent security system. It causes users who are not employees to use the internet network at the company, making employee operations slow and vulnerable to burglary. Therefore, in this PKM activity, RADIUS Technology is applied as internal network security. Every user who wants to access the internet network at the company must first log in. This activity aims to train employees of PT. Taspen (Persero) Palembang to access a wifi network that uses RADIUS Technology. It starts from accessing the wifi network, logging in, to logging out of the wifi network. This activity is carried out online by utilizing the Zoom Meeting application. The results obtained indicate that the network system security of PT. Taspen (Persero) is increasing, and all of its employees can access a wifi network that has implemented RADIUS Technology

This study aims to build a network automation infrastructure by implementing a Software Defined Networking (SDN)-based web application to facilitate network administrators in implementing a web-based controller system for network devices by optimizing the configuration, management and operation time of network devices. This research uses action research method. In the action research method, researchers can describe, interpret and explain a condition at the same time as carrying out interventions aimed at improvement or participation. The results of this study indicate that the design and implementation of a Software Defined Networking (SDN)-based web application for network device automation using the python programming language with the paramiko library and the django framework can be applied to network infrastructure, so that with the application of SDN on network device automation applications can perform controllers. centralized network devices, so that configurations of many routers can be optimally carried out on a single Software Defined Networking (SDN) based web application

A novel integration architecture for speech-based human–computer interaction was developed using a progressive growth framework and semantic-aware computing. The architecture can integrate different services and can address the diversity of Internet of Things platforms. A natural language understanding (NLU) agent is proposed as a controller of IoT hubs and hybrid cloud services. The NLU agent with semantic-aware computing can effectively achieve a context-sensitive topic correlation and user intent analysis. Through a modularized design, the proposed progressive growth framework allows the NLU agent to chat about many different issues, such as current affairs and music. Local and cloud services can be loaded based on user demands, such as IoT platforms and hybrid cloud services. We developed and introduced three applications in daily life as case studies to demonstrate their potential and values. With the proposed integration architecture, users can develop many valuable applications according to their demands in various industries.

Many emerging non-volatile memories are compatible with CMOS logic, potentially enabling their integration into a CPU’s die. This article investigates such monolithically integrated CPU–main memory chips. We exploit non-volatile memories employing 3D crosspoint subarrays, such as resistive RAM (ReRAM), and integrate them over the CPU’s last-level cache (LLC). The regular structure of cache arrays enables co-design of the LLC and ReRAM main memory for area efficiency. We also develop a streamlined LLC/main memory interface that employs a single shared internal interconnect for both the cache and main memory arrays, and uses a unified controller to service both LLC and main memory requests. We apply our monolithic design ideas to a many-core CPU by integrating 3D ReRAM over each core’s LLC slice. We find that co-design of the LLC and ReRAM saves 27% of the total LLC–main memory area at the expense of slight increases in delay and energy. The streamlined LLC/main memory interface saves an additional 12% in area. Our simulation results show monolithic integration of CPU and main memory improves performance by 5.3× and 1.7× over HBM2 DRAM for several graph and streaming kernels, respectively. It also reduces the memory system’s energy by 6.0× and 1.7×, respectively. Moreover, we show that the area savings of co-design permits the CPU to have 23% more cores and main memory, and that streamlining the LLC/main memory interface incurs a small 4% performance penalty.