Search

Radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMRs) are ubiquitous at present. Therefore, it is essential to assess the impact of RF-EMRs on human health. In this study, we examined the non-thermal effects of RF-EMR expo-sure on behavioral sleep patterns in humans. A total of 1072 randomly se-lected individuals living in the proximity of base transceiver stations (BTS) participated in the study. The sample consisted of 122 subjects from zone A (Inter-tower region), 310 from zone B (0-150 m), 316 from zone C (150-300 m), 197 from zone D (300-500 m), and 127 from the control zone (without BTS installations). We classified the zones as a function of distance from the BTS. We measured electric-field strength at each participant’s house using Narda Broadband Field Meter-550 equipped with EF0-391 probe. We used Munich-Chronotype Questionnaire to determine each subject’s behavioral sleep patterns. ANOVA results revealed the highest E-field strength in zone-A than the other zones and control. Results from ANCOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests showed that the participants from zone A had shorter sleep duration, and longer sleep latency and inertia than those living in other zones. Further, a significant effect of co-factors ‘gender’ and ‘year of resi-dence’ was validated on mid-sleep (work and free days). Compared to wom-en and > 5-year residents, men and 1-5-year residents had delayed mid-sleep. We concluded that RF-EMR might alter the behavioral sleep patterns of subjects living in the vicinity of BTS. However, further confirmatory and extensive studies are necessary, involving a large sample living near many more BTS installations.

Highlights • After implementing optimized model, we observed 34% reduction in supply chain costs. • Costs increased for Provincial store but decreased for Zones and health facilities. • Streamlined distribution practices supported cost reductions for transportation. • After implementing optimized model, costs increased in control Zones and facilities., Objective In 2017, an optimized immunization supply chain (iSC) model was implemented in Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The optimized model aimed to address iSC challenges and featured direct deliveries to service delivery points (SDPs), longer replenishment intervals and increased cold chain capacity. This assessment examines iSC costs before and 5 months after implementing the optimized model. Materials & Methods We used a nonexperimental pre-post study design to compare iSC costs before and after implementation. We applied an activity-based costing approach with a comparison arm to assess procurement, management, storage and transportation costs for three iSC tiers: Province (n = 1); Zone (n = 4) and SDP (n = 15). We included data from 3 treatment Zones and 11 treatment SDPs; 1 control Zone and 4 control SDPs. We used sample and population data to estimate iSC costs for the entirety of Equateur Province. Results In the period immediately before implementing the optimized model, estimated annual iSC costs were $974,237. Following implementation, estimated annual iSC costs were $642,627—a 34% ($331,610) reduction. This change in costs was influenced by a 43% ($180,313) reduction in SDP costs, a 67% ($198,092) reduction in Zonal costs and an 18% ($46,795) increase in Provincial costs. After implementing the optimized model, average iSC costs for treatment Zones was $6,895 (SD: $6,072); for the control Zone was $21,738; for treatment SDPs was $989 (SD: $969); and for control SDPs was $1,356 (SD: $1,062). Conclusions We observed an absolute reduction in iSC costs in treatment Zones while control Zone post-implementation iSC costs remained the same or increased. The greatest cost reductions were for storage and transport at Zones and SDPs. Although cost implications of this model must continue to be evaluated over time, these findings are promising and will inform decisions around project expansion.

In this paper, a detailed analysis of the control algorithms for a permanent magnet synchronous motor in a wide range of speeds is carried out using the optimal strategies: "Maximum torque per ampere" (first zone), "Field weakening mode" (second zone) and "Maximum torque per volt" (third zone). A method for determining the boundaries of the first and second zones, as well as a method for determining the maximum static moment with which the motor can operate without the risk of irreversible demagnetization of permanent magnets, was proposed. It allows determining the maximum possible operating speed of the motor at a given load, the maximum motor load at a given speed, as well as the advisability of using the third control zone to achieve the maximum motor speed. References 19, figures 4.

The article considers the main bases of creation and functioning of the customs control zone within the location of the customs zone and at checkpoints across the state border, reveals the main typology of customs control zones. The functional orientation of customs control zones as places where customs formalities are performed for goods and vehicles moving across the customs border determines the connection of their legal regime with the functions of specific customs authorities in the area of activity of which such zones are created. Customs control zones at checkpoints at the state border differ from customs control zones created in internal customs, the presence of a separate zone or border control line, from which the inspection of vehicles begins, passport control is carried out, persons are prohibited from entering the country, etc. In this case, in the case of the location of checkpoints on the state border, it is mandatory to have an agreement with a neighboring state. The main subjects of management of customs control zones are customs, their separate structural subdivisions are customs posts. In addition, the direct provision of the customs control zone may be entrusted to the relevant structural unit of the customs or customs post - the customs clearance department. The grounds for the division of powers in this case are such criteria as the area of activity of the unit and its functions for customs control and customs clearance for specific methods and means of movement of goods or type of goods. The territorial effect of the legal regime of the customs control zone covers a certain area of the customs territory of Ukraine, as well as the facilities and structures located on it. An important feature of the legal regime of the customs control zone is the establishment of a number of technical and organizational rules for the relevant territories, buildings and facilities, the main purpose of which is to create appropriate conditions for compliance with the regime requirements for persons, goods and vehicles in the zone, and to comply with statutory customs formalities.

The paper discusses the existing approaches to the use of point and cable sensors to control leaks and humidity. The principal disadvantages of monitoring systems based on them are shown: when detecting leaks, there is a delay in the response time due to the condition of fluid accumulation around the sensors; when controlling the humidity of extended environments, it becomes necessary to install a large number of point sensors with individual switching channels; there is no universal sensor for monitoring leaks and humidity. An alternative solution is proposed - a sorption cable sensor with a large sensitivity range, which, as a leak detector, can be placed anywhere in 3D space where leakage is most likely, and as a linear humidity sensor, it can replace point sensors in an extended control zone. The research results of the developed cable sensors confirm their high sensitivity, speed and relaxation ability to recover (dry) after leaking. The areas of application considered in the article, examples of the implementation of a sorption cable sensor in a system for monitoring leaks and air humidity of computing nodes with liquid cooling of Russian supercomputers testify to the high efficiency and development potential. Based on sorption cable sensors, it is possible to build effective systems for early detection of leaks by the first signs of their manifestation, environmental humidity control systems and universal leakage control systems, steam breakthroughs and the level of relative humidity. Reducing the time for detecting leaks and steam breakthroughs will allow taking preventive measures to prevent the development of damage, and the use of cable humidity sensors instead of distributed point sensors will dramatically reduce the cost of organizing humidity monitoring of extended environments.

The use of planning policy to manage and create a healthy food environment has become a popular policy tool for local governments in England. To date there has been no evaluation of their short-term impact on the built environment. We assess if planning guidance restricting new fast food outlets within 400 m of a secondary school, influences the food environment in the local authority of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. We have administrative data on all food outlets in Newcastle 3 years pre-intervention 2012–2015, the intervention year 2016, and three years’ post-intervention 2016–2019. We employ a difference-in-difference approach comparing postcodes within the school fast food outlet exclusion zone to those outside the fast-food exclusion zones. In the short term (3 years), planning guidance to limit the number of new fast-food outlets in a school exclusion zone did not have a statistically significant impact on the food environment when compared with a control zone., Highlights • 50% of local authorities in England use planning guidance to restrict new fast-food outlets. • This is the first evaluation of planning guidance limiting fast-food outlets in England. • We evaluate planning guidance restricting fast-food outlets within 400 metres of secondary schools in Newcastle, UK. • We find no statistical difference in fast-food outlets in exclusion zones compared to a control. • Lack of change in the food environment may partially explain our findings.

The remote sensing image model that constitutes this article can effectively solve the problems of parameters, variables, constraint uncertainty, and ambiguity. The use of specific quantities, thickness, ambiguity, and opportunity constraints can be used to determine specific size relationships and can also reduce the requirements for available information. The research conclusions drawn in this paper have very practical significance for scientific and reasonable land planning. This research takes cities as an example, based on the analysis ideas of “basic analysis-conflict identification-compatibility analysis-minimum line drawing-differential adjustment-spatial control,” to study the diagnosis and adjustment methods of planned conflict areas. Using the GIS platform, a detailed analysis of the spatial potential of the land use planning and the spatial control zone of the overall urban planning was carried out, and the conflicts of land use planning were diagnosed in depth so that the diagnosis results were obtained and solutions were developed. Based on the ecological suitability of the potential-constraint model, the spatial potential of the study area was analyzed, and the optimal construction area plan wasselected for the land by using suitability to analyze multiple scenarios to improve the synergy of "two regualtions" for the area. Vocabulary is a difficult problem for most professional English learners. Learning professional English vocabulary for various subjects is difficult, and there are many problems. Vocabulary translation is also a difficult problem for most professional English learners, and learning professional English vocabulary for various subjects is more difficult for learners, and it will cause many problems. On this basis, this article conducts detailed research and discussion on the vocabulary translation part of professional English.

Vehicle merging is one of the main causes of reduced traffic efficiency, increased risk of collision, and fuel consumption. Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) can improve traffic efficiency, increase safety, and reduce the negative environmental impacts through effective communication and control. Therefore, to improve the traffic efficiency and reduce the fuel consumption in on-ramp scenarios, this paper addresses the global and optimal coordination of the CAVs in a merging zone. Herein, a cooperative multi-player game-based optimization framework and an algorithm are presented to coordinate vehicles and achieve minimum values for the global pay-off conditions. Fuel consumption, passenger comfort, and travel time within the merging control zone were used as the pay-off conditions. After analyzing the characteristics of the merging control zone and selecting the appropriate control decision duration, multi-player games were decomposed into multiple two-player games. An optimal merging strategy was, thereby, derived from a pay-off matrix, and minimum payoffs were predicted for a number of different potential strategies. The optimal trajectory corresponding to the predicted minimum payoffs was then utilized as the control law to coordinate the vehicles merging. The proposed control scheme derives an optimal merging sequence and an optimal trajectory for each vehicle. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated through simulation. The proposed controller is compared with two alternative methods to demonstrate its potential to reduce fuel consumption and travel time and to improve passenger comfort and traffic efficiency.

During market coupling, trading of electricity across borders is subject to capacity limits, provided by transmission system operators. Flow-based market coupling is the preferred method of the EU for cross-border capacity calculations. It is part of the EU’s design for a single electricity market to maintain security of supply and achieve competitive energy prices while integrating growing shares of renewable energy to reach the reduction targets for greenhouse gas emissions. The algorithm of flow-based market coupling incorporates the physical restrictions of critical network elements during market clearing. For this, Generation Shift Keys are required to translate nodal into zonal information by predicting, which generating units participate in import-export balance changes. This analysis presents an improvement of an existing approach to Generation Shift Keys, further developed within a study for the Austrian transmission system operators, Austrian Power Grid. The proposed method allows for Generation Shift Key estimations based on regression analysis and actual dispatch decisions, decoupled from fixed power plant characteristics and merit-order assumptions. The unit selection process based on economic significance leads to statistically significant and robust Generation Shift Keys in the majority of cases. The results highlight the importance of computing time-dependent, but not necessarily hourly Generation Shift Keys and indicate a limited positive correlation between participation in zonal changes and power plant capacities. Both aspects confirm the purpose of the developed model’s flexible and data-based properties.

The energy consumption for the artificial lighting in school buildings is one of the main consumers of electricity. In Greece, there is a large number of school buildings with quite old lighting systems using luminaires with T8 and sometimes T12 fluorescent lamps and degradated translucent diffusers. Due to the economic crisis, the public sector failed to invest in LEDs and although daylight is adequate during the year, the adoption of control technology is rather slow. The paper, using a typical classroom of a Greek public school, examines a number of lighting technologies (with AC and DC supply) together with two daylight harvesting systems. The first one uses one stand-alone photosensor per luminaire while the second one sensor per control zone, in an effort to calculate energy savings and light adequacy. The dimming curves of the DC LEDs were measured along with the installed power of the photosensors. The results show that the existing 90.5 kWhp/m2 of annual lighting primary energy consumption can be reduced to 0.55 kWhp/m2. The maximum annual reduction of CO2 emissions was 32.44 kgr/m2 for classroom areas, which is translated to 201929 tn for the whole country. It is evident that the path to Zero Energy School Buildings goes through the mandatory use of daylight controls.

We are also very grateful to Zhao Ruili and Zhou Ling for their valuable help in collecting data from China’s Environment Statistics Yearbook.; International audience; This paper analyzes the efficiency of a set of environmental measures introduced by China’s 11th Five-Year Plan in 2006, using a rich and unique data set assembled from the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the State Environmental Protection Agency. By exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in regulatory stringency generated by the regulatory system across China’s provinces, we find evidence that pollution-intensive cities reduced their SO2 emissions substantially, whereas cities with a strong state-owned enterprise (SOE) presence did not. We interpret the results as pointing to evidence of Chinese SOEs’ ongoing soft budget constraints. The findings are robust to the inclusion of different fixed effects and other key determinants of pollution. Moreover, we investigate the main factors underlying regulatory non-compliance: the overlapping (or not) of “Two Control Zone” (Special Policy Zone, Coastal) cities wherein environmental (growth) policies are prioritized; the existence of turning points below (above) which growth and reductions in pollution substitute for (complement) each other; the size and extent of industrial concentration, which determines the possibilities of firms negotiating with the local authorities; and finally, the regulation-induced adoption of cleaner technologies by polluting firms, which enhance productivity and lower SO2 emissions.

In this paper we proposed a UAV (Unmanned Arial Vehicle) network based on IoT for military applications. In this model, we assigned a set of multiple networks of UAV for the surveillance of the geographical region and also monitoring them for security purposes. Our proposed system is also having the function of radar. Unique set up of antenna is designed based on the beam-steering concept so that at multiple angles beam is forming for detecting the unwanted signals. Each UAV is interconnected to each other and the whole network is monitored from the control unit through the Internet of Things (IoT). Each UAV has a GPS module for the current location of the UAV and accordingly the data of all UAV is controlled by the control cell and gets stored in the database. GSM module is used for establishing the connection via the internet to each UAV as well as the control zone. The UAV can be used as a device for the multipurpose task but we used it as a set of networks and assigned for only military applications.

Trajectory planning for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) has the potential to improve operational efficiency and vehicle fuel economy in traffic systems. Despite abundant studies in this research area, most of them only consider trajectory planning in the longitudinal dimension or assume the fully CAV environment. This study proposes an approach to the decentralized planning of CAV trajectories at an isolated signalized intersection under the mixed traffic environment, which consists of connected and human-driven vehicles (CHVs) and CAVs. A bi-level optimization model is formulated based on discrete time to optimize both the longitudinal and lateral trajectories of a single CAV given signal timings and the trajectory information of surrounding vehicles. The upper-level model optimizes lateral lane-changing strategies. The lower-level model optimizes longitudinal acceleration profiles based on the lane-changing strategies from the upper-level model. Minimization of vehicle delay, fuel consumption, and lane-changing costs are considered in the objective functions. A Lane-Changing Strategy Tree (LCST) and a Parallel Monte-Carlo Tree Search (PMCTS) algorithm are designed to solve the bi-level optimization model. CAV trajectories are planned one by one according to their distance to the stop bar. A rolling horizon scheme is applied for the dynamic implementation of the proposed model with time-varying traffic conditions. Numerical studies validate the advantages of the proposed trajectory planning model compared with the benchmark cases without CAV trajectory planning. The average fuel consumption and lane-changing numbers of CAVs can be reduced noticeably, especially with high traffic demand. The delay of CAVs is reduced by ~2 s on average, which is limited due to the fixed signal timing plans. The trajectory planning of CAVs also reduces the delay and the fuel consumption of CHVs and the mixed traffic, especially with high penetration rates of CAVs. The sensitivity analysis shows that the control zone length of 200 m is sufficient to ensure the satisfactory performance of the proposed model.

Work zone crossover is an important area in highway reconstruction and expansion projects because it profoundly impacts the traffic safety and efficiency of the construction sites. This research sets the different median opening widths in the driving simulation experiment, collects the vehicle control signal parameters during entrance by-pass and exit by-pass, and analyzes the driving characteristics in these sections. Comparison of the driving features between the simulation experiment and the actual driving under the same median width has been also made. We should set the median width separately because the results show that driving behaviors significantly differ between entrance by-pass and exit by-pass. When the median opening width is 70 m, the driving simulation experiment and actual driving characteristics are quite different. However, both show that driving factors of the entrance and exit by-pass are not the same. When there are two lanes in the traffic control zone and the speed limit is 60 km/h, we should set the median width at 90 m to ensure transportation safety.

This paper describes an approach to the ADS-B coverage design being undertaken for the mountainous terrains of Bhutan. Existing ADS-B implementation studies have mostly focused on coverage design based on interference criteria. There is a lack of ADS-B coverage design studies in challenging terrain like in the Himalayan kingdom, where about 98% of the land cover is mountains. To account for the unique environment, a physical optics-based deterministic channel modeling methodology is adopted. A radio siting algorithm developed to determine the best location of additional ADS-B receivers is outlined. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by applying it to determine the location of additional ADS-B receiver at PARO control zone to improve coverage in areas critical to flight operations. This study will be augmented by analysis of opportunistic ADS-B signal measurements being carried out before the ADS-B receiver network is implemented for use in air traffic management purpose.

This paper analyses the topical issues of excess heat losses by construction objects. It was established that building heat losses depend on the technical qualities (density, moisture, thermal conductivity) of external building structures made of various materials. In this regard, practical methods of identifying the temperature and moisture fields of the surfaces of building materials of buildings and their structural elements in operation are of particular importance. The technical capabilities of modern thermal imaging equipment are presented. A practical example of thermographic determination and analysis of the temperature and moisture fields of a translucent building enclosure - a window is given. It was confirmed that thermal imaging diagnostics can identify not only the distribution of heat losses in the control zone, but also the distribution of moisture fields on the surface of the controlled object. Basing on this knowledge, measures are developed to reduce (equalize) them and subsequently evaluate the effectiveness of their implementation.

Na Phra Lan Subdistrict is a pollution control zone with the highest PM10 level in Thailand. Major mobile and industrial sources in the area are related to stone crushing, quarrying and mining. This study used statistical techniques to investigate the potential sources influencing high PM10 levels in Na Phra Lan. Hourly PM10 data and related parameters (PM2.5, PMcoarse and NOx) from 2014–2017 were analysed using time series, bivariate polar plot and conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF). Results of diurnal variation revealed two peaks of PM10 levels from 06:00–10:00 and 19:00–23:00 every month. For seasonal variation, high PM10 concentrations were found from October to February associated with the cool and dry weather during these months. The bivariate polar plot and CBPF confirmed two potential sources, i.e., resuspended dust from mobile sources close to the air quality monitoring station (receptor) and industrial sources of mining, quarrying and stone crushing far from the station on the northeast side. While the industrial source areas played a role in background PM10 concentrations, the influence of mobile sources increased the concentrations resulting in two PM10 peaks daily. From the study results, we proposed that countermeasure activities should focus on potential source areas, resuspended road dust from vehicles and the industrial sources related to quarrying and mining, rather than distributing equal attention to all sources.

The article presents one of the most promising methods for detecting a moving unit by a sensor for monitoring the condition of track sections, namely, rail circuits with an adaptive receiver. The scheme for realizing control sections using a computer is presented.

To improve the traffic flow in the interconnected intersections, the vehicles and infrastructure such as road side units (RSUs) need to collaboratively determine vehicle scheduling while exchanging information via vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. However, due to a large number of vehicles and their mobility, scheduling in the interconnected intersection is a challenging problem. Moreover, since low-latency information exchange and real-time decision making process are required, it becomes more challenging to design a holistic framework incorporating traffic control and V2X communications. In this paper, an edge computing framework is proposed to solve a travel time minimization problem at the interconnected intersections. The proposed framework enables each RSU to decide intersection scheduling while the vehicles individually determine travel trajectory by controlling their dynamics. To this end, a V2X communications protocol is designed to exchange information among vehicles and RSUs. Then, the road segments around intersection are partitioned into sequence, control, and crossing zones. In the sequence zone, optimal time is scheduled for vehicles to pass the intersection with a minimum delay. In the control zone, the location and velocity of each vehicle are controlled to arrive the crossing zone at the scheduled time by using a control algorithm designed to effectively increase driving comfort and reduce fuel consumption. Thus, the proposed framework enables the vehicles to safely pass the crossing zone without collision. Simulation results show that the proposed edge computing can successfully reduce the total travel time by up to 14.3% based on optimal scheduling for the interconnected intersections.

The application research of slow steaming operation is discussed using theoretical and numerical method in this paper, the emission effect of slow steaming operation based on different speed is compared and evaluated, it shows slow steaming method is an effective assistance tool for emission control of carbon dioxide, sulfur emission and black carbon, etc., but it will not use as an alternative method to sulfur emission target of IMO 2020 Low Sulfur Emission Control. Economic analysis of current solutions for IMO 2020 low sulfur emission control is compared and the prospect of smart steaming operation combined with Just-In-Time operations for international operation ships post-2020 is outlook.

Throughout Chinese existing river-sea-going ships, there are widespread problems such as chaotic ship types, small average tonnage, serious aging of ships, and low energy efficiency. In order to cater to the requirements of ship emission control areas implemented in China on January 1, 2016, research is carried out on optimization of river-sea-going ship type scheme and operation strategy under emission control area. The lowest cost model of single-ship round-trip voyage is constructed and the ship operation strategies under the emission control zone in China are analyzed. Through discussing the effects of different operation strategies on ship speed, cost and emissions, some suggestions are put forward for the operation of existing river-sea-going ships. At the same time, combining the optimization of design speed with the optimization of ship form schemes, a design speed model of river-sea-going liner based on penalty cost is proposed, and a comprehensive evaluation index system of river-sea-going liner form schemes based on technological advancement, environmental protection and economy is constructed. Systematic optimization of river-sea-going ship type scheme provides an effective way for the preliminary design of the river-sea-going ship, in line with the current river-sea-going shipping background of energy saving and emission reduction in China.

Background The City of Edinburgh implemented 20mph speed limits on most of the streets (an increase from 50% to 80%) in the city between April 2016 and March 2018. This paper is part of the research undertaken by the ‘Is Twenty Plenty for Health?’ project team which examines the impact of the 20mph speed limit policy in the City of Edinburgh. This paper assesses, specifically, the impact of the speed limits on the average vehicular speed and volume in the City, and the road traffic collision and casualty rates. Police recorded data (road traffic collisions and casualties), and the City of Edinburgh’s street survey data are used in this study. Methods In this paper we calculate vehicular speed and volume summaries, and the average annual rate for collisions and casualties for selected subgroups. In addition, we calculate the percentage difference in annual rates before and after the 20mph speed limits (un-adjusted and adjusted for secular trend) for various street categories. The observed reduction in collisions (overall) is compared with that predicted from Elvik’s power model. Finally, we construct a regression model with key explanatory variables treatment (implementation zone vs control zone), time (adhering to the stepped wedge nature of the implementation), and an interaction term constructed from the two latter variables. The dependent variable is the number of collisions (and separately, casualties) and the model coefficient of the interaction term is the ‘difference in differences’ estimator. Results Our results show that there was a statistically significant reduction of in average speed in the City (1.34mph) since the speed limit implementation and that there was no significant change in vehicular volume. We identified a reduction in road traffic collisions post speed limit implementation and a reduction in road traffic casualties in key vulnerable groups such as children (a provisional, un-adjusted 39% reduction in casualty rate). Conclusion In this paper, we reveal the changes in vehicular speed and volume post 20mph speed limits and also present changes in road traffic collisions and casualties. In addition we apply statistical methods to evaluate the impact of the speed limits in a natural experiment context. This study is important not only to public health and city planning officials, but to academics involved in natural experiment evaluations.

A complete solution to a decentralized optimal merging problem for Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) was provided in earlier work, based on a First In First Out (FIFO) assumption over a given Control Zone (CZ). In this paper, we relax the FIFO assumption and propose a decentralized Optimal Dynamic Resequencing (ODR) algorithm to further improve the performance of all merging CAVs in terms of time and energy. Specifically, we introduce a Resequencing Zone (RZ) prior to the CZ within which every CAV can execute the ODR algorithm. We determine the latest possible time for triggering ODR so as to minimally affect the CAV’s operation. Simulation results show significant ODR benefits in CAV travel times and energy consumption over the merging and main roads, outperforming earlier results under different resequencing schemes.

The program of virtual ultrasonic flaw detector lntrotest-1M was developed. The developed model simulates user interaction with the settings menu of the lntrotest-1M ultrasonic flaw detector, as well as simulates measurements of model ultrasonic signals. The program allows you to display and measure model ultrasonic signals, both in the near and far control zone, to study the general trend of propagation of ultrasonic pulses in various materials using various piezoelectric converters.

Emergency ventilation systems are commonly used for smoke control during tunnel fires. Numerical results show that the fire and smoke would be confined effectively by the water mist screen and transverse ventilation system (WMSTV system) system, and the environment inside the confined zone would be suitable for occupants’ evacuation and fire fighting. In this paper, the smoke control parameters of WMSTV system are proposed. The visibility distributions and smoke extraction efficiency are analyzed by FDS simulation. The results show that the minimum spacing distance between smoke vents should not be less than 40 m, while the maximum spacing distance should not exceed 60 m for 30 MW of fire. The spacing distance between the screen and vent is suggested to fall in 30–45 m. Two vents are recommended in the control zone with the screen spacing of 120 and 150 m. Four vents are recommended in the control zone with the screen spacing of 180 m.