Search

Over the years, the production of eggs has increased tremendously, with an estimated global egg production of 9.7 billion by 2050. Further processing of shell eggs to egg products has gained growing popularity. Liquid egg yolks, an innovative form of egg replacement, still suffer from short shelf‐life issues, and freezing has been applied to maintain freshness. An undesirable phenomenon called "gelation" was found during the production of frozen egg yolks, which has attracted numerous scholars to study its mechanism and quality control methods. Therefore, we comprehensively reviewed the history of the studies on frozen egg yolks, including the production procedure, the fundamentals of freezing, the gelation mechanism, the factors affecting gelation behaviors, and the techniques to control the gelation behaviors of frozen egg yolks. Reporting the production procedure and freezing fundamentals of frozen egg yolks will give readers a better understanding of the science and technological aspects of frozen egg yolks. Furthermore, a comprehensive summary of the mechanism of egg yolk gel formation induced by freeze–thawing and relevant control techniques will provide insights to researchers and manufacturers in the field of frozen egg processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is one of the main food crops in the world. With the popularization of dry-raising technology of rice,the occurrence of rice seedling blight is very serious. Rice seedling blight has become a destructive disease with high incidence in rice seedling field,which greatly hinders the development of rice industry in our country and poses a serious threat to the food security of our country. It is very important to understand its occurrence regularity and integrated control technology for effectively controlling rice damping-off and ensuring our country’s grain safety production. This paper introduced the main pathogen,symptom and occurrence regularity of rice seedling blight. The occurrence factors of rice seedling blight were expounded from the aspects of pathogen accumulation,low temperature,soil moisture,air relative humidity,seedling quality and management of seedling bed. The agricultural control measures of rice seedling blight were introduced from the aspects of controlling sowing density,cultivating strong seedlings and strengthening field management. The main chemical control measures were introduced from seed treatment,seedling bed disinfection and chemical control. It is suggested that the control of rice seedling blight should be based on agricultural control measures,including rational selection of rice varieties,control of seedling raising and scientific management,and the chemical control methods, including seed treatment, seedling bed disinfection and pesticide spraying. The comprehensive prevention and control techniques should based on agricultural control and chemical control to prevent the development of rice diseases and ensure the safety of rice production in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of industrial drive applications, a neutral point clamped multilevel inverter (NPC MLI) is an extensively used option. The NPC MLI architecture involves more number of components for higher level and higher switching frequency operation. In this work paper, a novel three-phase 3-Level MLI is proposed evading the usage of clamping diodes and quadratic switches. Additionally, phase disposition pulse width modulation (PD-PWM) control technique is also employed for the proposed MLI. In comparison to NPC MLI, proposed MLI reduces the voltage switching stress as only one switch is operated per inverter leg. Another feature is that there is a considerable reduction in power losses as the current flows only through fewer elements. The proposed 3L inverter topology is explored thoroughly using the MATLAB simulation model. The evaluation of results is also demonstrated concerning the proposed PD-PWM technique by comparing its performance with the conventional sinusoidal PWM method. The Real-Time hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulator is also used to validate the simulation outcomes of the proposed model.

Gaseous oil fume is complex in composition and contains a large number of harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are one of the major pollutants in indoor air and also the major source of oil fume odor, with aldehydes accounting for the major proportion. This paper reviews the formation and composition of cooking oil fume, the hazards of and the detection methods for volatile aldehydes in cooking oil fume, and the factors influencing their formation. It also summarizes the current techniques to control the formation of aldehydes in cooking oil fume to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific regulation of aldehydes pollution from cooking oil fume.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of energy transition is to convert the worldwide energy sector from using fossil fuels to using sources that do not emit carbon by the end of the current century. In order to achieve sustainability in the construction of energy-positive buildings, it is crucial to employ novel approaches to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Hence, it is essential to develop buildings with very efficient structures to promote sustainable energy practices and minimize the environmental impact. Our aims were to shed some light on the standards, building modeling strategies, and recent advances regarding the methods of control utilized in the building sector and to pinpoint the areas for improvement in the methods of control in buildings in hopes of giving future scholars a clearer understanding of the issues that need to be addressed. Accordingly, we focused on recent works that handle methods of control in buildings, which we filtered based on their approaches and relevance to the subject at hand. Furthermore, we ran a critical analysis of the reviewed works. Our work proves that model predictive control (MPC) is the most commonly used among other methods in combination with AI. However, it still faces some challenges, especially regarding its complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) penetrating the transportation sector are accelerated through environmental concerns, low prices, and increased power density. At the same time, the technologies for wireless charging of EVs are advancing due to their convenience, cost-effectiveness, and reliability as charging solutions. The crucial part of Wireless EV (W-EV) chargers, apart from charging pads and compensation, is the power electronics converters. These converters are essential for converting electrical energy into an appropriate form for efficient transmission and reception. This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in power converter topologies and their control methods used in W-EV chargers. Depending on the specific requirements of the W-EV charger, these converters can be classified into DC-DC, DC-AC, AC-AC, and AC-DC converters. In addition, the article explores specialized converters such as multiple-stage, multiple-phase, multiple transmitter and multiple receiver-based converters, discussing their technical details, merits and limitations. The control techniques for the power electronics converters utilised in W-EV chargers such as transmitter-side control, receiver-side control and dual controls are presented along with various technical comparative analyses. Challenges and future research directions in advanced power converter topologies for W-EV chargers are outlined at last. This article assists researchers in gaining insights into the recent technological advancements and developments aimed at enhancing the performance of the W-EV charger.

In recent years, energy challenges such as grid congestion and imbalances have emerged from conventional electric grids. Furthermore, the unpredictable nature of these systems poses many challenges in meeting various users' demands. The Battery Energy Storage System is a potential key for grid instability with improved power quality. The present study investigates the global trend towards integrating battery technology as an energy storage system with renewable energy production and utility grid systems. An extensive review of battery systems such as Lithium-Ion, Lead–Acid, Zinc–Bromide, Nickel–Cadmium, Sodium–Sulphur, and the Vanadium redox flow battery is conducted. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of their working principles, control strategies, optimizations, and technical characteristics is presented. The review findings show that Lead–Acid, Lithium-Ion, Sodium-based, and flow redox batteries have seen increased breakthroughs in the energy storage market. Furthermore, the use of the BESS as an ancillary service and control technique enhances the performance of microgrids and utility grid systems. These control techniques provide potential solutions such as peak load shaving, the smoothing of photovoltaic ramp rates, voltage fluctuation reduction, a large grid, power supply backup, microgrids, renewable energy sources time shift, spinning reserve for industrial consumers, and frequency regulation. Conclusively, a cost summary of the various battery technologies is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comprehensive review of modern traction inverter systems, their possible control strategies, and various modulation techniques deployed in electric vehicles (EVs). The traction inverter is a fundamental component in electrifying the EV drive system due to its critical functioning in a wide range of operations. Some well-known EV manufacturers have recently switched to high-voltage rating batteries in order to gain the advantages of lower current, greater density of power, and quicker charging state time. In this context, multilevel inverters (MLIs) have taken on the role as a promising substitute of traditional two-level traction inverters, and using suitable control and modulation techniques becomes crucial for employing multilevel systems. Many important problems that arise in multilevel topologies, such as equal power loss sharing and capacitor voltage balancing must be handled by the control system structure. Additionally, MLIs possess benefits such as increased efficiency, improved quality of waveform, and inherent fault tolerance, which make them a desirable choice for EV applications. A comparison of various MLI topologies is presented in this paper based on the most significant factors considered in the electrification of transportation. The objective of this article is to explore the various aspects of MLI concepts including alternative topologies, with lower switch counts.

Whole grains have gained great attention due to their important roles in nutrition and health. Fresh brown rice noodles, which have been considered as a nutritious and healthy whole grain staple food, are more prone to be spoiling, aging, hardening and easy broken with high cooking loss rate. The factors affecting the quality of fresh brown rice noodles were systematically described, and the changes in water content, pH value, cooking quality, water migration, texture and microstructure of fresh brown rice noodles during storage were also summarized. The mechanism of quality deterioration of fresh brown rice noodles was elaborated and analyzed. Furthermore, the latest research progress (from the year 2016 to 2023) on the quality control technology of fresh brown rice noodles was reviewed, including the selection of raw materials for brown rice, the addition of exogenous additives, the whole grain grinding of brown rice, and the backfilling method of rice bran for preparing brown rice noodles. This review could provide the references for the quality control and improvement of fresh brown rice noodles.

Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) inverters have made significant advancements across multiple domains, including the booming area of research in single-stage boosting inverter (SSBI) PV scheme. This article comprehensively covers four critical components of the system, namely boosting topologies, voltage and current control methods, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods, and grid synchronization. It conducts thorough analysis and comparisons of various topologies in terms of their performance, cost, volume, lifetime, and grid interfacing requirements for a 200 W reference power level. Furthermore, it investigates the advantages and disadvantages of single-phase inverter control methods and synchronization methods. The MPPT techniques are evaluated based on complexity, robustness, and precision. This paper presents an outline of the series-connected Low Voltage AC (LVAC) scheme, along with several potential areas for further study. By providing insightful analysis and development ideas, this article equips researchers to design and develop optimized single-stage PV systems with increased efficiency and effectiveness.

A Multilevel Inverter (MLI) meets the power requirements of most power electronic applications. It can provide an AC supply with better power quality. The higher number of levels in an MLI results in better power quality output. The fundamental question that comes to mind is what the optimal number of levels can be in designing an MLI for better performance. This paper aims to provide a comparison of three-, five-, and seven-level schemes based on a "Diode Clamped MLI" and will analyze their performance on the reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods is the property of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ulex europaeus is one of the most aggressive invasive species for natural systems. It affects the dynamics of the landscape, alters the original edaphic composition, and can eliminate grasslands and crops. Dense thickets of Ulex europaeus compete for resources and space with native taxa, reducing richness and diversity. It has been found that fire favors Ulex europaeus regeneration and threatens native species communities and populations. In this review, the ecology of the species, its geographical distribution and management actions were analyzed. The control of Ulex europaeus is more efficient in juvenile stages and in low invasion densities. The treatments used, including herbicides, biological controls, manual removal and fire, have not been widely successful, due to the heterogeneous conditions and the history of invasion of each territory. A literature review shows that there is an information gap regarding the combined management strategies, different periods of time and constant monitoring that allow for the control and eradication of this species, establishing the characteristics and particularities of each region.

Erosion‐corrosion (E−C) is one of the most intense forms of metal degradation observed whenever a static metallic material is in contact with dynamic liquid. Efficiency of industrial plant mainly depends upon the condition of various components of the equipment. Collective mechanism of corrosion and erosion results in severe surface deterioration with heavy material loss due to synergistic effect. Erosion‐corrosion is mainly observed in the pipelines used in oil and gas industries, petroleum industries, heat exchanges and mainly in marine equipment. Free flowing saline water, containing different grades of sand particles adversely affect marine equipment. Numerous reports are available discussing the impact of erosion‐corrosion in chemical industries. Single report documenting all types of prototypes, comparative study of erosion corrosion of various engineering materials and control techniques is highly limited. This review gives vivid account of various types of prototypes, comparative study of erosion‐corrosion of various engineering materials, various factors affecting tribology of system and control techniques is a systematic way. Application of corrosion inhibitors appears to be an effective method to reduce erosion‐corrosion. This review highlights the importance of understanding the mechanism of erosion‐corrosion in industrial equipment and provides a succinct overview of erosion‐corrosion synergism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Missiles and rockets, which are launchable systems with nozzle-based guidance, have a wide range of applications in controlling the flight path of flying systems, utilizing aerodynamic control methods. Currently, thrust vector control systems are used in conjunction with aerodynamic control methods to achieve high maneuverability for these systems. Thrust vector control systems are implemented using various techniques and prove to be highly effective in providing high maneuverability to short-range missile systems, particularly in military domains. This study focuses on the method of jet vanes with mechanical deflectors, which belongs to the fixed-nozzle family. Within the scope of this study, a prototype that allows the investigation of the jet vanes method has been developed, and a test setup has been constructed to control the movements of this prototype. A microcontroller-based architecture was used in the designed and produced system, the jet vanes was controlled by PI and PID control techniques in MATLAB/Simulink environment, and the real-time results were examined. Based on the experimental studies, it has been determined that in the thrust vector control system where thrust is provided by an electric device and guidance is achieved through jet vanes, the performance with PID control is superior to that with PI control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulex europaeus is one of the most aggressive invasive species for natural systems. It affects the dynamics of the landscape, alters the original edaphic composition, and can eliminate grasslands and crops. Dense thickets of Ulex europaeus compete for resources and space with native taxa, reducing richness and diversity. It has been found that fire favors Ulex europaeus regeneration and threatens native species communities and populations. In this review, the ecology of the species, its geographical distribution and management actions were analyzed. The control of Ulex europaeus is more efficient in juvenile stages and in low invasion densities. The treatments used, including herbicides, biological controls, manual removal and fire, have not been widely successful, due to the heterogeneous conditions and the history of invasion of each territory. A literature review shows that there is an information gap regarding the combined management strategies, different periods of time and constant monitoring that allow for the control and eradication of this species, establishing the characteristics and particularities of each region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem. As one of the three key elements of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS),automated guided vehicles (AGVs) play a significant role in material handling systems. They've been around for more than a decade, primarily in Europe. AGVs were formerly utilized mostly in production lines, but due to recent industrial development, they now play a vital role in a variety of different applications and domains, including warehouses, port facilities, transportation systems, and even the medical sector. Goal. The purpose of the work is to analyze two methods of AGV control and the paths that the AGV should follow during transport operations, taking into account safety and limitations for heavy loads that need to be transported in difficult conditions. Methodology. We attempted to provide a summary of the two existing AGV control methods, centralized and decentralized control offered by major manufacturers in this study. Almost all function in a centralized manner, with a single central controller controlling the whole fleet of AGVs. The author sees a tendency toward decentralized systems in which AGVs make individual decisions in favor of transportation flexibility, robustness, and adaptability. A brief explanation of well-known and mature navigation technologies used by AGVs in the industry is also provided, along with both physical and virtual paths to be followed by the AGV during transportation operations, since these technologies get to be a key issue given the safety constraints, particularly for heavy loads to be transported in challenging environments. Results. This paper covers one of the key tasks that must be completed in order to control an AGV system for a central and decentral architecture, for which we have already given a broad overview, as well as the differences between the architectures and their benefits and drawbacks. Originality. The author sees that the merging of various techniques we have will lead to more and new challenges as well as innovations, however, that practical application of distributed control still requires further research and studies and has a way to go in terms of taking other sections such as safety and sustainability into account. Practical value. The primary benefits and drawbacks of various technologies are discussed, as well as how we might improve the efficiency of some of them.

Abstract Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are becoming commonly increasing in high- and medium-power applications. This is because MLI has various intrinsic advantages over conventional two-level inverters, including reduced device ratings, high-quality output, and so on. Most of the traditional topologies are still used in key applications, and there is an increased attentiveness to emerging multilevel topologies to minimize the number of gate drivers, power semiconductor devices, and/or isolated DC sources. Although MLIs have a promising future in industry-oriented applications, their commercial acceptance has been constrained by their size cost, excessive device count, and switch complexity. To convey the drawbacks of MLIs, academics are continually developing next-generation topologies known as reduced switch count (RSC) MLIs. For various reasons throughout the past 10 years, many MLIs with RSC topologies have been described. In this study, an overview of some of the more newly proposed multilevel inverter network topologies that achieve the legitimate goal is presented.

Recently, there is vast progress in the integration of renewable energy generators (REGs) into the power grid. The reactive power, which is indeed a fundamental power system factor is being influenced highly by the renewable power penetration levels. As a consequence, this has paved the way toward the generation of steady‐state voltage and dynamic/transient stability issues. Therefore, to provide a sustainable and dependable power grid, it is indeed important to maintain and control adequate reactive power reserves. This study introduces a comprehensive literature survey on "management of reactive power in renewable‐rich power networks". A total of 75 research publications have been collected for this study, and a concise summary of each article is offered. The articles are categorized according to the types of REGs used, type of control, grid code consideration, controller device, implementation tools, grid type, load type as well as various reactive power support systems. In addition, this study examines the advantages and drawbacks of existing models. The performance recorded in each of the collected papers are discussed. Ultimately, the most critical challenges related to management of reactive power in renewable‐rich power grids are identified, along with some essential methodological suggestions for the electricity sector, regulators, and research scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the appeal of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESSs) has been growing in multiple application fields, such as charging stations, grid services, and microgrids. HESSs consist of an integration of two or more single Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) to combine the benefits of each ESS and improve the overall system performance, e.g., efficiency and lifespan. Most recent studies on HESS mainly focus on power management and coupling between the different ESSs without a particular interest in a specific type of ESS. Over the last decades, Redox-Flow Batteries (RFBs) have received significant attention due to their attractive features, especially for stationary storage applications, and hybridization can improve certain characteristics with respect to short-term duration and peak power availability. Presented in this paper is a comprehensive overview of the main concepts of HESSs based on RFBs. Starting with a brief description and a specification of the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of common electrochemical storage technologies suitable for hybridization with RFBs, HESS are classified based on battery-oriented and application-oriented KPIs. Furthermore, an optimal coupling architecture of HESS comprising the combination of an RFB and a Supercapacitor (SC) is proposed and evaluated via numerical simulation. Finally, an in-depth study of Energy Management Systems (EMS) is conducted. The general structure of an EMS as well as possible application scenarios are provided to identify commonly used control and optimization parameters. Therefore, the differentiation in system-oriented and application-oriented parameters is applied to literature data. Afterwards, state-of-the-art EMS optimization techniques are discussed. As an optimal EMS is characterized by the prediction of the system's future behavior and the use of the suitable control technique, a detailed analysis of the previous implemented EMS prediction algorithms and control techniques is carried out. The study summarizes the key aspects and challenges of the electrical hybridization of RFBs and thus gives future perspectives on newly needed optimization and control algorithms for management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Erosion‐corrosion (E−C) is one of the most intense forms of metal degradation observed whenever a static metallic material is in contact with dynamic liquid. Efficiency of industrial plant mainly depends upon the condition of various components of the equipment. Collective mechanism of corrosion and erosion results in severe surface deterioration with heavy material loss due to synergistic effect. Erosion‐corrosion is mainly observed in the pipelines used in oil and gas industries, petroleum industries, heat exchanges and mainly in marine equipment. Free flowing saline water, containing different grades of sand particles adversely affect marine equipment. Numerous reports are available discussing the impact of erosion‐corrosion in chemical industries. Single report documenting all types of prototypes, comparative study of erosion corrosion of various engineering materials and control techniques is highly limited. This review gives vivid account of various types of prototypes, comparative study of erosion‐corrosion of various engineering materials, various factors affecting tribology of system and control techniques is a systematic way. Application of corrosion inhibitors appears to be an effective method to reduce erosion‐corrosion. This review highlights the importance of understanding the mechanism of erosion‐corrosion in industrial equipment and provides a succinct overview of erosion‐corrosion synergism.

In recent years, energy challenges such as grid congestion and imbalances have emerged from conventional electric grids. Furthermore, the unpredictable nature of these systems poses many challenges in meeting various users’ demands. The Battery Energy Storage System is a potential key for grid instability with improved power quality. The present study investigates the global trend towards integrating battery technology as an energy storage system with renewable energy production and utility grid systems. An extensive review of battery systems such as Lithium-Ion, Lead–Acid, Zinc–Bromide, Nickel–Cadmium, Sodium–Sulphur, and the Vanadium redox flow battery is conducted. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of their working principles, control strategies, optimizations, and technical characteristics is presented. The review findings show that Lead–Acid, Lithium-Ion, Sodium-based, and flow redox batteries have seen increased breakthroughs in the energy storage market. Furthermore, the use of the BESS as an ancillary service and control technique enhances the performance of microgrids and utility grid systems. These control techniques provide potential solutions such as peak load shaving, the smoothing of photovoltaic ramp rates, voltage fluctuation reduction, a large grid, power supply backup, microgrids, renewable energy sources time shift, spinning reserve for industrial consumers, and frequency regulation. Conclusively, a cost summary of the various battery technologies is presented.

The delivery of electricity employing an electromagnetic field that extends across an intervening region is called a wireless power transfer (WPT). This approach paves the way for electric vehicles (EVs) to use newly available options to reduce their environmental impact. This article is a review that examines the WPT technology for use in electric vehicle applications from both the technical aspect and the environmental impact. This review will attempt to accomplish the following objectives: (1) describe the present state of the technology behind the development and application of a WPT across the transportation industry; (2) substantiate the actual implementation of WPT EV systems; and (3) estimate the functioning of the autonomous system, as well as detect the potential stumbling blocks and openings for enhancement. The most recent advancements and implementation in compensating topologies, power electronics converters, and control techniques are dissected and debated scientifically to improve the system's performance. To evaluate the performance from a sustainable perspective, energy, environmental, and economic factors are utilized, and at the same time, policy drivers and health and safety problems are researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption in the field of transportation comes next to industrial consumption worldwide. If transportation is completely powered by renewable energy, the utilization of fossil fuels can be drastically reduced, which will result in a lesser amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) can act as an alternative to make transportation pollution-free. Large-scale usage of EVs causes high electricity demand on the supply system. This problem can be overcome by utilizing renewable energy sources (RESs) for Electric Vehicle charging. Due to the unpredictability of RESs, coordinating EV charging with other loads and renewable generation is problematic. By using EVs as energy units, power fluctuations in the electric grid can be compensated. This paper presents a summary of recent research in the domain of integration of electric vehicles (EVs) to the smart grid. Electric vehicles-smart grid integrated systems face several issues related to communication, grid infrastructure and control in the future power system. Smart grid technologies are summarized in Section 2. The existing research articles in this area are classified into two based on the purpose: EVs integration into the electric grid and Vehicle to grid services. Finally, the research gaps and future scope of incorporating electric vehicles with renewable energy sources and the Smart grid are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A power conversion system needs high efficiency for modern-day applications. A DC–DC isolated bidirectional dual active bridge-based converter promises high efficiency and reliability. There are several converter topologies available in the market claiming to be the best of their type, so it is essential to choose from them based on the best possible result for operation in a variety of applications. As a result, this article examines the characteristics, functionality, and benefits of dual active bridge-based DC–DC converter topologies and the other members of the family, as well as their limits and future advances. A high-frequency transformer is also an important device that is popular due to high leakage inductance in dual active bridge (DAB) converters. Therefore, a detailed review is presented, and after critical analysis, minimized leakage inductance in the toroidal transformer is obtained using the ANSYS Maxwell platform. Furthermore, this work includes a comprehensive examination of the control approaches for DAB converters, which is important for selecting the most appropriate technique for a certain application. The outcome of ANSYS Maxwell is integrated with a DAB-based boost inverter in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, and the results are validated with the help of an experimental prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) motors are a kind of important motor with compact structure, high power density and high torque density. In this review, the progress of AFPM motors and their key technologies are analyzed and described, with emphasis on the topological structures, design and optimization methods and control techniques. Based on these analyses, the main findings of the review are the following: (1) the yokeless and segment armature (YASA)-type motors have great potential for development; (2) the multi-objective optimization design theories can be integrated and applied to optimize the design of AFPM motors; and (3) optimal control and sensorless control have important value in improving system reliability and reducing cost. Finally, highlights and prospects are provided for further advancing AFPM motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Multilevel Inverter (MLI) meets the power requirements of most power electronic applications. It can provide an AC supply with better power quality. The higher number of levels in an MLI results in better power quality output. The fundamental question that comes to mind is what the optimal number of levels can be in designing an MLI for better performance. This paper aims to provide a comparison of three-, five-, and seven-level schemes based on a “Diode Clamped MLI” and will analyze their performance on the reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).

Nowadays, single-dc-source multilevel inverter (SDCS-MLI) topologies are being considered as more suitable for many power system applications such as renewable energy conversion systems and electrified transportations compared to the multiple-dc-source MLIs. Voltage balancing of the auxiliary capacitors in those configurations is a major matter of concern. Different techniques have been developed to overcome this issue that can be mainly categorized as internal controller-based and external controller-based techniques. In the former techniques, the redundant switching states help balancing the capacitors voltages. On the other hand, the latter techniques involve external regulators to balance the capacitors’ voltages. This article analyzes most of the existing techniques to control and balance the capacitors voltages in SDCS-MLIs, such as pulsewidth modulation, space vector modulation (SVM), hysteresis control, model predictive control, sliding mode, and artificial intelligence based control techniques. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison is presented to illustrate the advantages/disadvantages of each technique. Finally, some industrial challenges and future works are projected.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are playing a vital role in sustainable transportation. It is estimated that by 2030, Battery EVs will become mainstream for passenger car transportation. Even though EVs are gaining interest in sustainable transportation, the future of EV power transmission is facing vital concerns and open research challenges. Considering the case of torque ripple mitigation and improved reliability control techniques in motors, many motor drive control algorithms fail to provide efficient control. To efficiently address this issue, control techniques such as Field Orientation Control (FOC), Direct Torque Control (DTC), Model Predictive Control (MPC), Sliding Mode Control (SMC), and Intelligent Control (IC) techniques are used in the motor drive control algorithms. This literature survey exclusively compares the various advanced control techniques for conventionally used EV motors such as Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDC), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM), and Induction Motors (IM). Furthermore, this paper discusses the EV-motors history, types of EV-motors, EV-motor drives mathematical modelling, and design procedure of EV-motors. The hardware results have also been compared with different control techniques for BLDC hub and SRM. Future direction towards the design of EVs by a critical selection of motors and their control techniques to minimize the torque ripple and other research opportunities to enhance the performance of EVs are also presented.

In recent times, the need for energy consumption is drastically increasing to fulfill the global requirements of commercial and domestic consumer demands. Energy generation using conventional methods such as oil and gas are not appreciated in the modern era since they are the major contributors for pollution and global warming. To tackle these issues, energy generation using hybrid renewable energy is being opted and studied universally. However, renewable energy sources have their fair share of drawbacks such as photovoltaic systems rely on the surrounding irradiance and temperature, wind system experiences irregular wind speed, and fuel cells are expensive and less efficient. Also, the energy extracted from renewable sources persist with stochastic behavior. To deal with these issues, researchers utilize different power electronic devices such as inverters, active power filters, voltage regulators, power quality conditioners, and DC-DC converters. Among these power electronic devices DC-DC converters are highly effective for DC voltage regulation and to improve the efficiency of renewable energy systems. Appropriate selection of the DC-DC converter is an important factor that has significant contribution in overall performance of the power systems. Besides, the selection of an efficient DC-DC converter topology, for its optimum operation integration of a suitable control technique is equally important. This paper highlights the characteristics of available and on-going trends of non-isolated converters that includes buck-boost, single ended primary inductor converter, cuk, z-source, zeta, and hybrid DC-DC converters based on the performance parameters that are analyzed using MATLAB Simulink. Control techniques that include proportional integral derivative (PID), slide mode control (SMC), model predictive control (MPC), state space modeling (SSM), and fuzzy logic control (FLC) are also discussed considering the parameters settling issue, response time and complexity while integrating with non-isolated DC-DC converters in power systems.

Microgrid (MG) technologies offer users attractive characteristics such as enhanced power quality, stability, sustainability, and environmentally friendly energy through a control and Energy Management System (EMS). Microgrids are enabled by integrating such distributed energy sources into the utility grid. The microgrid concept is proposed to create a self-contained system composed of distributed energy resources capable of operating in an isolated mode during grid disruptions. With the Internet of Things (IoT) daily technological advancements and updates, intelligent microgrids, the critical components of the future smart grid, are integrating an increasing number of IoT architectures and technologies for applications aimed at developing, controlling, monitoring, and protecting microgrids. Microgrids are composed of various distributed generators (DG), which may include renewable and non-renewable energy sources. As a result, a proper control strategy and monitoring system must guarantee that MG power is transferred efficiently to sensitive loads and the primary grid. This paper evaluates MG control strategies in detail and classifies them according to their level of protection, energy conversion, integration, benefits, and drawbacks. This paper also shows the role of the IoT and monitoring systems for energy management and data analysis in the microgrid. Additionally, this analysis highlights numerous elements, obstacles, and issues regarding the long-term development of MG control technologies in next-generation intelligent grid applications. This paper can be used as a reference for all new microgrid energy management and monitoring research.

The Vision Guided Robotic systems (VGR) is an essential aspect of modern intelligent robotics. The VGR is rapidly transforming manufacturing processes by enabling robots to be highly adaptable and intelligent reducing the cost and complexity. For any sensor-based intelligent robots, vision-based planning is considered as one of the most prominent steps followed by controlled actions using visual feedback. To develop robust vision-based autonomous systems in robotic applications, path-planning and localization can be implemented along with Visual Servoing (VS) for robust feedback control. In the available literature, most of the reviews are focused on a particular module of autonomous systems like path planning, motion planning strategies, or Visual Servoing techniques. In this paper overall review of different modules in vision-guided robotic systems is presented. So, this review provides researchers with broader in-depth knowledge about different modules that exist in the vision-guided autonomous system. The review also includes different vision sensors that are commonly used in industries covering their characteristics and applications. In this work, overall, 227 research papers in path planning and vision-based control algorithms are reviewed with recent intelligent techniques based on optimization and learning-based approaches. The graphical analysis illustrating the advancements of research in the field of vision-based robotics using Artificial Intelligence (AI) is also discussed. Lastly, this paper concludes by discussing some of the research gaps, challenges, and future directions existing in vision-based planning and control.

A Stable and highly reliable DC link voltage represents an important factor for efficient power transfer in high voltage direct current (HVDC) networks. In this framework, this paper investigates the control and stability analysis of voltage source converter (VSC) for DC link voltage regulation. To separately achieve the independent active and reactive power control, the system voltages and currents are represented in the synchronous reference frame. In order to optimally design the parameters of proportional-integral (PI) controller, the inner and outer loops’ transfer functions are thoroughly derived/developed. In addition,/moreover, in order to attain satisfactory/certain system performance, modulus optimum, symmetrical optimum pole placement control approaches are studied and implemented for the purpose of tuning the voltage/current controller gain parameters. In particular for the symmetrical optimum control method, the gain parameters of the DC-bus voltage are determined under different values of network impedance. Furthermore, the impact/influence of changing gain parameters on the DC-link voltage and poles/zeros movement are investigated. MATLAB/Simulink model is built and simulation studies are carried out to verify the introduced concepts.